ORAL COMMUNICATION
● Communication- sharing and
transferring messages or information
from one p[erson to another
Process/Elements of Communication
1. Sender/speaker- source of
information/message
2. Receiver- recipient of the message
3. Message- the information, idea, or
thoughts that your conveying
4. Channel- the medium which the
message is conveyed
5. Feedback- reaction/response
6. Noise/Barrier- hinders the
communication process
7. Encoding- conversion of message
8. Decoding- interpreting the message
9. Context- the environment where
communication takes place
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
● Linear Model- one way process
○ Shannon-Weaver Model
○ Berlo’s Model
● Transactional Model- two way
process
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
● Control/regulation- used to control
human behavior
● Social interaction- used to interact or
socialize
● Motivation- used to express desire,
needs, want or motivate
● Emotional expression- used to
express emotion
● Information dissemination- used to
give or inform a message
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
● Physical- environment
● Psychological- personal or social
issues
● Cultural- personal beliefs, values
and tradition
● Linguistic- jargons, language barrier
CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE
● Externa(Physical)- sight, sound,
other stimuli
● Internal(psychological/cultural)-
thoughts and feelings
● Semanti(linguistic)c- misinterpret of
message
7C’s of COMMUNICATION
1. Completeness- give all information
2. Consciousness- straight to the point
3. Consideration- audience background
information
4. Concreteness- facts and figures
5. Courtesy- respect/ choosing words
carefully
6. Clearness- simple and clear use of
words
7. Correctness- avoid grammatically
wrong words/credibility
VARIOUS FORM OF COMMUNICATION
● Verbal- use of words when
conveying a message(written and
spoken words)
○ letter
○ Text
○ billboards
● Non-verbal-happens when
communication is done without using
words(symbol,action, body
language)
○ Sign language
○ Frowning
○ Raising eyebrow
Speech Context- setting of the
communication, environment and the
circumstances in which communication
takes place.
Types of Speech Context Biogeochemical cycle
1. Intrapersonal-one person/self ● Biotic- living
2. Interpersonal-with other people ● Abiotic- non living
● Dyad- two people
● Small group- 3 to 12 people Carbon cycle
● Public communication- in
front of a group Rock cycle
● Mass communication- ~Magma~igneous~sediment~sedimentary
message sent through mass ~metamorphic~
media
Types of Speech Styles ● Igneous- form when magma cools to
● Intimate- members of family/friends a solid state.
● Casual- friends/co-workers ○ Types of igneous rocks:
● Consultative- ■ Intrusive rocks
business/professionals, someone (plutonic)- magma
who has a higher status INSIDE the Earth's
● Formal- formal setting, one way crust cools
● Frozen- remains frozen in time, does down(thousands/milli
not change ons of years, small to
medium rocks)
■ Extrusive rocks -
magma contained in
E.SCI the earth's mantle
Universe- gushes out as lava on
Origin of the universe theories the earth's surface
Big bang which solidifies to
Black hole form.(seconds to
months, invisible or
4 SUBSYSTEM OF EARTH(closed system) microscopic)
● Géosphère- geo(land/ earth)
● Hydrosphere- hydro(water) ● Sedimentary-formed from deposits
● Atmosphere- atmos(air/vapor) of pre-existing rocks
● Biosphere- bio(life) ○ Process
■ Erosion- breaking
Water cycle down of the soil and
~Evaporation~Condensation ~Precipitation rocks.
~Osmosis~Transpiration~ ■ Deposition- Dumping
material
● Evaporation ■ Compaction- process
● Condensation of consolidating
● Precipitation fine-grained
● Osmosis sediments into rock.
● Transpiration ■ Cementation- The
process by which
 clastic sediments ● Streak- color of the powdered
become consolidated mineral
into hard, compact ● Cleavage- smooth and flat surfaces
rocks. ● Fracture- rough and jagged edges
■ Transportation- ● Hardness- measure of resistance
Moving material. (Mohs hardness scale- softest to
■ Lithification- The hardest)
conversion of loose ● Color- unique identifying property
sediment into solid (can be misleading)
sedimentary rock Others:
● Crystal form- external shape of
● Metamorphic- result of exposure to crystal
intense heat or pressure ● Specific gravity- ratio of =mass of
○ Types of metamorphic rocks minerals/ mass 9of equal volume of
■ Contact water
metamorphism- ● Magnetism- attraction of magnets
happens when rock is ● Smell and taste-
heated up by an ● Chemical composition -
intrusion of hot ● Bending of light-
magma.
■ Regional Mineral Group
metamorphism- ● Silicates- oxygen and silic(abundant)
changes in rocks over ● Non silicates- most important
a large areas due to mineral (5% of earth's crust)
increases in ● Carbonate- carbon and positive ion
temperature and (calcuim)
pressure ● Oxides- oxygen and metallic ion
● Sulfide- sulfur and metallic ion
What cause rock cycle ● Hellides/hallonaids- sulfir and
● Plate tectonic activity oxygens(metallic ion)
● Weathering ● Native elements- single elements
● Erosional process
Minerals form
Minerals ● Elements dissolved in liquids
● Naturally occurring ● Cooling magma
● Inorganic solid ○ Fast cooling= no crystal
● Crystal structure ○ Medium cooling =small
● Definite chemical composition’ crystals
● Specific atom arrangement ○ Slow cooling= big crystals

Physical properties of minerals Mineral resources

● Luster- surface reflection (metallic or ● Mineral occurrence- concentration of
non-metallic) minerals
 ● mineral deposits- mineral Non renewable-
occurrence of sufficient size and Fossil fuels
grade Coal
● Ore deposits- mineral deposit, tested Petroleum
and known to be profitable to mine Natural gas
● Aggregate- used as filler in cement,
used to describe Hydraulic cycle-
● Ore- naturally occurring, minerals of
economic values can be extracted.

Types of mineral resources Earth's water-

● Metallic mineral deposits: gold,
silver, iron, platinum, copper
● Non metallic mineral resources: talc,
fluorite, sulfur, sand Water resources management and
conservation-
Mineral exploration
● Project design- where minerals are
found
● Field exploration- explore the place Soil
of project design
● Feasibility study-validity or accuracy

Mining methods Components of soil

● Underground mining
● Surface mining
● Strip mining-
● Placer mining- Soil formation

Milling process
● Heavy media separation
● Magnetic separation Soil texture and profile
● Flotation
● Cyanide heap leaching

Energy source Soil order

Renewable-
Solar energy-
Wind energy-
Hydropower Soil quality
Geothermal-
biofuels/biomass-
Nuclear energy
Conservation of soil resources

EAPP
ACADEMIC WRITING- a formal style of
writing used in universities and scholarly
publications.
❖ What to consider in academic
writing:
➢ Topic- what am I writing
about
➢ Role- who am I as a writer
➢ Purpose- why am i writing
➢ Audience- who am i writing
for
❖ Examples of academic writing
➢ Essay- fairly short,
self-contained argument
➢ Research paper- more in
depth investigation based on
independent research
➢ Thesis- final research taken
during at the end of a degree
➢ Research proposal- outline of
potential topic and plan for
dissertation
➢ Literature review-critical
synthesis of existing
research on a topic
➢ Lab report- conclusion or
hypothesis of a lab
experiment
➢ Annotated biography- list od
source reference with a short
description
❖ Features of academic writing
➢ Formality-
➢ Objectivity-
➢ Explicitness-
➢ Caution-
➢ Structure-
IN-TEXT CITATION
CHICAGO STYLE(author-date system).
❖ Introductory sentence- a full
sentence in present-tense followed
by a colon.
➢ In Denmark, a recent poll
shows that support for the
EU has grown since the
Brexit vote: “A membership
referendum held today would
be backed by 55 percent of
Danish voters” (Levring
2018, 3).
❖ Introductory statement- opening
uses the author or source, followed
with a comma and doesn’t form a full
sentence.
➢ As Levring (2018) explains,
“A membership referendum
held today would be backed
by 55 percent of Danish
voters” (3).
❖ Integrated in the sentence- quotes a
phrase that doesn’t form a full
sentence
➢ Levring (2018) reports that
EU membership “would be
backed by 55 percent of
Danish voters” in a
referendum (3).
● Multiple authors in in-text citation
2 (uy and pe 2011)
3 (uy, pe, and cudio 2011)
4+ (uy et al. 2011)
● Source with no publication date
Write “n.d.” (“no (Smith n.d)
date”) on the date.
● Source with no author
title (mathematics 2002)
anonymous (anonymous 2002)
REFERENCE LIST
● placed at the end of the paper
● lists the full details for all the cited
sources
● titled “References” or “Works Cited”
● alphabetized by author last name
● single-spaced but a blank line is left
between entries
● 2nd line and subsequent lines are
indented.
TYPE FORMAT
Book Author last name, first
name. Year. Book Title:
Subtitle. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Book w/ Author last name, first
edition name. Year. Book Title:
Subtitle. Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Translated Author last name, first name.
book Year. Book Title: Subtitle.
Translated by Translator first
name last name. Place of
publication:Publisher.
book and Author last name, first
chapter (w/ name. Year. “Chapter Title.”
edition) In Book Title: Subtitle, edited
by Editor first name last
name, Page
range. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Online book Author last name, first name.
Year. Book Title: Subtitle.
Place of publication:
Publisher. URL or DOI.
E-book Author last name, first name.
Year. Book Title: Subtitle.
Place of publication:
Publisher. Format.
Online Author last name, First
newspaper name. Year.“ArticleTitle.”
article Newspaper Name, Month
Day, Year. URL.
Printed Author last name, First
newspaper name. Year.“Article Title.”
article Newspaper Name, Month
Day, Year.
Magazine Author last name, First
article name. Year.“Article Title.”
Magazine Name, Month Day,
Year. URL.
Online journal Author last name, First
article name. Year.“ArticleTitle.”
Journal Name Volume, no.
Issue (Month or Season):
Page range. DOI or URL.
Printed journal Author last name, First
article name. Year.“Article
Title.”Journal Name Volume,
no. Issue (Month or Season):
Page range.
Web page Author last name, first name.
Year.“Page Title.” Website
Name. Month Day, Year.
URL.
No author Organization Name.
Year.“Page Title.” Website
Name. Month Day, Year.
URL.
Youtube video Author last name, First
name. Year. “Video Title.”
Additional information.
Month Day, Year. Format,
Video length. URL.
Recorded Author last name, First
lecture name. Year. “Video Title.”
Lecture Series, University
Name, filmed Month Day.
Video of lecture, Video
length. URL.

Multiple ● up to ten authors are
authors listed
● Main author last
name, first name
middle initial, second
author first name last
name…
● reference list,
followed by “et al.
No date ● use "n.d.” for "no
date"
● indicate the accessed
date
PLAGIARISM-
● C-currency- Timeline about
information is published or posted,
whether the information is updated
or revised, and the link is functional
or not.
● R-relevance-It checks whether the
information is related to the topic,
does the resource appropriately, and
can use it in a research paper.
● A-authority- gives details about the
source/information (author,
publisher…)
● A-accuracy- Look at the correctness
of the content
● P-purpose- Find out the purposes of
information ( is the information right
for their research or not.)
PARAPHRASING-a restatement in your
own words of the main idea and supporting
details of a text.
● Global plagiarism- passing off an
entire text by someone else as your
own work.
● Paraphrasing plagiarism-
paraphrasing someone else’s ideas
to present them as your own.
● Verbatim plagiarism- directly copying
someone else’s words.
● Patchwork plagiarism- stitching
together parts of different sources to
create your text.
● Incremental plagiarism- Inserting
content from other works into your
assignment without properly citing
the original source.
● Self-plagiarism means recycling your
own past work.
● Incorrect citation- Failing to give all
the necessary information in your
source citation
SUMMARIZING- A short restatement of the
main idea and the main supporting points of
a longer work.
● A good summary
○ Uses own words
○ Includes enough
support/detail for clarity.
○ Does not paraphrase
technical vocabulary.
○ Uses transition devices.
Writing process
1. Prewriting
2. Planning and Outlining
3. Drafting
4. Editing, proofreading and revising
5. Publishing
Graphic organizer- Visual presentations of
concepts and Helps in understanding the
text
● Sequence diagrams- cause and
effect
● Mind/Concept map- represents
relation between ideas
● Venn diagram- similarities and
differences