Page N° 104: READING SKILL – activity N° 02

1) (Paragraph 6): “If you turn it around and visualise a flock of screaming
chimpanzees hauling you up into a treetop and confronting you with a
complicated problem involving nuts, how intelligently do you think you would
perform?”

Paragraph 4: But what may be clever for us needn´t be a viable attribute in other
members of the animal kingdom.

2) (Paragraph 18): “It’s difficult to discern between reasoning, learned reflexes

and pure instincts. This makes it challenging for humans to create tests that
don’t remind animals of their natural behaviour.”

Paragraph 17: In comparisons of intelligence among species, it´s hard to avoid

dealing trump cards to one species or another.

3) (Paragraph 21): “The advantage of the bottom-up method is that we can find
traits that we didn’t know existed in animals.”

Paragraph 19: In these, researchers pick out a cognitive trait and investigate how
the animal’s nerve system guides this trait.

4) (Paragraph 25): “If the neural paths that are active in animals are the same
ones acting in humans, we could have kindred abilities.”

Paragraph 24: For instance, multiple studies have been conducted with regard to
facial recognition, imitation, social behaviour and empathy, and these can be found
among many of our animal cousins.

Page N° 105: STEP I: ORGANIZE

R1 R2
Using extreme perception
WHAT IS to invent jobs Diverse meanings for different
INTELLIGENCE? (Recognizing something species.
and then deciding to act)
Using human standards  For humans, intelligence is
(Clever Hans can count linked to language, but we
PROBLEMS WITH he is smart; He is not can´t understand animal
ASSESSING really counting language. (Dolphins)
ANIMAL he is a dumb  Brain weight of mammals.
INTELLIGENCE animal.)  Looking for human traits
and qualities (the use of
tools).
Forensic dogs: Extreme
OTHER ABILITIES
perception.
VS. Bees: Instinct
Clever Hans: Learned
INTELLIGENCE
reflexes
Pages 106 – 107: STEP 2: SYNTHESIZE

Reporter: Today we are lucky to have with us two animal experts, Temple Grandin and
Gita Simonsen. They are both especially interested in the question of animal
intelligence. Ms. Grandin, how would you define animal intelligence?
Temple Grandin: Let me start by saying that many people confuse extreme perception
with intelligence. Many animals have extreme perception at least compared to humans,
but that alone doesn´t make then intelligent. I think seizure alert dogs are a good
example of animal intelligence because they use their extreme perception to figure
out when their owner is about to have a seizure. This is not something they need to
do or have been taught to do, but something that they decide to do. This is what
shows intelligence.
Gita Simonsen: I definitely agree that seizure alert dogs are showing intelligence, but,
in my opinion, what can be considered intelligence in animals differs from species to
species.
Reporter: How can animal intelligence be assessed?
Temple Grandin: One problem that we have in assessing animal intelligence is that
we use human standards.
Gita Simonsen: Yes, I agree. For example, those animals that imitate human
behavior are thought to be intelligent.
Temple Grandin: In the case of the “counting” horse, Clever Hans, many people
judged him to be intelligent when people thought that he could solve mathematical
problems. However, as soon as they realized that he was getting unconscious cues
from the audience, then they called him a “dumb animal” for only having
conditioned movements. I don´t agree with them. I think Clever Hans was showing
intelligence because he only learned to detect those small body movements.
Gita Simonsen: That’s a good point. However, let me say one more thing about the
problems with assessing animal intelligence. Because for humans intelligence is so
linked to language, the fact that we don’t understand animal language makes it more
difficult for us to measure their intelligence.
Reporter: Are all of these apparently amazing things that animals are capable of doing
really a sign of intelligence, or are there other explanations for their actions?
Temple Grandin: Sometimes there are other explanations. For example, forensic dogs
that work at airports looking for explosives or illegal drugs have been trained to detect
these objects and it is with their great olfactory capacity that they do so.
Gita Simonsen: Yes, similarly, a recent test of intelligence across species (including
humans) found bees to be smarter than all other species including humans. However,
the explanation might not be intelligence, but rather their instinct.
Reporter: Thank you both very much. I am afraid we have run out of time. I know I
have learned a lot, and I am sure our viewers have, too. Thanks again.
Page 109: EXPAND

1 2 3 4 5 6
ROOT MEANING READING WORD MEANING OTHER
AND WORDS
PARAGRAPH WITH THE
SAME
ROOT
1. PSYCH- mind R1-6 Psychologist Someone
who is trained psychic
to study the
mind
2. COGNI- Know / R1-2, 10 Cognition The use of
learn Recognizing conscious
mental
process recognition
R2-3, 13 Cognitive connected
Cognition with thinking
or conscious
mental
process
3. DICT- Say / tell R1-2 Predict to say that an
event will predictor
happen in the
future
4. ACT- do R1-10 Actions something
that you do busy
R2-25 Active busy with a
particular
activity
5. CEPT- taken R1-2 Perceptual relating to the
ability to perceptible
notice
something
R2-14 Concepts a principle or
idea
6. NUMER- number R2-23 Numerous many A lot
7. NOV- new R1-2 Novel new and original
original
8. SENS- feeling R1-4 Sense an ability to
understand or sensitive
react to
something
R2-3 Sensory connected
with the
physical
senses
9. CENT- one R1-3 Percent for or out of Part of
hundred every 100
10. SCI- know R1-6 Unconsciou in the state of
s not being
 awake and
not aware of
things around oblivious
you
R2-7 Sciences The study of
the structure
and behavior
of the
physical world
11. NEUR- nerve R2-20 Neural Involving a
nerve or the
system of neuronal
nerves that
includes the
brain

Page 109: CREATE

1. What sense does Clever Hans use to answer the questions?
- Clever Hans uses the sense of sight to answer mathematical problems but only
if the person knows the answer, since he observes small movements of the
body.

2. Could Clever Hans predict the answers?

- No, he couldn't. He learned to see movements in people that were
imperceptible to themselves.

3. Do you think Clever Hans' ability was unconscious?

- Yes, I do. The sense of animals is more advanced than that of people, so
Clever Hans detected body movements because he could.

4. Would you like to be able to answer numerous math questions like Clever
Hans does?
- Yes, I would. It would be a very interesting and functional skill to have.

5. Do you think Clever Hans got the answers right one hundred percent of the
time?
- I think it depended on the certainty that the people themselves had for Clever
Hans to be right.
Page 114: WH-QUESTIONS ORGANIZER

The main idea of the article is to determine what really is considered intelligence in animals.

Where is Connie
Standley from?
The article was written by Temple She is from Florida.
Grandin and Catherine Johnson.

Why are animals

When did they realize that Clever
considered intelligent?
Hans didn't really count?
Because they have recognized signs
They realize that Clever Hans didn´t count
and have decided to do something
when he got the answer wrong because
the person didn't know either. with it.

How do dogs alert their owners to seizures before it happens?

They do different things to get the attention of their owners.
Page 120: FINAL DRAFT – WRITING 1

  In Extreme perception and animal intelligence, authors Temple Grandin and

Catherine Johnson explain what really is considered intelligence in animals. First
of all, animals that display a deep understanding of the world around them are
plentiful. The animals which have developed these unique abilities are many and
can be found in many places.
    For example, dogs who are truly intelligent will apply their thinking skills to
new situations. They act beyond their training, deciding to do something that
they haven´t been taught. This is a clear situation in which the evolution of animal
intelligence is observed.
    In the case of trained dogs, no one knows how seizure response dogs read
signs given off by humans before a seizure. Not even the people who have
trained these animals can achieve to read this kind of signals. It is a very
incredible ability that animals have acquired. The owners whose dogs have these
abilities are most appreciative.
    Another good example of animal intelligence is about the horse Clever
Hans. Clever Hans was not really counting but was able to detect and
understand human signs that even humans could not see, just as seizure alert
dogs can. This show that these special abilities are not only found in dogs. Also,
this means that where the animals are trained and by whom does not really
matter, as they develop on their own.
    Clever Hans really was intelligent even if he couldn´t count because he was
able to train himself to appear to count. This is because his intelligence is not
about human abilities, but about his own abilities.
    Finally, it is claimed that animals that recognize things and choose to act on
them are showing true intelligence. They develop their sensory senses and
decide how to use them.
Page 131: DETAILS

TOPIC MARILISA LEO

First marriage Seventh marriage
Assumes she´ll be married He assumes to be married to
MARRIAGE
again to a variety of men. Marilisa forever. He wants
her to be his last wife.
She doesn't get along with
FAMILY
some members of Leo's He keeps strong feelings for
STRUCTURE /
family and is envious of the his third wife, Katrin.
RELATIONSHIPS
ex-wives.
He has had many careers.
She hasn´t entered on any He has changed his
CAREERS career path yet. She is still in profession every 10 or 20
her first life. years and has experienced
everything.
He is three hundred and
LONGEVITY She is thirty-two sixty-three.

Page 137: USING TITLES: 2 TITLE PER HEADING

1. A double lifespan
How many years would people live?
How will it be possible to live longer?

2. Marriage and Family

Will people be able to have multiple husbands and wives?
Will there be an age limit for having children?

3. The workplace
Will the jobs be permanent or temporary?
What will be the age to retire?
Page 138: STEP 1: ORGANIZE

You will be able to have Extremely large age

many different and difference between
interesting spouses. spouses.

You can marry many You will get bored of

times with whomever your spouse's very
you want. fast.

You will be able to

experience all jobs.

By working for a long There will be no progress

time in one place, you in the companies
will have more because they are always
economic stability. the same workers.

There will be no
lines that define the
family.

Ten generations can There will be a lot of

be alive age difference
simultaneously. between parents and
children.

Page 138: SYNTHESIZE

I agree with the statement. We are not prepared for doubled lifespans. In the first place,
the marriage would be affected by the extreme age difference between the spouses as
well as the children and relatives, which would lead to not having a good relationship.
Second, the companies would be affected by permanent jobs that would not allow
advancement in the companies by having the same workers; and, finally, the planet could
not bear to have ten or more generations alive simultaneously. There would be a lot of
shortages of everything.
Pages 140 - 141: EXPAND

DEATH DO US PART (R1)

SUFFIIXES EXAMPLE FROM DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE OF A
TEXT SYNONYM NEW ADJECTIVE
WITH THE SAME
SUFFIX
Paragraphs 1-2
-ing Shimering Sparkling blinding
-ive Impulsive Impetuous compulsive
Paragraphs 3-5
-able Insufferable Intolerable detestable
-al Ideal Perfect unreal
Paragraphs 6-15
-ent Ancient very old obsolescent
-ous Serious sincere momentous
Paragraphs 26-33
-ible Permissible Allowable admissible
-ic Romantic Passionate idealistic
Paragraphs 34-38
-y misty foggy hazy

TOWARD IMMORTALITY (R2)

SUFFIIXES EXAMPLE OF A
EXAMPLE FROM DEFINITION OF NEW ADJECTIVE
TEXT SYNONYM WITH THE SAME
SUFFIX
Paragraphs 1-2
-al Personal Individual unipersonal
Paragraphs 3-4
-ic Emphatic Forceful energetic
-ical practical Sensible empirical
Paragraphs 5-7
-less Loveless Without love passionless
-ing remaining Still left staying
Paragraphs 10-13
-ly inevitably Without doubt ineluctably
-ed limited Restricted bounded
-some worrisome Troublesome fearsome
-ant constant Steady incessant
-ful youthful young full-blooded
Page 141: CREATE
1. Do you think that if you live forever life will seem tolerable?
It all depends on how you live your life. If there is no excitement of doing new
things, even if you live only 1 year it will seem tolerable.
2. No matter how long you live 500 or a thousand years, don't you think that
at some point you will inevitably die?
I know that at some point I will die, but I prefer to enjoy my life and not think
about that moment.
3. Why do you think Marilisa is the perfect wife?
Because she is everything I was looking for in a woman.
4. Do you think that if you follow the process punctually you will always look
young?
If there are no setbacks, I do believe that I will continue to look as a young man
for many more years.
5. What changes do you think you should make in the family so that they are
more empathic with each other?
I think a good start would be to spend more time together, so they get to know
each other and get along better.
Page 169: STEP 2: WRITE A LETTER TO ONE OF THE EDITORIALS.

Dear Mensah Dean

My name is Justin and I want to express my opinion about mandatory volunteering.
I am a faithful believer in helping those who need us most voluntarily, never out of
obligation. I feel that people should be born to help others, and if they are
forced to do it, they will do it in a bad way and have a terrible memory of
something so amazing. I don't think the school should force you to
volunteer after school.
Perhaps it could be done at the time of a course as a test so that students know what it
is about, and work with those who are interested. It all depends on how
you present this activity. I did it completely voluntarily and it was a
beautiful experience, but I think that if someone had forced me, I would
remember it as a nightmare.
Sincerely,
WRITING 2

  If you knew that by taking a pill you could live twice as long without pain or
illness, what would you do? Would you take it or not?  Many people think that if
they had more years to live, they would achieve all their goals and dreams. Also,
they would have more time to be with their family and they would travel a lot.
However, even though ir sounds so awesome and tempting, before deciding to
take this magic pill or not, it is necessary to think about the efects that having
many more years of life would bring in marriage, family and our longevity.
   First, being married to the same person for two hundred years can get boring
and break up the relationship. If we lived twice as long, we would see
marriage utterly different than we do now. We wouldn´t think of having a single
partner for so many years because the relationship would become monotonous and
barely tolerable. To have a more interesting life, we would change partners every
twenty years or so, or maybe monogamy would no longer be the rule.
   Second, with respect to the family, the number of living generations would be
higher, since up to 10 generations could be alive simultaneously, which would
cause diferent treatment between them. If we lived longer, we and our relatives
would have more years of fertility. We would have relatives forty or fifty years
older or younger, which would radically affect the family relationship and it would
become a chilly relationship.
   Third, people would have to find more ways to have a more interesting life since
the longevity will be much longer. With that amount of time to live, people would
get bored with themselves. If we lived longer, we would set many more goals
throughout our lives and constantly change, not only our careers, but also our lives
in general. If we didn´t do in this way, life would become boring and meaningless,
and that many years of life would no longer be a blessing but a curse.
   Taking into account the effects that we would have by living much longer in our
marriage, family and longevity, we would have to think a lot about whether we
would take the pill or not. If we didn´t take advantage of a normal life, much less
we would take advantage of being two hundred years old.