English for Communication (Final)

Vocabulary

Unit 3 What’s it worth ?

3.1 Is it worth it ?
cost of living = ค่าครองชีพ commute = การเดินทาง balance = ความสมดุล neighborhood = บริ เวณ
took a salary cut (To take a salary cut) = ตัดเงินเดือน traded (trade) = เปลี่ยน lifestyle = วิถีชีวิต
To get by = ประทังชีวิตอยูไ่ ด้ To be worth it = คุม้ ค่า value = ให้ความสําคัญ afford = หามาได้
mind = สนใจ time well spent = ใช้เวลาได้ดี relax = ผ่อนคลาย boost = เสริ ม improve = ปรับปรุ ง
standard of living = มาตรฐานการครองชีพ quality of life = คุณภาพชีวติ importance = ความสําคัญ
relative = มากๆ exchange = แลกเปลี่ยน general = ทัว่ ไป level = ระดับ happiness = ความสุข
ability = ความสามารถ equal = เท่ากัน result = ผลลัพธ์ access to education = การเข้าถึงการศึกษา
proud of = ภูมิใจ

3.2 The price of coffee

discuss = ถกเถียง measure = วัดค่า difference = ความแตกต่าง expensive = ราคาแพง usual = ปกติ
treated oneself to (To treat oneself to) = ให้รางวัลตัวเอง special = พิเศษ café = coffee shop = ร้านกาแฟ
though = ถึงแม้ว่า different = แตกต่าง To come up with = ผุดขึ้น price = ราคา To charge for = คิดเงิน
whole = ทั้งหมด depending on (To depend on) = ขึ้นอยูก่ บั cost = ราคา To be willing to = เต็มใจ
atmosphere = บรรยากาศ raise = ขึ้น penny = เหรี ยญเพนนีของอังกฤษ customer = ลูกค้า
To take advantage of = หาประโยชน์ To have an effect on = ส่งผลกระทบต่อ however = อย่างไรก็ตาม
To suggest a price for = บอกราคา To rely on = trust = วางใจ quality = คุณภาพ success = ความสําเร็ จ

ใครสนใจอยากมาเรี ยนภาษาอังกฤษกับพี่ณัฐ (P’Nut) ติดต่อได้ 5 ช่องทาง

- Facebook Account : Nut Nithiporn Ruksayod
- Facebook Fanpage : ติวเตอร์ ณัฐ ภาษาอังกฤษ (เพจหลัก) (***)
- Facebook Fanpage : Super English by Mr. Nut
- Line ID : Nut Nithiporn Ruksay
- Instagram Account : @nut1035

เอกสารชุดนี้เป็ นลิขสิ ทธิ์ของพี่ณฐั เท่านั้น (Copyright)

To pay a fair price for = เจอประสบการณ์ค่อนข้างไม่ดี To play an important in = มีบทบาทสําคัญ
invested in (To invest in) = ลงทุน dessert = ขนมหวาน cheap = ราคาถูก delicious = อร่ อย
fashionable = ทันสมัย exciting = น่าตื่นเต้น birthday present = ของขวัญวันเกิด perfume = นํ้าหอม
cologne = นํ้าหอมที่ใช้ในห้องนํ้า (โคโลญจน์) phone = โทรศัพท์ jeans = กางเกงยีนส์ pair = คู่
sunglasses = แว่นกันแดด gourmet = นักชิม bottle = ขวด

3.3 I’m so sorry

spilled (spill) = ทําหก dumbest (dumb) = งี่เง่าที่สุด To apologize for = ขอโทษ property = สมบัติ
damaging (damage) = ทําความเสียหาย stole (steal) = ขโมย store = ร้านค้า

Functional Language
1. Apologizing (การขอโทษ)
- I’m really sorry. (ฉันเสียใจด้วยจริ งๆ)
- I can’t tell you how sorry I am. (ฉันไม่สามารถบอกคุณได้ว่าเสียใจมากแค่ไหน)

2. Explaining what happened (การอธิบายสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น)

- You’ll never guess what I did. (คุณจะไม่มวี นั รู ้ว่าฉันทําอะไรลงไป)
- I just did the dumbest thing. (ฉันเพิง่ ทําในสิ่งที่งี่เง่าที่สุดลงไป)
- I can’t believe I didn’t lock it. (ไม่อยากเชื่อว่าฉันไม่ได้ลอ็ ก)

3. Responding to an apology (การตอบรับคําขอโทษ)

- It’s not the end of the world. (ไม่ได้จบสิ้นกันซะหน่อยเลย)
- It’s really no big deal. (ไม่ใช่เรื่ องใหญ่อะไรเลยจริ งๆ)
- Don’t beat yourself up about it. (อย่าโทษตัวเองเลย)

3.4 Buyer beware

product review = การนําเสนอสินค้า best (good) = ดีที่สุด worst (bad) = แย่ที่สุด beware = ระวัง
buyer = ผูซ้ ้ือ rug = ผ้าขี้ริ้ว perfect = ดีเยีย่ ม amazing = สุดยอด quarter = ¼ bought (buy) = ซื้อ
surprised = รู ้สึกประหลาดใจ mouse pad = แผ่นรองเมาส์ guess = ทาย ordered (order) = สัง่

เอกสารชุดนี้เป็ นลิขสิ ทธิ์ของพี่ณฐั เท่านั้น (Copyright)

anniversary = วันครบรอบ simple and elegant = เรี ยบง่ายและสง่างาม arrived (arrive) = มาถึง
letter = ตัวอักษร bookstore = ร้านหนังสือ online book site = แหล่งหนังสือออนไลน์
claimed (claim) = อ้าง desperate = สิ้นหวัง took a chance (To take a chance) = เสี่ยง
grandfather (grandpa) = ปู่ , ตา You get what you pay for. = คุณภาพตามราคา (ของถูกก็มกั จะไม่ดี)
disappointed = รู ้สึกผิดหวัง product = ผลิตภัณฑ์ case = ที่กรอบโทรศัพท์ summer = ฤดูร้อน
vacation = การลาพักร้อน snorkeling (snorkel) = ดํานํ้าตื้น fine = ดี in fact = แท้จริ งแล้ว
underwater = ใต้น้ าํ filled (fill) = เติม filming (film) = ถ่ายรู ป ruined (ruin) = ทําพัง
waste = ของสิ้นเปลือง purchase = (การ) ซื้อ pleased = รู ้สึกพอใจ comfortable = สบาย
fact = ข้อเท็จจริ ง include = นับรวม earpiece = หูฟัง convenient = สะดวก To block out = บดบัง
background = พื้นหลัง noise = เสียงรบกวน portable = สามารถพกพาได้ recommend = ได้รับคําชม

3.5 Time to speak : Damage control

respond = ตอบกลับ cruise ship = เรื อสําราญ expected (expect) = คาดหวัง ocean = มหาสมุทร
opposite = ตรงข้าม cramped = คับแคบ terrible = แย่ rip-off = ขูดรี ดขูดเนื้อ instruction = คําสัง่
To offer a refund = เสนอเงินคืน To offer a replacement = เสนอของชดใช้คืน bookcase = ตูห้ นังสือ
passenger = ผูโ้ ดยสาร instead of = แทนที่ personal = ส่วนตัว

QR Code ของพี่ณัฐ ถ้าต้องการจะสอบถามเรื่ องอยากติวภาษาอังกฤษ

เอกสารชุดนี้เป็ นลิขสิ ทธิ์ของพี่ณฐั เท่านั้น (Copyright)

Unit 4 Going glocal
4.1 More than just a jersey
glocal (global + local) = เติบโตของธุรกิจหรื อพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์เพื่อกระจายออกไปขายทัว่ โลก
speculate = คาดเดา annual revenue = รายได้ประจําปี ticket sales = ยอดการขายบัตร
broadcasting rights = ลิขสิทธิ์ในการถ่ายทอดสด (corporate) sponsorship = การสนับสนุนเชิงธุรกิจ
merchandising (merchandise) = (การ) ค้าขาย sponsor = ผูส้ นับสนุนเชิงธุรกิจ represent = แทน
brand = ยีห่ อ้ valuable = มีมูลค่า merchandise = สินค้า deal = ข้อตกลง logo = สัญลักษณ์
jersey = เสื้อนักฟุตบอล professional sports = กีฬาระดับอาชีพ seriously = อย่างร้ายแรง
TV commercial = โฆษณาทางโทรทัศน์ advertise = ลงโฆษณา ad (advertisement) = การโฆษณา
authentic = แท้ status symbol = สัญลักษณ์แสดงฐานะ fashion statement = กระแสความนิยมชมชอบ
mug = เหยือก bear = ให้กาํ เนิด slogan = คําโฆษณา fake = ปลอม revenue = ภาษีอากร profit = กําไร
revenues = รายรับของบริ ษทั หรื อกิจการที่ได้มาจากการดําเนินกิจกรรมทางธุรกิจทั้งทางตรงและทางอ้อม

4.2 Viral stories

viral = เป็ นกระแสบนโลกออนไลน์ที่ทาํ ให้เกิดการแชร์และแพร่ กระจายไปอย่างรวด story = เรื่ องราว
impact = ผลกระทบ reshare = ส่งต่อ surprisingly = อย่างน่าประหลาดใจ celebrity = บุคคลผูม้ ีชื่อเสียง
famous = มีชื่อเสียง entertainer = performer = ผูใ้ ห้ความบันเทิง cultural icon = สัญลักษณ์ทางวัฒนธรรม
To go viral = แพร่ หลายไปอย่างรวดเร็ ว made a copy of (To make a copy of) = เลียนแบบ
hero = วีรบุรุษ plastic bag = ถุงพลาสติก took a photo (To take a photo) = ถ่ายรู ป dream = ความฝัน
To warm heart = อบอุ่นใจ silly = งี่เง่า amusing = น่าขบขัน countless = มากมาย talent = พรสวรรค์
audience = คนดู comedian = นักแสดงตลก designer = นักออกแบบ filmmaker = คนสร้างภาพยนตร์
DJ (Disc jockey) = นักจัดรายการวิทยุ model = นายแบบ, นางแบบ movie producer = ผูผ้ ลิตภาพยนตร์
admire = ชื่นชม childhood = วัยเด็ก culture = วัฒนธรรม well-known = มีชื่อเสียง icon = รู ปลักษณ์

4.3 That’s a good point, but …

soccer = กีฬาฟุตบอล cultural experience = ประสบการณ์ทางวัฒนธรรม awesome = เจ๋ งสุดยอด
caught (catch) = จับ global brand = ตราสินค้าสากล sports team = กีฬาประเภททีม bunch = กลุ่ม
viral video = คลิปหลุด minute = นาที score = (ทํา) คะแนน goal = ประตูฟุตบอล strategy = กลยุทธ์
familiar = คุน้ เคย explain = อธิบาย enjoy = สนุก interesting = น่าสนใจ interested = รู ้สึกสนใจ

เอกสารชุดนี้เป็ นลิขสิ ทธิ์ของพี่ณฐั เท่านั้น (Copyright)

Functional Language
1. Exchanging opinions (การแลกเปลี่ยนความคิดเห็น)
- As I see it, … (อย่างที่เห็นนะว่า …)
- I find it / that (really boring) (ฉันว่ามัน (น่าเบื่อจริ งๆ นะ))
- I really think (you’d enjoy it). (ฉันคิดจริ งๆ เลยว่า (คุณน่าจะสนุกกับมันนะ))
- It’s not so much that …, it’s just that … (ก็ไม่ขนาดนั้นหรอก … เพียงแค่ว่า …)

2. Discussing opinions (การถกเถียงความคิดเห็น)

- Now, just a second. … (เดี๋ยวรอสักครู่ นะ …)
- That’s a good point, but … (นัน่ เป็ นความเห็นที่ดีแต่ว่า …)
- But the thing is, … (แต่เรื่ องของเรื่ องก็คือ …)
- That’s true, but … (ก็จริ งอยูเ่ พียงแต่ …)

3. Making opinions more emphatic (การเน้นยํ้าความคิดเห็น)

- That’s not true at all. (ไม่มีทางเป็ นจริ งเลยสักนิด)
- I couldn’t disagree more. (ไม่เห็นด้วยอย่างยิง่ )
- You have it all wrong. (คุณเข้าใจผิดกันไปใหญ่แล้ว)

4.4 Building a brand

flip-flops = รองเท้าแตะ To clap hands = ปรบมือ bark = หมาเห่า recently = เมื่อไม่นานมานี้
building a brand (To build a brand) = สร้างตราสินค้า international company = บริ ษทั ต่างชาติ
couple = 2 convenience store = ร้านสะดวกซื้อ chain store = กลุ่มร้านขายปลีกที่มีเจ้าของเดียวกัน
family-run store = ร้านค้าที่ดาํ เนินกิจการโดยครอบครัว traditional = ดั้งเดิม ugly = ไม่เป็ นที่ถูกใจ
as a result = as = thanks to the fact that = because = เพราะว่า due to = because of = เนื่องจาก
consequently = so = ดังนั้น shift = ช่วงกะทํางาน factory = โรงงาน option = ทางเลือก
grocery shopping = การไปจับจ่ายซื้อของพวกวัตถุดิบทําอาหารที่ซุปเปอร์มาร์เก็ต offer = เสนอ
a range of = ขอบเขต independent store = ร้านค้าปลีกอิสระ downtown = ใจกลางเมือง
compete = แข่งขัน shame = ความละอายใจ important = สําคัญ community = ชุมชน
example = ตัวอย่าง origin = ต้นกําเนิด international = นานาชาติ growth = การเจริ ญเติบโต

เอกสารชุดนี้เป็ นลิขสิ ทธิ์ของพี่ณฐั เท่านั้น (Copyright)

luxury = ความหรู หรา advertising plan = แผนการโฆษณา success = ความสําเร็ จ
response = การตอบรับ problem = ปัญหา

4.5 Time to speak : Design an ad

endorsement = การรับรอง respected (respect) = เคารพ expert = ผูเ้ ชี่ยวชาญ for example = เช่น
To do commercials = ถ่ายโฆษณา shampoo = ยาสระผม association of ideas = การเชื่อมโยงของความคิด
To be connected to = เชื่อมโยง particular = พิเศษ freedom = อิสรภาพ appealing = น่าดึงดูด
visually attractive = ดึงดูดสายตา technology = เทคโนโลยี generation = รุ่ น guilt = ความผิด
smartphone = โทรศัพท์อจั ฉริ ยะ car seat = ที่นงั่ รถยนต์ cosmetics = เครื่ องสําอาง jewelry = อัญมณี
sports equipment = อุปกรณ์กีฬา technique = เทคนิค image = ภาพลักษณ์ accompany = ประกอบกับ
food product = ผลิตภัณฑ์อาหาร text = ข้อความ central = ส่วนกลาง lie = วาง camera = กล้องถ่ายรู ป

Unit 5 True stories

5.1 That’s another story !
coming-of-age story = เรื่ องราวที่เติบโตก้าวผ่านช่วงวัยสําคัญของชีวติ จากเด็กสู่การเป็ นผูใ้ หญ่
family saga = มหาตํานาน feel-good story = เรื่ องราวที่ให้ความรู ้สึกดี hard-luck story = เรื่ องเคราะห์ร้าย
horror story = เรื่ องเล่าสยองขวัญ human interest story = เรื่ องเล่าที่คนชวนให้ท่ึง mystery = สิ่งลี้ลบั
love story = เรื่ องรักใคร่ personal tragedy = โศกนาฏกรรมที่เกิดขึ้นกับตัวเอง tearjerker = หนังชีวิต
success story = ประสบการณ์แห่งความสําเร็ จ tall tale = เรื่ องเล่าที่ใส่ไข่ใส่ สีเกินจริ ง pitch = ระดับ
rejection = การปฏิเสธ catchy = ติดหู publisher = ผูต้ ีพิมพ์ resist = คัดค้าน plot = เค้าโครงเรื่ อง
terrible = แย่ accident = อุบตั ิเหตุ courage = ความกล้า submit = ส่ง teenager = วัยรุ่ น husband = สามี
published (publish) = ตีพิมพ์ basically = หลักๆ scare = ทําให้กลัว whodunit = นิยายสืบสวนสอบสวน
strange = แปลกประหลาด noise = เสียงรบกวน generally = โดยทัว่ ไป

5.2 Last-minute-itis
looking forward to (To look forward to) = ตั้งตารอ held up (To hold up) = จัดขึ้น
To go ahead = เดินหน้า ended up (To end up) = จบยุติ messed up (To mess up) = ก่อกวน
texted (text) = ส่งข้อความ To let someone down = ผิดหวัง split up (To split up) = ผิดใจกัน
To hang out with = ออกไปเที่ยว To cheer up = ร่ าเริ ง To give up on = ตัดหางปล่อยวัด

เอกสารชุดนี้เป็ นลิขสิ ทธิ์ของพี่ณฐั เท่านั้น (Copyright)

making up excuses (To make up excuses) = หาข้อแก้ตวั To get together = พบปะสังสรรค์
What’s up with … ? = เกิดอะไรขึ้น To suffer from = ทรมาน To show up = แสดงให้เห็น

5.3 There must be a mistake !

check = ตรวจสอบ mistake = ความผิดพลาด celebrate = ฉลอง ticket = ตัว๋ glad = ดีใจ
disappointing = น่าผิดหวัง reservation = การจอง manager = ผูจ้ ดั การ appetizer = อาหารเรี ยกนํ้าย่อย

Functional Language
1. Reacting to a problem (การโต้ตอบปัญหา)
- I don’t understand. (ไม่เข้าใจ)
- Would you mind taking another look ? (คุณช่วยลองดูอีกครั้งได้ไหม)
- Can you check again, please ? (กรุ ณาช่วยตรวจสอบอีกครั้งได้ไหม)
- There must be some kind of mistake. (ต้องมีอะไรผิดพลาดแน่ๆ)

2. Asking for a solution (การขอคําตอบ)

- There must be something you can do. (ต้องมีบางอย่างที่คุณทําได้)
- I’d like to speak to the manager, please. (ฉันต้องการพูดคุยกับผูจ้ ดั การ ได้โปรด)
- Is there someone else I could speak to about this, please ? (มีใครอีกไหมที่ฉนั พูดคุยเกี่ยวกับเรื่ องนี้ ได้)

3. Accepting a solution (การตอบรับ)

- That’ll work. (น่าจะได้ผล)
- I’m glad it’s / that’s settled. (ฉันดีใจที่ได้รับการตัดสิ น)

4. Accepting bad news (การรับข่าวร้าย)

- That’s not what I was hoping to hear, but what can you do ? (นัน่ ไม่ใช่สิ่งที่อยากจะได้ยนิ แต่คุณจะทํา
ยังไงต่อ)
- Well, it is what it is. (ตามนี้แหละ (ทําอะไรไม่ได้))
- Well, that’s life. (นัน่ แหละชีวิต)
- That’s too bad, but hey, … (แย่แล้วแต่เดี๋ยวนะ …)

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5.4 The perfect apology
apology = คําขอโทษ snowstorm = พายุหิมะ caused (cause) = ก่อให้เกิด flight = เที่ยวบิน
airport = สนามบิน passenger = ผูโ้ ดยสาร ground = พื้นดิน furious = โกรธมาก corporation = บริ ษทั
memorable = เป็ นที่น่าจดจํา public corporate = องค์กรสาธารณะ heartfelt = จริ งใจ replace = ทดแทน
admitted (admit) = ยอมรับ handled (handle) = รับมือ situation = สถานการณ์ apologize = ขอโทษ
recognized (recognize) = จําได้ compensation = การชดเชย To make up for = ชดใช้
promise = สัญญา follow = ปฏิบตั ิตาม express = แสดงออก anxiety = ความกระวนกระวาย
frustration = ความฉุนเฉียว inconvenience = ความไม่สะดวก colleague = เพื่อนร่ วมงาน
deserved (deserve) = สมควร strive = มุ่งมัน่ deliver = มอบให้ launch = การเปิ ดตัวสินค้า
fell short (To fall short) = ไม่เป็ นไปตามที่คาด commitment = ความมุ่งมัน่ extremely = อย่างมาก
agreement = ข้อตกลง goal = เป้าหมาย accidentally = โดยบังเอิญ released, releasing (release) = ปล่อย
personal data = ข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล CEO (Chief Executive Officer) = ประธานกรรมการบริ หาร
mechanical = ทางกล dangerous = อันตราย discovered (discover) = ค้นพบ affect = ส่งผลกระทบ

5.5 Time to speak : A chance meeting

chance = โอกาส probably = อย่างเป็ นไปได้ definitely = อย่างแน่นอน instead = แทนที่

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 หลักการเติม -ed หลังคํากริ ยาสําหรับ Regular Verbs
เรามีหลักการง่ายๆ ในการเติม -ed หลังคํากริ ยาสําหรับ Regular Verbs ดังนี้ครับ
1. กริ ยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย y และหน้า y เป็ นพยัญชนะให้เปลี่ยน y เป็ น i แล้วเติม -ed ยกตัวอย่างเช่น
cry – cried = ร้องไห้
marry – married = แต่งงาน
try – tried = พยายาม

2. กริ ยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย -y แต่หน้า y เป็ นสระ (a / e / i / o / u) ให้เติม -ed ได้เลย ยกตัวอย่างเช่น

enjoy – enjoyed = สนุก
play – played = เล่น
stay – stayed = พัก , อาศัย

3. กริ ยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย -e ให้เติม d ได้เลย ยกตัวอย่างเช่น

hope – hoped = หวัง
love – loved = รัก
move – move = เคลื่อน

4. กริ ยาที่มีพยางค์เดียว มีสระ (a / e / i / o / u) ตัวเดียวและลงท้ายด้วยพยัญชนะที่เป็ นตัวสะกดตัวเดียวให้

เพิ่มพยัญชนะที่ลงท้ายอีก 1 ตัวแล้วเติม -ed ยกตัวอย่างเช่น
plan – planned = วางแผน
stop – stopped = หยุด
beg – begged = ขอร้อง

5. กริ ยาที่มี 2 พยางค์ แต่ลงเสียงหนักพยางค์หลังและพยางค์หลังนั้นมีสระ (a / e / i / o / u) ตัวเดียวและลง

ท้ายด้วยพยัญชนะที่เป็ นตัวสะกดตัวเดียวให้เพิ่มพยัญชนะที่ลงท้ายอีก 1 ตัวแล้วเติม -ed ยกตัวอย่างเช่น
concur – concurred = ตกลง, เห็นด้วย
occur – occurred = เกิดขึ้น
refer – referred = อ้างถึง
permit – permitted = อนุญาต

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ข้อยกเว้น ถ้าออกเสียงหนักที่พยางค์แรก ไม่ตอ้ งเติมพยัญชนะตัวสุดท้ายเข้ามา ยกตัวอย่างเช่น
cover – covered = ปกคลุม
open – opened = เปิ ด

6. นอกจากกฎที่กล่าวมาแล้วข้างต้น เมื่อต้องการให้เป็ นช่อง 2 ให้เติม -ed ได้เลย ยกตัวอย่างเช่น

talk – talked = พูด
start – started = เริ่ ม
work – worked = ทํางาน

คําบางคําสามารถเป็ นได้ท้งั Regular Verbs และ Irregular Verbs เช่น

burn -> burned หรื อ burnt เผาไหม้
dream -> dreamed หรื อ dreamt ฝัน
lean -> leaned หรื อ leant พิง
learn -> learned หรื อ learnt เรี ยน
smell-> smelled หรื อ smelt ได้กลิ่น
spell -> spelled หรื อ spelt สะกด
spill -> spilled หรื อ split หก กระฉอก

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 Reading Comprehension (In brief)

1. Specific information
คาถามจะแบ่งออกเป็ น 2 ประเภทคือ คาถามเชิงบวก กับ คาถามเชิงลบ
+ According to paragraph 3, American universities and research institutes are worried about
___________.
- All of the following are true about automation changes EXCEPT ___________.

2. Vocabulary question
คาถามจะแบ่งออกเป็ น 2 ประเภทคือ คาถามโดยตรง กับ คาถามโดยอ้อม
- In paragraph one the word ‚occult‛ could best be replaced by ___________.
- The author discusses the ‚compass‛ in paragraph 3 in order to ___________. (Reference)

3. Inference question
- What can be understood about the author’s opinion on the stem cell research debate in
paragraph 5 ?
- What is the most suitable title of the article ?

การหาตาแหน่ง Main idea มีท้ งั หมด 5 ตาแหน่ง ดังนี้

1. Beginning paragraph
2. Middle paragraph
3. End paragraph
4. Both beginning and end paragraph
5. Not mentioned in the passage

** ข้อสอบส่ วนใหญ่มกั จะออกตาแหน่ง ‚Beginning paragraph‛

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 Reading Comprehension (Exercise)

Directions : Read the following text or passage and choose the best answer.

Passage 1

Title : ___________________________________

A lot of people dream about striking it rich all the time — from small businesses looking for big
customer pools to entrepreneurs trying to invent the next must-have tech devices, and many have hopes of
accumulating great wealth. Here are 3 legendary ways that hugely successful business people made it big
in the business world.

1. Picking Great Stocks : Warren Buffett

Warren Buffett is one of the most famous business people in the world, and his career in the
stock market is undoubtedly legendary. Buffett’s $66 billion net worth and rank as the third richest person
in the world are largely due to his prowess in picking stocks. The Oracle of Omaha started investing
professionally in the late 1950s. However, the success has not gone to his head over the years, if Buffett’s
ordinary lifestyle is any indication. In fact, he still lives in the same Omaha home that he bought for
$31,500 in 1958.

2. Losing Your Job : Michael Bloomberg

People get laid off all the time. While most individuals go on to find gainful employment, it’s
rare for getting fired to open the door to true greatness. However, that was the case for Michael
Bloomberg. After being fired from a Wall Street firm early in his career, Bloomberg went out and
launched his own financial technology company long before the Internet boom. After years of hard work,
he is now the eighth richest person in U.S. with a net worth of $43.4 billion. And it all started with losing
his job.

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3. Writing Something : J.K. Rowling
J.K. Rowling’s story is so famous that it almost has to be called legendary. Rowling went from
being a single parent on welfare to a best-selling author and one of the world’s richest women, all thanks
to a story about a boy named Harry Potter. Rowling’s tales of witches, wizards and adventure have
captivated hundreds of millions of people around the world, and her books have been turned into movies
and inspired games and even amusement park rides. Moreover, to think that Rowling owes her billionaire
status to a story she made up on a train ride. Striking it rich isn’t easy, and gaining wealth in a legendary
manner is very unusual. However, for the lucky few who do land the big prize, there is nothing more
satisfying.

1. What would be the best title of this passage ?

A. Three celebrities who squandered their wealth
B. Three ways famous people become suddenly rich
C. Three of the world’s most famous business owners
D. Unusual ways most American people make a fortune

2. Despite being the world's third richest man, Warren Buffett has an ordinary lifestyle.
A. True B. False C. It doesn’t say.

3. Michael Bloomberg launched his own financial technology company after the Internet was first
launched.
A. True B. False C. It doesn’t say.

4. What does the underlined word 'many' in line 2 refer to ?

A. Many people B. Many small businesses C. Many customer pools D. Many entrepreneurs

5. The underlined word ‘captivated’ in ‚Rowling’s tales of witches, wizards and adventure have
captivated hundreds of millions of people around the world …‛ has the closest meaning to __________.
A. invented B. donated C. disappointed D. attracted

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Passage 2

Every February 14, across the United States and in other places around the world, candy,
flowers and gifts are exchanged between loved ones, all in the name of St. Valentine.
The history of Valentine’s Day - and the story of its patron saint - is shrouded in mystery. We do
know that February has long been celebrated as a month of romance, and that St. Valentine’s Day, as we
know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition.
The Catholic Church recognizes at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all
of whom were martyred. One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third
century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with
wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree,
defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers for young lovers in secret. When
Valentine’s actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death.
Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting to help Christians
escape harsh Roman prisons, where they were often beaten and tortured. According to one legend, an
imprisoned Valentine actually sent the first valentine greeting himself after he fell in love with a young
girl - possibly his jailor’s daughter - who visited him during his confinement. Before his death, it is
alleged that he wrote her a letter signed ‚From your Valentine,‛ an expression that is still in use today.
Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories all emphasize his appeal as
a sympathetic, heroic and - most importantly - romantic figure. By the Middle Ages, perhaps thanks to
this reputation, Valentine would become one of the most popular saints in England and France.

6. The title of the passage is _______________.

A. The History of Valentine’s Day B. The History of St. Valentine
C. Valentine’s Day : A Day of Romance D. Valentine’s Day Traditions

7. The origins of the Valentine’s Day are _______________.

A. Well-known B. Historically recorded
C. Scientifically proven D. Unclear

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8. St. Valentine is believed to _______________.
A. have been executed by Emperor Claudius II
B. have killed Emperor Claudius II
C. have been a great general
D. have married a young girl

9. According to the legends in the passage, Valentine was all of the following EXCEPT
_______________.
A. a roman priest B. a prisoner
C. a martyr D. a prosecutor

10. The word ‚those‛ (line 8) refers to _______________.

A. Emperor Claudius II and St. Valentine B. men
C. single men D. young lovers

11. The word ‚sympathetic‛ (line 18) is closest in meaning to _______________.

A. likeable B. antagonistic
C. malicious D. peculiar

12. According to the passage, what is TRUE about St. Valentine ?

A. He became famous in the medieval period.
B. He is a well-respected saint in Asia.
C. He was a war hero.
D. He was exiled from his hometown.

13. The author organizes the fourth paragraph by _______________.

A. illustrating ways to celebrate on Valentine’s Day
B. introducing alternative versions of the St. Valentine’s story
C. depicting the importance of St. Valentine
D. supporting the previous paragraph

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14. It is believed that ‚From your Valentine,‛ started when _______________.
A. people across the globe celebrate on Valentine’s Day
B. St. Valentine wrote a final letter to a girl he loved
C. Valentine became a saint
D. Valentine performed marriages for young lovers in secret

15. The tone of this passage is _______________.

A. sarcastic B. romantic
C. informative D. speculative

Passage 3

Nearly landlocked and once known as the Frozen Ocean, the Arctic Ocean sits under two to four
feet of ice for much of the year in most of its central and western portions. Largely unexplored until the
Amundsen Ellsworth flight over it in 1926, it has been receiving increased attention, as perceptions of the
ocean and its basin have been shaped and reshaped over the years.
First, the misconceptions : not only was it thought entirely frozen over, the Arctic Ocean was
thought to be entirely devoid of wildlife. Its only natives, icebergs, were at best a nuisance to the ships
they harassed and at worst a grave threat ; an iceberg, after all, sunk the Titanic. While it is true that ice
covers much of it much of the time, it never covers all of it ; and while it features drifting ice packs and
floes and winter temperatures typically drop to sixty degrees below zero (-51 degrees C), the fjords of
western Greenland, contribute those treacherous icebergs, carried into shipping lanes by the Labrador
Current. Upon the ice and despite the temperatures, the Arctic Ocean is home to hares, polar bears, seals,
gulls and guillemots as far as eighty-eight degrees north.
The sheer size of the Arctic Ocean it has the widest continental shelf, at 750 miles (1,210 km),
and touches five countries and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans would make it a great source of interest, it
was only with the development of new kinds of technology that scientists were able to explore it, quite
literally, in any depth. And not usually, it was commerce that drove much of the exploration ; people
quickly realized that the shortest routes from North America to the cities of Scandinavia, northern Europe
and Russia lay over the pole. Radio contact enabled explorers to maintain contact throughout their journey

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across the pole and within twenty years of the first overflight, Soviet scientists investigated an undersea
mountain range called the Lomonosov Ridge, which shed new light on the pattern of ice drift and water
circulation and exchange. American scientists discovered a submarine plateau rising 8,100 feet (2,469 m)
from the ocean floor in 1959 and in 1995 the U.S. Navy lent its nuclear attack submarines for a series of
civilian research expeditions, Aerial and later satellite photography, in addition to sonar, have allowed
scientists to map the ocean floor and trace the Arctic’s ocean currents.
What they have found is that the Arctic Ocean has very little exchange with the Pacific, due to
the narrowness and shallowness of their connection. Instead, the Arctic receives a great deal of freshwater
with little evaporation from numerous rivers in Siberia and the Mackenzie in Canada, which it then
exchanges with the Atlantic through the Greenland Sea, just to the East of Greenland. Submarine ridges
prevent the exchange of waters at the deepest level, so a pool of stagnant and extremely cold water lays at
the bottom of the Arctic Sea, with a circular current stirring about it, unaffected by the relatively weak
Bering and Labrador currents. Instead, the less saline and lighter waters of the Arctic which reach the
Greenland Sea flow over the top of the Atlantic waters from the North Atlantic drift. This accounts for
northwest Europe’s warmer climate than that of the northeastern North America, which is affected directly
by the Arctic. The same goes for northeastern Asia, which is untouched by the Japan Current which
warms northwestern North America. Ironically, the Arctic Ocean’s circular current leads to relatively light
ice in the Siberian Seas, compared with the heavy pressure ice of the Atlantic Archipelago, especially
Greenland and Ellesmere Island.
In recent years, the Arctic Ocean has drawn attention for reasons other than its pure scientific or
commercial value : it’s getting warmer. First, the area covered by ice year-round has decreased steadily
since the 1970s and recorded temperatures have trended higher. A number of other observations
indicate this warming trend, from glacial regressions and the appearance of species of fish in larger
numbers, at higher latitudes, at earlier seasons and for long periods prove that a so-called ‚climatic
improvement‛ has been taking place for decades. Sub-Arctic latitudes have experienced similar changes
and it remains to be seen whether it is a phrase in a cycle or a permanent transformation. But a warmer
Arctic region could affect the wind patterns above it and amplify the effect of the depletion of the ozone
layer.

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16. Which of the following best explains why the Arctic has a layer of stagnant water at the bottom ?
A. Freshwater from Siberian and Canadian rivers is heavier than salt water which sinks to the bottom
when it enters the Arctic Ocean.
B. Although not as thoroughly frozen as previously thought, the Arctic is extensively frozen which limits
the current and the amount of water it exchanges with other oceans.
C. The Lomonosov range, cutting from the Greenland Sea to the Bering Strait, interrupts currents and
traps a good deal of water on the Siberian side of the Arctic basin.
D. The Arctic is a huge basin ringed by gigantic submarine ranges which limit its intermingling with other
waters.

17. Which of the following best defines the phrase ‚continental shelf‛ in the first sentence in the third
paragraph ?
A. A subterranean plateau rising more than 8,000 feet off the ocean floor and first discovered in 1959
B. The amount of coastline from three major continents which rings the Arctic
C. The tectonic basin, defined by a series of ridges virtually cutting it off from other oceans, which
contains the Arctic Ocean
D. The amount of water which is permanently frozen and effectively extends the solid landmass over the
top of the ocean, like a shelf

18. Why does the author mention Greenland so much ?

A. Greenland not only is the real culprit for the icebergs harassing and even threatening ships, but affects
the current of the Arctic.
B. Most Arctic exploration launches from a base in Greenland originally established by Ernest
Shackleford and used in the first flight over the Arctic, in 1926.
C. Until the Russians discovered the Lomonosov Range in 1948, Greenland was thought to be part of the
Arctic Ocean.
D. Because the Arctic Ocean behaves very differently there than it does near the Bering Strait.

19. Which of the following best defines the word ‚saline‛ in the fourth paragraph ?
A. icy B. Atlantic C. salty D. dense

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20. What does the phrase, ‚The same goes,‛ in the fourth paragraph refer to ?
A. The effect of the Japan Current, which warms the entire North Pacific region, despite its proximity to
the Arctic Circle.
B. The difference in climate between northwestern North America, which is warmed by the Japan Current,
and northwestern Europe, which is touched by the Labrador Current.
C. The circular Arctic current, contributes little cold, fresher water to either Atlantic or Pacific oceans.
D. The differing climates of coastlines in similar proximity to the Arctic Ocean, caused by currents in the
Atlantic and Pacific which interfere with the Arctic.

21. Why does the author say ‚temperatures have trended higher‛ in the last paragraph ?
A. Statistically, the average and overall temperatures are not decisively clear, but seem to be getting a
warmer.
B. Temperatures, however viewed, have gotten steadily, if incrementally, warmer until they reached the
current statistically significant point.
C. Significant variations aside, temperatures in the Arctic have stayed roughly the same with higher
temperatures occurring with more frequency but little or no consistency.
D. All statistical analyses of the temperature show an appreciable and statistically significant tendency to
occur within a generally higher range than before.

22. Which of the following comes closest in meaning to the word ‚depletion‛ in the last sentence ?
A. reduction B. definition C. delineation D. circulation

23. Which of the following can best be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage ?
A. Even though the Arctic has only been under close observation for about seventy years, data from there
and elsewhere demonstrate the reality of climate change.
B. Regardless of whether the change in temperature is cyclical or permanent, it opens new areas of
habitation for wildlife, free from human threats.
C. Scientists now monitor the Arctic Ocean in great detail and are sensitive to even slight fluctuations in
the environment.
D. The improvement in the Arctic’s climate offers the possibility of vast, untapped natural resources.

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24. Why does the author call the effects of the Arctic Current ‚ironic‛ at the end of the fourth paragraph ?
A. Because the amount of freshwater dumped into the Arctic by Siberian rivers means it freezes at a much
slower rate than waters south of it.
B. Because exploration has reversed the overall view of the Arctic a couple times, leaving us back where
we started before exploration.
C. Because, despite being nearly shut off from warmer waters and commonly perceived as mostly frozen,
Siberian ice is actually less dense than that around Greenland.
D. Because the Arctic, despite being perceived as tremendously cold and inhospitable, actually breaks up
Greenland’s icebergs with its currents.

25. Which of the following titles most accurately reflects the passage ?
A. Changing Pictures : Oceanography and the Arctic Ocean
B. Frozen in Time : The Newly Discovered World of the Arctic Ocean
C. The Middle Ground : The Arctic Ocean and Geopolitics
D. The Cold War’s Coldest Front : The Soviet-American Race to the Arctic

Passage 4
Questions are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

This passage is adapted from Iain King, ‚Can Economics Be Ethical ?‛ ©2013 by Prospect Publishing.

Recent debates about the economy have rediscovered the question, ‚is that right ?‛, where
‚right‛ means more than just profits or efficiency.
Some argue that because the free markets allow for personal choice, they are already ethical.
Others have accepted the ethical critique and embraced corporate social responsibility. But before we can
label any market outcome as ‚immoral,‛ or sneer at economists who try to put a price on being ethical, we
need to be clear on what we are talking about.
There are different views on where ethics should apply when someone makes an economic
decision. Consider Adam Smith, widely regarded as the founder of modern economics. He was a moral
philosopher who believed sympathy for others was the basis for ethics (we would call it empathy

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nowadays). But one of his key insights in The Wealth of Nations was that acting on this empathy could be
counter-productive — he observed people becoming better off when they put their own empathy aside,
and interacted in a self-interested way. Smith justifies selfish behavior by the outcome. Whenever
planners use cost-benefit analysis to justify a new railway line, or someone retrains to boost his or her
earning power, or a shopper buys one to get one free, they are using the same approach : empathizing with
someone, and seeking an outcome that makes that person as well off as possible — although the person
they are empathizing with may be themselves in the future.
Instead of judging consequences, Aristotle said ethics was about having the right character —
displaying virtues like courage and honesty. It is a view put into practice whenever business leaders are
chosen for their good character. But it is a hard philosophy to teach — just how much loyalty should you
show to a manufacturer that keeps losing money ? Show too little and you’re a ‚greed is good‛ corporate
raider ; too much and you’re wasting money on unproductive capital. Aristotle thought there was a golden
mean between the two extremes, and finding it was a matter of fine judgment. But if ethics is about
character, it’s not clear what those characteristics should be.
There is yet another approach : instead of rooting ethics in character or the consequences of
actions, we can focus on our actions themselves. From this perspective some things are right, some wrong
— we should buy fair trade goods, and we shouldn’t tell lies in advertisements. Ethics becomes a list of
commandments, a catalog of ‚dos‛ and ‚don’ts.‛ When a finance official refuses to devalue a currency
because they have promised not to, they are defining ethics this way. According to this approach
devaluation can still be bad, even if it would make everybody better off.
Many moral dilemmas arise when these three versions pull in different directions but clashes are
not inevitable. Take fair trade coffee (coffee that is sold with a certification that indicates the farmers and
workers who produced it were paid a fair wage), for example : buying it might have good consequences,
be virtuous, and also be the right way to act in a flawed market. Common ground like this suggests that,
even without agreement on where ethics applies, ethical economics is still possible.
Whenever we feel queasy about ‚perfect‛ competitive markets, the problem is often rooted in a
phony conception of people. The model of man on which classical economics is based — an entirely
rational and selfish being — is a parody, as John Stuart Mill, the philosopher who pioneered the model,
accepted. Most people — even economists — now accept that this ‚economic man‛ is a fiction. We
behave like a herd ; we fear losses more than we hope for gains ; rarely can our brains process all the

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relevant facts.
These human quirks mean we can never make purely ‚rational‛ decisions. A new wave of
behavioral economists, aided by neuroscientists, is trying to understand our psychology, both alone and in
groups, so they can anticipate our decisions in the marketplace more accurately. But psychology can also
help us understand why we react in disgust at economic injustice, or accept a moral law as universal,
which means that the relatively new science of human behavior might also define ethics for us. Ethical
economics would then emerge from one of the least likely places : economists themselves.

26. The main purpose of the passage is to _______________.

A. consider an ethical dilemma posed by cost-benefit analysis
B. describe a psychology study of ethical economic behavior
C. argue that the free market prohibits ethical economics
D. examine ways of evaluating the ethics of economics

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27. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following objections to criticizing the ethics of free
markets ?
A. Smith’s association of free markets with ethical behavior still applies today.
B. Free markets are the best way to generate high profits, so ethics are a secondary consideration.
C. Free markets are ethical because they are made possible by devalued currency.
D. Free markets are ethical because they enable individuals to make choices.

28. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question No. 27 ?
A. Some argue that because the free markets allow for personal choice, they are already ethical.
B. But before we can label any market outcome as ‚immoral,‛ or sneer at economists who try to put a
price on being ethical, we need to be clear on what we are talking about.
C. Smith justifies selfish behavior by the outcome.
D. When a finance official refuses to devalue a currency because they have promised not to, they are
defining ethics this way.

29. As used in line 4, ‚embraced‛ most nearly means _______________.

A. lovingly held B. readily adopted C. eagerly hugged D. reluctantly used

30. The main purpose of the fifth paragraph (lines 24-29) is to _______________.
A. develop a counterargument to the claim that greed is good
B. provide support for the idea that ethics is about character
C. describe a third approach to defining ethical economics
D. illustrate that one’s actions are a result of one’s character

31. As used in line 30, ‚clashes‛ most nearly means _______________.

A. conflicts B. mismatches C. collisions D. brawls

32. Which choice best supports the author’s claim that there is common ground shared by the different
approaches to ethics described in the passage ?
A. There are different views on where ethics should apply when someone makes an economic decision.

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B. From this perspective some things are right, some wrong — we should buy fair trade goods, and we
shouldn’t tell lies in advertisements.
C. Take fair trade coffee (coffee that is sold with a certification that indicates the farmers and workers who
produced it were paid a fair wage), for example : buying it might have good consequences, be virtuous,
and also be the right way to act in a flawed market.
D. We behave like a herd ; we fear losses more than we hope for gains ; rarely can our brains process all
the relevant facts.

33. The main idea of the final paragraph is that _______________.

A. human quirks make it difficult to predict people’s ethical decisions accurately
B. people universally react with disgust when faced with economic injustice
C. understanding human psychology may help to define ethics in economics
D. economists themselves will be responsible for reforming the free market

34. Data in the graph about per-pound coffee profits in Tanzania most strongly support which of the
following statements ?
A. Fair trade coffee consistently earned greater profits than regular coffee earned.
B. The profits earned from regular coffee did not fluctuate.
C. Fair trade coffee profits increased between 2004 and 2006.
D. Fair trade and regular coffee were earning equal profits by 2008.

35. Data in the graph indicate that the greatest difference between per-pound profits from fair trade coffee
and those from regular coffee occurred during which period ?
A. 2000 to 2002 B. 2002 to 2004 C. 2004 to 2005 D. 2006 to 2008

36. Data in the graph provide most direct support for which idea in the passage ?
A. Acting on empathy can be counterproductive.
B. Ethical economics is defined by character.
C. Ethical economics is still possible.
D. People fear losses more than they hope for gains.

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 Grammar
Too and Enough

1. Too
1.1 Too + Adjective / Adverb
- He's too old to drive.
- You're speaking too quickly for me.

1.2 Too + Much + Uncountable noun

Too + Many + Plural countable noun
- There are too many people here.
- I've got too many options, I can't decide !
- Paul has too much furniture in this room !
- You can never give too much advice.

2. Enough
2.1 Enough + Noun
- There are enough seats in the car, you should come !
- We have enough money, let's buy it !

2.2 Adjective / Adverb + Enough

- I'm strong enough to lift those boxes.
- You're here often enough, you might as well live here !

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 Too and Enough (Exercise)

Direction : Fill in the correct word (Too or Enough).

1. I left the coffee for a minute to cool because it was _________________ to drink. (hot)
2. Do you have _________________ to help me with this problem ? (information)
3. He didn't work _________________ to pass the exam. (hard)
4. My mum can't sleep because she drinks _________________. (much coffee)
5. Three stones are ____________ to wipe one’s arse.
6. The red carpet was back on Sunday (April 25), minus the throngs of onlookers and with socially
distanced interviews. Only a handful of media outlets were allowed on site, behind a velvet rope and
some distance from the nominees. Casual wear, the academy warned nominees early on, was a no-no.
Stars, limited to a plus-one, went without their usual battalions of publicists. But even good show may
not be ____________ to save the Oscars from an expected ratings slide. Award show ratings have
cratered during the pandemic, and this year's nominees — many of them smaller, lower-budget dramas
— won't come close to the drawing power of past Oscar heavyweights like Titanic or Black Panther.
7. Don't play near the railway line. It's _________________. (dangerous)
8. John didn't win the race because his car wasn't _________________. (fast)
9. That skirt you are wearing is _________________ for you. You need a bigger size. (tight)
10. There's _________________ in the fridge for the whole week. We don't need to buy any more. (many
fruits)
11. He doesn't make _________________ in his company to buy those expensive presents. (profits)
12. I'm a good swimmer, but I'm not _________________ to enter a championship. (good)
13. Robert doesn't have _________________ to pay for his new car. He's in trouble ! (money)
14. We wanted to go to Paris last weekend, but the plane tickets were _________________, so we stayed
at home. (expensive)
15. David is quite a fast runner, but he isn't _________________ to beat the Italian runner, who is
considered to be the best. (fast)

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 Modifying Comparisons

1. Showing big differences (much, a whole lot, by far, nowhere near)

- Sales in July were a whole lot higher than sales in June.
- He was by far less experienced than the other applicant.

2. Showing small differences (a little, a bit, almost, nearly)

- The number of registrations has been a little lower than we expected.
- It is not nearly as cold as yesterday morning.

Degrees of Adjective

1. Comparisons
1.1 การเปรี ยบเทียบขั้นธรรมดา (Positive Degree) คือการเปรี ยบเทียบของสองสิ่ งหรื อคนสองคน เช่น ของ
สองสิ่ งนั้นเหมือนกัน (Those two things are similar.) : As … as , (Not) quite as … as
- This building is as big as that building.
- English is not quite as difficult as science.

1.2 การเปรี ยบเทียบขั้นกว่า (Comparative Degree) คือการเปรี ยบเทียบของสองสิ่ งหรื อคนสองคนที่สิ่งหนึ่ง

หรื อคนหนึ่งมากกว่าหรื อน้อยกว่าอีกสิ่ งหนึ่งหรื ออีกคนหนึ่ง : Than
- This building is bigger than that building.
- English is (slightly / far) more difficult than Science.

2. Rules
2.1 คา 1 พยางค์ที่มีสระเสี ยงสั้นให้เติมตัวสะกดเข้าไปอีกหนึ่งตัวแล้วเติม -er ขั้นกว่าและ -est ขั้นสู งสุ ด
- hot hotter hottest
- big bigger biggest
- fat fatter fattest
- thin thinner thinnest

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2.2 คา 1 พยางค์ทวั่ ไปเติม -er ท้ายคา Adjective ในขั้นกว่าและ -est ท้ายคา Adjective ในขั้นสู งสุ ด
- warm warmer warmest
- cold colder coldest
- cheap cheaper cheapest
- nice nicer nicest
- thick thicker thickest

2.3 คา 1 พยางค์ที่ลงท้ายด้วย -e เติม -r ท้ายคา Adjective ในขั้นกว่า และ -st ท้ายคา Adjective ในขั้นสู งสุ ด
- large larger largest
- wide wider widest
- nice nicer nicest
- fine finer finest
- brave braver bravest

2.4 คา 2 พยางค์ที่ลงท้ายด้วย -er, -re, -le, -ow ให้เติม -er ท้ายคา Adjective ในขั้นกว่าและเติม -est ท้ายคา
Adjective ในขั้นสู งสุ ด
- narrow narrower narrowest
- clever cleverer cleverest
- simple simpler simplest
- sincere sincerer sincerest
- shallow shallower shallowest

2.5 คาต่อไปนี้ใช้ได้ 3 แบบคือ -er, -est หรื อ more, most หรื อ less, least
- quiet quieter / more (less) quiet quietest / most (least) quiet
- cruel crueler / more (less) cruel cruelest / most (least) cruel
- polite politer / more (less) polite politest / most (least) polite
- common commoner / more (less) common commonest / most (least) common
- pleasant pleasanter / more (less) pleasant pleasantest / most (least) pleasant

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2.6 คาที่ลงท้ายด้วย -y ให้เปลี่ยน y เป็ น i แล้วเติม -er และ -est
- happy happier happiest
- pretty prettier prettiest
- heavy heavier heaviest
- holy holier holiest
- easy easier easiest

2.7 คา 2, 3 พยางค์ข้ ึนไปให้เติม More หรื อ Less นาหน้า Adjective ในขั้นกว่าและ Most หรื อ Least นาหน้า
Adjective ในขั้นสู งสุ ด
- peaceful more (less) peaceful most (least) peaceful
- serious more (less) serious most (least) serious
- patient more (less) patient most (least) patient
- boring more (less) boring most (least) boring
- dangerous more (less) dangerous most (least) dangerous
- delicious more (less) delicious most (least) delicious
- comfortable more (less) comfortable most (least) comfortable
- expensive more (less) expensive most (least) expensive
- complicated more (less) complicated most (least) complicated
- astonishing more (less) astonishing most (least) astonishing

2.8 คาบางคาเปลี่ยนรู ป (Irregular Forms)

- good better best
- bad worse worst
- far father / further farthest / furthest
- little less least
- much / many more most
- old older / elder oldest / eldest
- late latter / later last / latest
- out outer outmost
- in inner innermost

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 Modifying Comparisons (Exercise)

Direction : You write these sentences with the degrees of the adjective.

1. Guinness World Records 2019

- Indoor freefalling : Stef Millet and Manu Sarrazin (both FRA) jointly achieved a 7-hr 15-min 18-sec
freefall at the Windoor wind tunnel in Empuriabrava, Spain, on 7 Jul 2017. They beat the previous
attempt, set the previous year, by more than 15 min.
- Balancing a soccer ball on the head : On 27 Jan 2017, Arash Ahmadi Tifakani (IRN) kept a soccer ball
balanced on his head for 8 hr 42 min 12 sec without letting it drop in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran.
- Standing on a Swiss ball : Garrett Lam (USA) kept his footing on a Swiss ball for 5 hr 25 min 36.98 sec
in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, on 18 Sep 2015.

∴ Indoor freefalling ___________________________ than standing on a Swiss ball.

∴ Balancing a soccer ball on the head ___________________________ of all endurance.
∴ Stef and Manu took ___________________________ endurance time than in 2016.

2. Math Problem
If x is negative,
y = x2 - 1
x - y = -1

∴ The value of (x + y)3is ___________________ 8(sin2 300 + cos2 (-3000)).

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3. Guinness World Records 2019
As of December 2017, the most widely used hashtag on Instagram was #love (a perennially popular
hashtag that has topped Instagram’s end-of-year lists several times). The second-most faddish was
#fashion, followed by #photooftheday. The hashtag that had seen the greatest rise in popularity during the
previous year was #photography, followed by #travelpphotography and #memes respectively.

∴ #fashion is ______________________________ #photooftheday.

∴ #memes was ______________________________ of all 3 hashtags in 2016.
∴ #love is ______________________________ #photography.

4. Math Problem
Wind resistance varies jointly as an object’s surface area and velocity. If an object traveling at 40 mile per
hour with a surface area of 25 square feet experiences a wind resistance of 225 Newtons, how fast must a
car with 40 square feet of surface area travel in order to experience a wind resistance of 270 Newtons and
write a graph bar ?

∴ The ______________________ wind is, the ______________________ object travels.

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5. Guinness World Records 2019
- Floating crane : Thialf is a 201.6-m-long (661-ft 5-in) semi-submersible barge with two cranes and a
lifting capacity of 14,200 tonnes (31.3 million lb). It has accommodation for 736 people and a helicopter
pad. The lower section of the hull can be flooded to increase stability and allow the barge to operate in
rough seas.
- Submarine : The Russian 941 Akula-class submarines are believed to have a dived displacement of
26,500 tonnes (58.422 million lb) and to measure 171.5 m (562 ft 7 in) in length. The launch of the first
Akula class at the secret covered shipyard at Severodvinsk in the White Sea was announced by NATO
on 23 Sep 1980.
- Uncrewed ship : In Apr 2016, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, USA)
launched the Sea Hunter, an uncrewed trimaran measuring 40 m (131 ft) in length and has a gross
tonnage of 145. It is a prototype for a new class of drone ship, able to head thousands of miles out to sea
to monitor ocean depths for submarines. The Sea Hunter cost $20 million (£15.2 million) to develop.
- Construction ship : Built in South Korea at an approximate cost of $3bn (£2.27 bn) and launched on 26
Jan 2013, the Pioneering Spirit has a gross tonnage of 403,342. The ship’s hull has a length of 382 m
(1,253 ft) and a breadth of 124 (407 ft). The vessel is used for super-heavy marine construction tasks, for
example dismantling oil rigs.
- Passenger liner : Launched on 19 Jun 2015, the French-built MS Harmony of the Seas measures 1,188 ft
(362.1 m) long - longer than three soccer pitches - 216 ft (66 m) wide and has a gross tonnage of
226,963. There are 18 decks, accommodating 2,100 crew and 6,780 passengers. The luxury liner is
powered by six giant engines developing a total of 96,000 kW (128,738 hp) of power, giving it a top
speed of 25 knots (46 km/h ; 29 mph).

∴ In terms of size, the Russian 941 Akula-class submarine _______________________ the Sea Hunter.
∴ In terms of size, the French-built MS Harmony of the Seas _______________________ of all 5 ships.

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 Modals of speculation

1. Must & Must not

- He must be her brother.
- Your phone is so cool. It must be expensive.
- There are pupils inside the school. They must not wait for the bus, as usual.
- My key's in my pocket or on my desk so it must not be in the drawer.

2. May, Might & Could

- I may buy it.
- She might go out.
- This movie is so fun. I could watch it one hundred times.

3. Can’t
- I can’t get soaked to the skin out there.
- He can’t further his study abroad.

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 Modals of speculation (Exercise)

Direction : Fill the modal verbs in the blank.

1. Last year, a top court in Switzerland decided that companies _____________ contribute to a portion of
their employees’ rent if they are working from home. While we _____________ not go down this path
in Singapore, there are certainly areas that could do with more clarity, even through legislation. How
much support employers should provide in the context of a post-COVID world is uncharted terrain, so
it is no wonder that employers and employees alike have questions and are mulling their options.

2. The International Energy Agency – which countries often look to for future scenarios, but which has a
history of underestimating demand and clean energy – forecasts that renewable energy will meet about
one-third of the global energy demand by 2040 in its most optimistic scenario. That would be in a world
with higher carbon taxes and more wind power, solar power, electric vehicles, carbon capture and
storage. Greener technologies _____________ come close to keeping warming under degrees Celcius,
but not quite.

3. He _____________ live near here because he comes to work by car. We don’t know where he lives,
but we’re sure it’s not far away.

4. It _____________ be a burglar. All the doors and windows are locked. He doesn’t know it’s not a
burglar but he feels sure it’s not.

5. Some _____________ argue that since those who work from home enjoy savings in terms of, for
example, commuting costs, employers should not have to reimburse other costs. Surely, employees can
channel cost savings in certain areas to cost increases in others, is their rationale. In addition, in June
last year, the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore announced that workers who incurred WFH
expenses last year _____________ claim tax deductions against their employment income in this year’s
income tax filing.

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6. Whether or not they are, employers _____________ realise that doing so has the potential to benefit
them in the long-term. In fact, whether an employer provides such allowances and reimbursements is
among the top questions job candidates ask us when presented with employment opportunities that
enable them to work from home. It is not just a ‚nice-to-have‛ but an important consideration for them.

7. The 30-year-old now says she’s recovering, but there are still days when she _____________ drag
herself out of bed for her part-time job at a university.

8. All passengers _____________ present disguised photo identification at check-in for all flights.

9. As with the Public Health Ministry's announcement, the Department of Health also warned that the
burning of papers and incense sticks _____________ release toxic smoke as well as carcinogens that
stem from ashes. This _____________ be detrimental to health and potentially cause short-term
symptoms such as eye irritation, dry eyes, coughing, sneezing, breathing difficulty and fatigue, as well
as long-term consequences like cancer. The burning of joss paper releases other health-threatening
chemicals, including but not limited to sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and heavy metals, but despite
such serious warnings, clearly not everyone can cut the long-established Chinese traditions.

10. We know there are lower rates of allergies in developing countries. They are also more likely to occur
in urban rather than rural areas. Factors _____________ include pollution, dietary changes and less
exposure to microbes, which change how our immune systems respond.

11. Jose Mourinho has warned Anthony Martial _____________ keep wasting opportunities given the
intense competition in his position after the struggling Manchester United forward was dropped from
the squad against Feyenoord.

12. In the current version of the bill, same-sex couples _____________ adopt children. They
_____________ be at least 20 years old and one of them must have Thai nationality. The union ends
by death, voluntary separation or court order.

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 Subject and Object Relative Clauses

Relative Pronouns

Relative
Use Example
pronoun
1. Who Subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman who lives next door.
2. Which Subject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof ?
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the
3. Whom Object pronoun for people
conference.
Subject or object pronoun for people, animals
4. That I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.
and things in defining relative clauses
5. Where
(In / At Refers to a place The place where we met him
which)

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun ?

1. If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject
pronouns must always be used.
- The apple which is lying on the table

2. If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an
object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses.
- The apple (which) George lay on the table

3. A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the
sentence easier to understand.
- This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
> This is the shop where I bought my bike.

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 Subject and Object Relative Clauses (Exercise)

Direction : Fill the relative pronouns in the blank.

1. This Moon discovery could broaden the list of places _____________ we might want to build a base.
There are quite a few one-off missions to the Moon's Polar Regions coming up in the next few years,
but there are plans to build a permanent habitation on the lunar surface in the longer term. That could
have some influence. It gave us some time to do some investigation. It doesn't give us much time
because we're working on Moon base ideas and where we're going to go, but it's more promising.

2. The news that the long-delayed air travel bubble between Singapore and Hong Kong, _____________
is set to launch on May 26, has already attracted interest from prospective passengers looking to travel
between the two cities.

3. One travel agency, Dynasty Travel, has already received enquiries from customers _____________ are
already vaccinated and are keen to travel to Hong Kong once the borders are open.

4. Chloe Zhao’s Nomadland, a wistful portrait of itinerant lives on open roads across the American West,
won best picture on Sunday (Apr 25) at the 93rd Academy Awards, _____________ the China-born
Zhao also became just the second woman to win best director, and the first woman of colour.

5. Daniel Kaluuya won best supporting actor for Judas and the Black Messiah. The win for the 32-year-
old British actor _____________ was previously nominated for Get Out, was widely expected. Kaluuya
won for his fiery performance as the Black Panther leader Fred Hampton, _____________ Kaluuya
thanked for showing him ‚how to love myself‛.

6. The remaining eight are patients - seven of _____________ were from Ward 9D, _____________ the
cluster had emerged, while another was from Ward 9C.

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7. Government data showed Tokyo's core consumer price index, _____________ excludes fresh food,
dropped 0.2 percent in April due to the mobile phone fee cuts, making the central bank's 2 per cent
inflation target increasingly out of reach.

8. The ozone layer, _____________ protects us from ultraviolet light, looks to be successfully healing
after gaping holes were discovered in the 1980s.

9. Korea has the highest cinema attendance in the world, per capita. It's a society that really loves film and
their storytelling are sophisticated. We can expect other impressive Korean films to make an impact -
and now Western audiences might be more willing to take a chance on them. Such films are bringing
into focus cultural values _____________ may be unfamiliar to Western audiences. There's a strong
emphasis on the family, and an individual's part within the family is a key part on how to relate to the
character. Definitely in Korea - as well as in Japan and China - education, science and technology are
really prized, and that's expressed in the films, and there's much less irony than in Hollywood stories.
The emotions in their stories are expressed very directly and can be very intense, but it is not always
straightforward to export cultural values successfully to a Western audience.

10. Goodridge thinks chances are high that there will be another crossover hit from Asia. This shift has
coincided with the pandemic. We're not seeing many Hollywood movies, as they have been delayed,
so viewers _____________ are at home are focused on a lot of TV or interesting foreign language
stuff that we've never looked at before. We're more open to subtitles.

11. The number of coronavirus cases has been steadily decreasing in Peru, and tourists will be expected to
maintain social distancing. The coronavirus lockdown has been a body blow to the tens of thousands
of people who make their living from the country's tourism industry, especially those in the
mountainous Cusco region _____________ the stone citadel is located.

12. Fukuoka prefecture has high potential as a destination. It's the largest city on Kyushu Island in
southern Japan and a hub of culture, cuisine and natural tourism, characteristics _____________ many
urban Thais look for in their travels abroad.

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 Past Perfect + Was / Were Going To + Was / Were Supposed To

1. Past Perfect Simple : S + had + V.3

Past Simple : S + V.2 (-ed)
* We can use the past perfect to show the order of two past events. The past perfect shows the earlier
action and the past simple shows the later action.
- When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.
- She'd published her first poem by the time she was eight.
- I'd never met anyone from California before I met Jim.

2. S + Was / Were Going To + V.1

* Future in the past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the
future. It does not matter if you are correct or not.
- I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster.
- I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner.

3. S + Was / Were Supposed To + V.1

* We use was / were going to, to talk about plans we made in the past which didn’t happen, or won’t
happen in the future.
- We were going to visit the Bradleys later that year, but we didn’t go for.
- Tony was supposed to cook dinner tonight, but he had to work late.

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 Past Perfect + Was / Were Going To + Was / Were Supposed To (Exercise)

Direction : Decide on the use for each sentence in brackets, perhaps negative forms of verbs.
1. The comedian Kom ___________________ (receive) treatment at a private hospital before he
___________________ (be transfer) to Ramathibodi Chakri Naruebodindra Hospital in Samut Prakan
province.

2. We didn’t want to reveal the designs so soon but we were forced into it. We ___________________
(reveal) the designs so soon but we were forced into it.

3. In the night’s biggest surprise, best actor ___________________ (go) to Anthony Hopkins for the
dementia drama The Father. The award ___________________ (widely expect) to go to Chadwick
Boseman for his final performance in Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom. Hopkins was not in attendance.

4. Fiona ___________________ (organize) a conference call for this morning, but she couldn’t get in
touch with her colleagues.

5. We ___________________ (spend) our anniversary in the cottage in Wales where we had our
honeymoon, but it was already booked.

6. Tom ___________________ (book) the cottage months ago, but he forgot.

7. Wearing a mask is now compulsory in public spaces in 49 provinces and the Thai capital. Bangkok
governor Aswin Kwanmuang ___________________ (remind) residents to put on their face masks
correctly from Monday or risk a fine of up to 20,000 baht (US$640).

8. The fitness club ___________________ (increase) its annual subscription but so many members
protested that it backed down.

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9. We ___________________ (go) with you to the movies last night, but we had too much work to do.

10. When thieves ___________________ (steal) my favourite leather jacket, I was really upset. I
___________________ (have) it for over ten years.

11. In its court petition, TikTok asked for more time, saying it has not received enough feedback on its
proposed solution. The company said in a statement that it ___________________ (ask) the
government for a 30-day extension because it was facing continual new requests and no clarity on
whether our proposed solutions would be accepted, but it ___________________ (be granted).

12. They ___________________ (feel) bad about selling the house because they ___________________
(own) it for more than forty years.

------------------------------------------------------------The End---------------------------------------------------------

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