BLOOD FLOW CALCULATIONS

1. What is meant by the term ‘heart rate’?

The amount of times the heart beats every minute, measured in beats per minute.

2. What is meant by the term ‘stroke volume’?

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per heartbeat.
3. What is meant by the term ‘cardiac output’?

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart, measured in litres per minute
4. How do you calculate cardiac output?
Stroke volume x Cardiac output.

5. A person’s heart beats 11 times in 10 seconds and each of their heart beats pumps 80 cm 3 of blood. What is this person’s
cardiac output? Show your working.
11 x 6 = 66
66 x 80 = 5280 litres per minute.

EXERCISE

1. What effect does exercising have on your heart rate and your breathing rate? Why?

Include the following key terms: muscle contraction, energy, respiration, muscle cells, supply, removal, heart rate, breathing
rate

Exercising increases your heart rate, as it requires more energy to carry out things such as muscle contraction, so
respiration occurs, which releases energy which is transported to the muscle cells. In order to carry out aerobic respiration,
breathing rate increases as the greater your breathing rate, the more oxygen is supplied to the body and your lungs,
allowing it to carry out aerobic respiration.

2. What is meant by the term ‘oxygen debt’? Why is there an oxygen debt? What effect does oxygen debt have on your heart
rate and breathing rate after exercise, and why?

Include the following key terms: oxygen, lactic acid, anaerobic respiration, heart rate, removes, liver, oxidised, glucose,
breathing rate, supply

Oxygen debt refers to the amount of oxygen required to replace the buildup of lactic acid aqquired through anaerobic
respiration with oxygen. This occurs after exercise as the body needs to carry out anaerobic respiration as it can no longer
carry out aerobic respiration without increasing the heart rate too much. Therefore, after exercise, especially long-distance
exercise, there is a buildup of lactic acid in the body as this is a product of anaerobic respiration. To get rid of it, lactic acid is
transported to the liver by the blood, where it is oxidised or converted into glucose. After a while the breathing rate will
return to normal, but this takes time as the lactic acid needs to be replaced first and the oxygen supply needs to be
increased again.

METABOLISM

1. What is meant by the term ‘metabolism’? (1)

The conversion of food and drink into energy.

2. What are some types of metabolic reactions? (4)

Catabolism, anabolism