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B.M.S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous College Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum) Bull temple road,
Basavangudi,
Bengaluru - 560019

MINI PROJECT
STUDIES ON COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT ON
BIOMEDICAL WASTE IN CUBE

 SAMRUDH V A (1BM20CV143)
 SANDEEP H R (1BM20CV144)
 SANGAMESH (1BM20CV146)
 SANJAY R (1BM20CV147)
 SHABARISH PATIL (1BM20CV148)
 SHANTAPPA (1BM20CV149)
Under the Guidance of,
Prof. DEEPA T
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONTENT
PAGE NO.

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1. ABSTRCT

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
BIOMEDICAL WASTE ASH IN CONCRETE

Abstract
Cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens and
adhering to other materials, binding them together. Cement is used with sand to
produce mortar for masonry and with fine aggregates, coarse aggregates to
produce concrete. M20 concrete of grade represents M stands for concrete mix
design and 20 numerical figure is their characteristics of compressive strength
gain in 28 days after casting and proper curing. Their fck value or characteristics
of compressive strength is 20 N/mm2. M20 grade concrete ratio is nominally about
1:1.5:3, made of mixture of cement, sand (fine aggregates) and course aggregate
in which one part of cement mixed with one parts of sand and two parts of
aggregate and water cement ratio is kept between 0.4 to 0.6. Biomedical waste,
generated from medical sources and activities is a cause of concern for
environmentalist. These wastes are generated in the process of diagnosis treatment
and similar activities pertaining to human and animals. Also in the production or
testing of biological instruments/components. Biological waste is broadly
classified as biological and non-biological wastes that may or may not be
infectious.

I.INTRODUCTION
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According to ministry of environment and forest about 4,05,702 kg biomedical

waste generated every day in India out of which around 72% is disposed off.
However more than 28% is biomedical waste is left unattended. Most common
process of disposal of biomedical waste is incineration in specifically made for
biomedical waste. Ash obtained after incineration of biomedical waste are used as
landfill. However, these wastes can effectively been used in concrete making
which will result in reduce the demand of land for disposal of biomedical waste
ash on one hand and protection of environment by reducing the consumption and
production of cement on other hand. Toxicity and potential hazards of biomedical
waste is generally depend upon its origin. It contains heavy toxic metals which are
very harmful for human body. At present 170 common biomedical waste treatment
facilities are available having 140 incinerators throughout the country. Biomedical
waste can be used in concrete with replacement by weight for cement. The
addition of hospital waste ash in cement matrices can be used as construction
material. It can also be used as a stabilizing agent in road and asphalt pavements .

LETERATURE REVIEW

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TITEL OF AUTHUR JOUNAL RESULTS AND

PAPER NAME DATE CONCLUSION
1. Sustainable Lubna K. 2021 • This study aimed to investigate
Approach for Hamada Zainab and evaluate the recycling of
Recycling Z. Ismai waste medical needles to
Medical Waste partially replace the fine
Needles to aggregate in concrete mixes.
Partially Replace • However, the minimum value
Aggregate in of compressive strength was
Lightweight (34MPa) for 2% replacement of
Concrete aggregates at 7 days of curing
Production age but it was higher than the
minimum value (17.4MPa).
• Flexural strength values
increased with increasing the
ratio of WNs at all curing ages.
2. Partial Sathvik S, 2019 • Workability of concrete made
Replacement of Suchith. S, using biomedical waste ash is
Biomedical Waste Edwin. A lower than that of conventional
ASH in Concrete Jemimahcarmich concrete the compressive
eal. M, Sheela. strength of concrete decreased
V with the addition of BMW ash
when compared to conventional
concrete.
• Compressive strength of the
BMW ash for 5% and 10%
replacement has shown a good
result while 15% replacement
strength reduced when
compared to 5% and 10%
strength.
3.Volume HuaFu 2021 • The addition of fly ash can
deformation of TengfeiGuo, increase the development of
steam-cured WenqiangZuo, shrinkage during steam curing. •
concrete with fly HaitaoZhao, The hydration degree prediction
ash during and LiTian development model of
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after steam curing ChunleiChen steamcured cement paste is

proposed. • An integrated model
of autogenous shrinkage and
total shrinkage for concrete
under steam curing conditions is
proposed.
4. Effect of He Zhimin & 2010 • In precast concrete elements
Activators on Liu, Junzhe manufacturing, steam-cured
Mechanical concrete incorporating 30% fly
Properties of ash encountered the problem of
SteamCured Fly a too low demoulding
Ash Concrete compressive strength.
• At an early age, addition of the
chemical activator can distinctly
accelerate the extent of
hydration of the fly ash cement
systems, and thus the
microstructure of concrete
becomes denser.
5. Biomedical Amit Kumar 2016 • Compressive strength of
Waste Ash in Singh , Vikas concrete made using biomedical
Concrete: An Srivastav , Udit waste ash is more than that of
Experimental Kumar conventional concrete up to
Investigation 7.5% replacement level.
• Up to 10% replacement level
compressive strength of concrete
with biomedical waste ash is
comparable to the conventional
concrete

OBJECTIVE

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 Characterization of Biomedical waste ash for its physical and

chemical properties.
 Identify the optimum mix proportion by mixing incinerated ash
with varying amounts of cements in the ratio of (30 % ash + 70
% cement, 50 % ash + 50 % cement , 60%ash+40%cement).
 Assess the effect of curing of cubes at room temperature for
compressive strength development.
 The curing period for room temperature (7 and 28 days).
 Arrive at design specifications for manufacture of incinerated
ash concrete cube.

II. MATERIALS IN CONCRETE

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In the present investigation and experimental program was carried out to

investigate the suitability of use of biomedical waste ash as partial replacement of
cement in concrete and effect of replacement of cement of biomedical waste ash on
workability of concrete in general and on compressive strength in particular.

A. CEMENT (Portland cement 53 grade)

In the present study, Portland Pozzolanacement (fly ash based) of single lot.
The cement is used confirming to IS 1489(part I):1991 specification

Fig.1 Cement (Portland 53 grade)

Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and

adheres to other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used
solely, but is used to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is
used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and
gravel aggregates to produce concrete.Non-hydraulic cement will not set in
wet conditions or underwater; rather, it sets as it dries and reacts with carbon
dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.Hydraulic
cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical
reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results
in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in
water and safe from chemical attack. This allows setting in wet condition or
underwater and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack.

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The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used
volcanic ash (pozzolana) with added lime (calcium oxide).

B.FINE AGGREGATES (M SAND)

Manufactured sand is an alternative for river sand. Due to fast growing

construction industry, the demand for sand has increased tremendously,
causing deficiency of suitable river sand in most part of the word. Due to
the depletion of good quality river sand for the use of construction, the use
of manufactured sand has been increased. Another reason for use of
M-Sand is its availability and transportation cost. Since manufactured sand
can be crushed from hard granite rocks, it can be readily available at the
nearby place, reducing the cost of transportation from far-off river sand
bed. Thus, the cost of construction can be controlled by the use of
manufactured sand as an alternative material for construction. The other
advantage of using M-Sand is, it can be dust free, the sizes of m-sand can
be controlled easily so that it meets the required grading for the given
construction.

Fig.2 Fine aggregate

C.COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but generally range
between 9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter. They can either be from Primary,
Secondary or Recycled sources. Coarse aggregates are components found in
many areas of the construction industry. They have structural uses such as a
base layer or drainage layer below pavements and in mixtures like asphalt
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and concrete. This lesson explores the various types of coarse aggregates.
Coarse aggregate is mined from rock quarries or dredged from river beds,
therefore the size, shape, hardness, texture and many other properties can
vary greatly based on location. Even materials coming from the same quarry
or pit and type of stone can vary greatly. Most generally, coarse aggregate
can be characterized as either smooth or rounded (such as river gravel) or
angular (such as crushed stone). Because of this variability, test methods
exist to characterize the most relevant characteristics since exact
identification would be impossible. Several key characteristics that are
frequently used to describe the behavior of coarse aggregates include relative
density (or specific gravity), bulk density, and absorption.

Fig.3.Coarse aggregate.

III. WATER

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Water is a transparent and nearly colourless chemical substance that is the main
constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living
organisms.The amount of water in concrete controls many fresh and hardened
properties in concrete including workability, compressive strengths, permeability
and water tightness, durability and weathering, drying shrinkage and potential for
cracking. For these reasons, limiting and controlling the amount of water in
concrete is important for both constructability and service life.Portable water is
used for the preparation of cement composites mixing and curing. The pH value of
water is 6.5 and all the other contents of water are as per Indian Standards.

IV. BIOMEDICAL WASTE ASH

hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic

characteristics [1,

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2]. The management, handling and disposal of

these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large

hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic

characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 12
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in the current medical waste management

practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
pollution [6] and create health hazard to institutions
believed
to be bringing relief to the sick. The proper
collection and
disposal of hospital wastes will not only reduce
the volume
infectious wastes and cost of treatment, but will also
promote
healthy environment and good living

Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It

is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,

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2]. The management, handling and disposal of

these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It
is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 14
 [Type the document title]

developing countries, not minding the differences

that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It
is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 15
 [Type the document title]

hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of

which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It
is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 16
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adversely affect the hospital environment and

community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It
is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.

BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 17

 [Type the document title]

Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It

is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It
is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 18
 [Type the document title]

2]. The management, handling and disposal of

these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It
is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 19
 [Type the document title]

developing countries, not minding the differences

that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It
is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 20
 [Type the document title]

hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of

which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It is highly hazardous due to its
infectious and/or toxic characteristics. The management, handling and disposal
of these wastes have become a growing environmental concern mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences that occur in the current
medical waste management practices from hospital to hospital. The
consequences of which may increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could adversely affect the hospital environment and community at
large.Improper waste management can lead to environmental pollution and
create health hazard to institutions believed to be bringing relief to the sick. The
proper collection and disposal of hospital wastes will not only reduce the
volume infectious wastes and cost of treatment, but will also promote healthy
environment and good living.

Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It

is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 21
 [Type the document title]

developing countries, not minding the differences

that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large

Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It

is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur

BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 22

 [Type the document title]

in the current medical waste management

practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste. It
is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
in the current medical waste management
practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 23
 [Type the document title]

increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which

could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
large.

Hospital waste is
a special category
of waste. It is highly
hazardous due to its infectious and/or toxic
characteristics [1,
2]. The management, handling and disposal of
these wastes
have become a growing environmental concern
mostly in the
developing countries, not minding the differences
that occur
BMSCE CIVIL DEPARTMENT Page 24
 [Type the document title]

in the current medical waste management

practices from
hospital to hospital [1, 3]. The consequences of
which may
increase the airborne pathogenic bacteria, which
could
adversely affect the hospital environment and
community at
larg
 
Fig. 4 Bio medical waste ash

PIE CHART

TYPES OF WASTE

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Compound Present in %
SiO2  20.60 
P2O5  0.95 
SO3  1.50 
Cl  2.38 
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K2O  9.78 
TiO2  1.20 
CaO 47.43 
V2O5  0.04 
Cr2O3  0.04 
MnO  0.22 
Fe2O3  8.06 
NiO 0.01 
CuO  0.08 
ZnO  0.19 
Br  0.02 
SrO  0.41 
ZrO2  0.33 
BaO  0.54 
PbO  0.03 
Ag2O  0.80 

MIS DESIGN

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PROPROTION  WATER TO   CEMENT(%)

(Incinerated as CEMENT
h+cement)(%) RATIO(%)

        30+70 0.5 11.66

       50+50 0.5 8.33

      60+40 0.5 6.67

CASTING OF SPECIMEN
1. DIMENSIONS OF CUBE:
The dimensions of our cube are 100mmx100mmx100mm.

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2. WEIGHING
The first step in casting the Cube is weighing of raw materials as per mix
proportions.
3. BATCH MIXING
Manual mixing was adopted.
• The Weighed raw materials were first dry mixed uniformly and then
optimum amount of water was added as per mix design.
• Further, concrete was mixed evenly by removing the lumps in the mix.

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4. MOULD PREPARATION:
• The mould was greased each time to avoid the sticking to mould and to get
easy ejection of cube.

5. POURING OF MIX IN MOULD:

• Adequate amount of mix was weighed as per mix design and poured into
mould manually.
• After pouring the mix was tamped to avoid air gaps in mould.

6. DEMOULDING AND PLACING

After pressing the cube get ejected downwards from the mould.
• The ejected cubes were labelled and placed for 7 days curing in water.

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METHEDOLOGY

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PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

SL.NO EXPERIMENT RESULT

01. Specific Gravity:
1.Manufacture sand 2.74
2.Specific gravity of cement 3.11
3.Specific gravity of biomedical waste 2.22

02 Sieve Analysis of
1.Manufacture sand Well Graded
2.Biomedical waste
03 pH Value of biomedical waste 7.00-8.00

VI. MIX PROPROTION

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PROPROTION (ASH + WATER TO CEMENT CEMENT(%)

CEMENT)(%) RATIO(%)
30+70 0.5 11.66
50+50 0.5 8.33
60+40 0.5 6.67

VII.RESULTS
1.7 DAYS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR VARIOUS MIX
PROPROTIONS

PROPROTION(ASH+CEMENT) SPECIMEN CEMENT COMPRESSIVE

PERCENTAGE(%) STRENGTH(Mpa)

30:70 A1 11.67 13.92

A2 11.67 14.04
50:50 B1 8.33 9.27

B2 8.33 10.06
60:40 C1 6.67 5.31
C2 6.67 6.57

2.28 DAYS FOR VARIOUS MIX PROPROTIONS

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PROPROTION(ASH+CEMENT) SPECIMEN CEMENT COMPRESSIVE

PERCENTAGE(%) STRENGTH(Mpa)

30:70 A1 11.67 21.20

A2 11.67 21.38
50:50 B1 8.33 14.95
8.33
B2 15.32

60:40 C1 6.67 08.08

6.67
C2 10.01

3.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOE VARIOUS MIX PROPROTIONS

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4.COMPARSION WITH CONVENTIONAL CUBE

PROPROTIONS(ASH%) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(Mpa)

0% 14.00

30% 13.98

50% 09.66

60% 05.94

5.COMPARSION WITH CONVENTIONAL CUBE

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25
22.67
21.29
strength(MPa)
20
Compressive

15.13
15 14.00 13.98

9.66 9.04
10
5.94
5

0
7 days 28 days

Days of curing
0% 30% 50% 60%

VII.CONCLUSION

• Compressive strength of cubes made using Incinerated Biomedical Waste

Ash is comparatively lesser than that of conventional cube.

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• It is observed that density of cube decreased marginally with the increase in

replacement level of Incinerated Biomedical Waste Ash.
• After comparing all the experimental test results, 30:70 (ash:cement) is taken
as optimize mix proportion for manufacturing of cube.
• Low-cost cubes can be prepared by reducing cement content with incinerated
ash without compromising the strength parameters.
• With higher percentage addition of incinerated ash, the density of cubes
decreases, which results in the early failure of cubes for lesser dead load
applied.
• Manufacturing of cubes using Incinerated Biomedical Waste Ash will have
huge scope in the future as medical waste generated is increase day by day.
• The compressive strength obtained by 7 days curing is 13.98Mpa at a cement
replacement of 30%.

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