BÀI 2: TỪ VỰNG VÀ CẤU TRÚC CƠ BẢN MIÊU TẢ XU HƯỚNG

TĂNG
GIẢM
DAO ĐỘNG
GIỮ ỔN ĐỊNH
TẠI 1 ĐIỂM

1. TĂNG

DANH TỪ ĐỘNG TỪ ĐỘNG TỪ Ở THÌ QUÁ

KHỨ
Increase Increase Increased
Climb Climb Climbed
Rise Rise Rose
Growth Grow Grew

Rất mạnh Mạnh Nhẹ

Dramatically Significantly Slightly
Enormously Considerably Minimaly
Sharply Rapidly Marginally
Liên tục Dần dần, ổn định
Constantly Gradualy
continuously Steadily

 Dramatically (adv) -  Dramatic (adj): Tốc độ thay đổi mạnh, ấn tượng

 Sharply (adv)  -  Sharp (adj): Cực nhanh, rõ ràng
 Enormously (adv) - Enormous (adj): Cực lớn
 Steeply (adv) - Steep (adj): Tốc độ thay đổi lớn
  Substantially (adv) - Substantial (adj): Đáng kể
 Considerably (adv) -  Considerable (adj): Tốc độ thay đổi nhiều
 Significantly (adv) - Significant (adj): Nhiều
 Rapidly (adv) - Rapid (adj): Nhanh
 Moderately (adv) - Moderate (adj): Bình thường
 Gradually (adv) - Gradual (adj): Tốc độ thay đổi từ từ
 Slightly (adv) -  Slight (adj): Nhẹ, không đáng kể
 Marginally  (adv) - Marginal (adj): Tốc độ thay đổi chậm, nhỏ

The number of X
15
10
5
0
1990 1991 1992 1993

Time, SV + ADV + number

- Between 1990 and 1993, the number of X increased gradually from around 2 to 10.
Time, there was + a/an + adj + noun + in + the + number of.....
- Between 1990 and 1993, there was a gradual increase in the number of X from
around 2 to 10.
Time saw/experienced/witnessed a/an + adj + noun + in + the + number .....
- The period from 1990 to 1993 saw a gradual increase in the number of X from
around 2 to 10.
2. Giảm
Danh từ Động từ Động từ ở thì quá
khứ
Decrease Decrease Decreased
Decline Decline Declined
Drop Drop Dropped
Fall Fall Fell

The number of X
15
10
5
0
 1990 1991 1992 1993

Time, SV + ADV + number

- Between 1990 and 1993, the number of X decreased gradually from around 2 to 10.
Time, there was + a/an + adj + noun + in + the + number of.....
- Between 1990 and 1993, there was a gradual decrease in the number of X from
around 2 to 10.
Time saw a/an + adj + noun + in + the + number of.....
- The period from 1990 and 1993 saw a gradual decrease in the number of X from
around 2 to 10.

3. Dao động
Danh từ Động từ Động từ ở thì quá khứ
Fluctuation Fluctuate Fluctuated
Variation Vary Varied

The number of X
4

2
0 1990 1991 1992 1993

Time, SV + ADV + number

- From 1990 to 1993, the number of X fluctuated slightly between 1.7 and 3.
(khoảng cách chênh lệch, không phải điểm đầu và cuối).

Time, there was + a/an + adj + noun + in + the + number of.....

- From 1990 to 1993, there was a slight fluctuation in the number of X between 1.7
and 3.
Time saw a/an + adj + noun + in + the + number of.....
- The period from 1990 to 1993 saw a slight fluctuation in the number of X between
1.7 and 3.

4. Giữ ổn định
Danh từ Động từ Động từ ở thì quá khứ
Stability Remain stable Remained stable
No change Remain unchanged Remained unchanged
 The number of X
6
5
4
1990 1991 1992 1993

Time, SV + ADV + number

From 1990 to 1993, the number of X remained relatively stable at around 5.
Time, there was + a/an + adj + noun + in + the + number of......
From 1990 to 1993, there was a period of stability in the number of X, at around 5.
Time saw a/an + adj + noun + in + the + number of....
The period from 1990 to 1993 saw a stability in the number of X between 1.7 and 3.

5. Tại 1 điểm
Động từ Động từ ở thì quá khứ

Is/are Was/were
Stand at Stood at

Điểm đầu Start at

Điểm cuối End at
Điểm cao nhất Reach a peak of...

Điểm thấp nhất Hit a low of...

The number of X
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

In 1990, the number of X was around 10.

In 1990, the number of X started at around 10.
In 1992, the number of X reached a peak of around 20.
In 1993, the number of X hit a low of only 2.
In 1994, the number of X ended at around 10.
Các từ, cụm từ paraphrase cho nhau.

The graph
Show
Trends in
Information about
Percentage
From 1979 to 2004
Over/ throughout the
period shown/given
People in the US
In the UK, US, Japan,
and China.
food, healthcare,
education
11-20, 21-30, 31-40 age groups
Paraphrase
The line graph/the bar chart/ the pie chart/ the table/ the
map/ the diagram.
reveal statistics about/ detail changes in/ give
information about/ illustrate/ indicate/ desmonstrate...
Changes in
Data for/ figures for/ statistics about
Proportion/rate
Between 1979 and 2004/ over a period of 25 years/ over
a 25-year period
From 1979 to 2004/ between 1979 and 2004/ over the
whole/entire period.
Americans/ people who come from the US
In four different countries
three different categories/ factors
three different age categories

Paraphrase các chủ điểm chính trong Ielts Writing task 1.

1. Chi tiền cho cái gì đó:
The pie charts below show the average household expenditure in Japan and
Malaysia in the year 2010.
The spending on = the expenditure on = the payment for = the expenses for
The amount/proportion of money which was spent on/ paid for/ used
for/allocated to food.
2. Tiêu thụ cái gì đó
The graph below shows trends in US meat and poultry consumption

The consumption of beef in the US = The US beef consumption

The amount/proportion of beef consumed/eaten by Americans
The amount/proportion of beef which was consumed/eaten by Americans.

3. Khí Thải CO2/Waste

The graph below shows average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per person in the United
Kingdom, Sweden, Italy and Portugal between 1967 and 2007.
The generation/production of CO2 – CO2 generation/production – CO2 emissions
The amount/percentage of CO2 which was generated/ produced/ released/ emitted
from/by ---
The amount/percentage of CO2 generated/ produced/ released/ emitted from/by ---
4. Thất nghiệp : Unemployment
The graph below shows the unemployment rates in the US and Japan between March
1993 and March 1999.

The rate of unemployment

The unemployment rate
The level of unemployment
The level of joblessness
The proportion/percentage/number of people who were unemployed
The proportion/percentage/number of unemployed people
The proportion/percentage of people without work.
5. Nhóm Tuổi
The graph below shows the percentage of people in the different age groups who went to
the cinema once a month in Great Britain.

The percentage/proportion/number of people aged 7-14

The percentage/proportion/number of the 7-14 age group
The percentage/proportion/number of people who were 7-14
The percentage/proportion/number of 7-14-year-olds
The percentage/proportion/number of 7-14-year-old people

Liên kết các câu bằng các từ nối

Nếu có sự tương đồng với đường trước đó:
- In the same way, clause ( theo cùng một cách, )
- Similarly, clause (một cách tương tự, )
- Likewise, clause (Giống như vậy, )
- Like A, B follows....... (Giống A, B tuân theo )
Nếu như có sự mâu thuẫn đối lập với đường trước đó.
- By contrast, clause
- On the contrary, clause
- In contrast, clause
- Conversely, clause
- An opposite picture is that + clause
Nếu đường sau không có sự mâu thuẫn hay cũng không tương tự với đường trước đó:
- However, clause
- By comparison, clause
- Meanwhile, clause
10 Cấu trúc viết bài IELTS WRITING TASK 1
1. Overview: There was an increase/ decrease in........., with....witnessing the most drastic
rise/ while.....(if there is another trend). In addition, .........highest/ lowest figures......
 2. The number/ proportion/ percentage/ amount of.........started at......., after which it saw/
experienced a rise/ growth/ decline to.........in....., before ending the period at.........
3. Data...., with a subsequent increase/ decrease/ levelling off/ fluctuation.........and a
final........
4. The figure for/ number/proportion/ amount of......was at.......(or change....), (which
is/was/are...) followed by an slow/ significant increase/ decrease to......
5. The figure for.........+V +ADV, and (but)........+V
6. Similar/ opposite changes can be seen in the figure(s) for..........., which.....
7. The figure for.....was similar/ opposite changes, Ving
8. The figure for......+ change, ending/ reaching.......
9. S + saw/ witnessed / underwent/ experienced a/an + adj + N
10. There was a/an + Adj + N, which was followed by a/an adj + N

The line graph below shows the percentage of people in Africa subscribing to mobile and
fixed line phones from 1994 to 2004.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant.

The chart illustrates how many African people used mobile and fixed line phones between 1994
and 2004.
Overall, there was an increase in the proportion of people using both communication services,
with a much more significant rise being seen in the use of mobile phones. In addition, the year
2001 marked the point where the figure for fixed line service was surpassed by that of their
mobile counterpart.
About 1.7% of residents in Africa subscribed to fixed broadband services, after which this
figure saw a gradual growth to just under 3% in 2001. The figure for mobile services saw
similar changes in the first two years, but then rose quickly from just to reach 3% in 2001,
overtaking that for fixed residential phone services.
The proportion of African people using fixed line phones continued to increase at the same rate,
reaching only 3.1% in 2004. Meanwhile, the figure for mobile phones rose sharply to end the
period at 8.8% (a threefold increase from 2001 to 2004).
The charts illustrate how many school leavers chose to study at a certain university in the UK
between 1987 and 2007.
Overall, there was an increase in the proportion of young people choosing to study at this
school because it provided suitable courses and it was close to their home, while the figures for
those opting for this school owing to its quality of resources and teaching, and its physical and
social activities declined. In addition, the majority of students chose to study in the examined
school because of its degree courses in both years.
The percentage of students saying that they chose to study in the surveyed school because of its
courses started at 35%, after which it saw a slight increase to 37%. Meanwhile, the figure for
those whose house was close to their school grew significantly from 10% to 21%.
21% of the students placed more emphasis on the quality of the resources of the school in 1987,
with a subsequent decline to 17% in 2007. In the meanwhile, the figures for undergraduates
whose reason for enrollment was related to the quality of teaching and extra curricular activities
halved to 8% and 9% respectively.