Fluids: Introduction

1. Stress vs. Strain (Shear and Normal)

2. No slip condition
3. Differences between Solids and Fluids (reaction to shear)
4. Types of Flow
 Laminar vs. Turbulent
 Steady vs. Unsteady
 Internal vs. External
 Compressible vs. Incompressible
 Viscous vs. Inviscid

Shear stress = force acting tangent to the surface divided by the area over it acts.

Shear strain = ratio dimensionless) of the displacement (angular displacement) to the transverse
dimension

Shear stress is proportional to shear strain when the forces is small enough, that Hooke’s law is
obeyed.
When a constant shear force is applied, a solid eventually stops deforming at some fixed strain
angle.

When a constant shear force is applied, a solid eventually stops deforming at some fixed strain
angle, whereas a fluid never stops deforming and approaches a constant rate of strain.
The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by smooth layers of fluid is called laminar.

The highly disordered fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities and is characterized by
velocity fluctuations is called turbulent.

Steady implies no change of properties,

velocity, temperature, etc., at a point with
time. The term uniform implies no change
with location over a specified region.

Conditions do not change with position in the

stream or with time.
 Conditions change from point to point in the
strea m but do not change with time.

At a given instant in time the conditions at

every point are the same, but will change
with time.

Every condition of the flow may change

from point to point and with time at every
point.

The volume of every portion of fluid remains unchanged over the course of its motion when the
flow is approximated as incompressible.
A pressure of 210 atm, for example, causes the density of liquid water at 1 atm to change by just 1
percent. Hence, liquids are generally approximated as incompressible.

The fluid flow is an internal flow when it is completely bounded

by solid surfaces.

The fluid flow is an external flow when it is completely

unbounded by solid surfaces.

Flows in which the frictional effects are significant are called viscous flows.

There are regions (typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous forces are negligibly small
compared to inertial or pressure forces. Such flow is called inviscid flow.

A fluid is defined as a sub- stance that deforms continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of any
magnitude. It includes the phases liquids, and gases.

Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight

A. Density ( )
B. Specific weight ( )
C. Specific gravity ( )
D. Absolute Viscosity ( )
E. Dynamic Viscosity ( )
F. Surface Tension ( )

The density of a fluid, designated by the Greek symbol (rho), is defined as its mass per unit volume.

ANSWER: The same since density is an intensive physical property.

Density and variation in pressure and temperature (Liquids)

The value of density can vary widely between different fluids, but for liquids, variations in pressure
and temperature generally have only a small effect on the value of .

The specific weight of a fluid, designated by the Greek symbol (gamma).

It is defined as its weight per unit volume.

Derivation of the equation of viscosity and its physical implication on fluid flow