Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contract Administration (Under FIDIC Documents)
Contract Administration (Under FIDIC Documents)
Issue of
Submission Commencement
Tender Taking-Over Performance
of Tender Date
Documents Certificate Certificate
Letter
Base of
Date Acceptance
< Defects >
Notification
< Time for Completion >
28d < 28d Period
4
[참고] Tender Documents의 구성
2) Conditions of Contract 주요 내용
5
2. Offer, 계약의
[참고] Acceptance
성립요건 and Consideration
6
3. Definition of Contract
Risk
Allocation
agreement
Contract documents
7
4. Introduction on FIDIC's standard form of contracts
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5. Comparison of contracts (Characteristics)
Design
Employer Contractor
Responsibility
Contract
Engineer Employer
Administration
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[참고] Comparison of Main Features
Recommended for the works if most (or all) Recommended for the works if most (or Suitable for the projects, if a higher degree
of the works are to be designed by the all) of the works are to be designed by the of certainty of final price and time is
Employer. Contractor. required, and the Contractor takes total
responsibility for the design and execution
of the project.
The Contract typically becomes legally The Contract typically becomes legally The Contract typically becomes legally
effective when the Employer issues the effective when the Employer issues the effective in accordance with the Contract
Letter of Acceptance. Letter of Acceptance. Agreement.
The Contract is administered by the The Contract is administered by the The Contract is administered by the
Engineer who is appointed by the Engineer who is appointed by the Employer (unless he appoints an
Employer. Employer. Employer’s Representative).
The Contractor designs (but only to the The Contractor provided plant, and The Contractor provided plant, and
extent specified) and executes the works in designs (except as specified) and designs and executes the other works,
accordance with the Contract including the executes the other works, all in ready for operation in accordance with the
Specification and Drawings and Engineer’s accordance with the Contract including his Contract including his Tender and the
instructions. Proposal and the Employer’s Employer’s Requirements
Requirements
The General Conditions allocate the risks between the parties on a fair and equitable Disproportionately more risks are allocated
basis: taking account of such matters as insurability, sound principles of project to the Contractor under the General
management, and each party’s ability to foresee, and mitigate the effect of, the Conditions. Tenderers will require more
circumstances relevant to each risk. data on hydrological, sub-surface and
other conditions on the Site, to the extent
that this data is relevant to the particular
type of works, and more time to review the
data and evaluate such risks.
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5. Comparison of major provisions of the Conditions of Contract [FIDIC]
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Description Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Contract Document Contract Agreement Contract Agreement Contract Agreement
Letter of Acceptance Letter of Acceptance These Conditions
Letter of Tender Letter of Tender Employer’s Requirements
These Conditions These Conditions Tender
Specification Employer’s Requirements Further Documents listed in the
Drawings Schedules[completed by the Contract Agreement
Schedules [completed by the Contractor, include data, list and Schedule of Payment shall be
Contractor, include Bill of schedule of payment/prices] included in the Contrast
Quantities, data, list and Contractor’s Proposal
schedule of rates/prices] Further Documents listed in the
Further Documents listed in the Contract Agreement or in the
Contract Agreement or in the Letter of Acceptance
Letter of Acceptance
Priority of ① Contract Agreement ① Contract Agreement ① Contract Agreement
Documents ② Letter of Acceptance ② Letter of Acceptance ② Particular Conditions
③ Letter of Tender ③ Letter of Tender ③ General Conditions
④ Particular Conditions ④ Particular Conditions ④ Employer’s Requirements
⑤ General Conditions ⑤ General Conditions ⑤ Tender and any other
⑥ Specification ⑥ Employer’s Requirements documents forming part of the
⑦ Drawings ⑦ Schedules Contract
⑧ Schedules and any other ⑧ Contractor’s Proposal and any
documents forming part of the other documents forming part
Contract of the Contract
Contract Engineer [named in the Appendix to Employer’s
Engineer [named in the Appendix to Representative
Administration Tender] Tender] [appointed from time to time by the
Employer]
Subcontractor Engineer’s consent is required Engineer’s consent is required Consent is not required
Assignment [to the Employer] Inclusion of Assignment [to the Inclusion of Assignment [to the
clause must be included Employer] clause is not required Employer] clause is not
required
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Description Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Contract Price Accepted Contract Amount Accepted Contract Amount Contract Price [agreed
[amount accepted in the Letter [amount accepted in the Letter amount stated in the
of Acceptance] of Acceptance] Contract Agreement
Contract Price Contract Price including adjustments]
The Contract Price shall be The Contract Price shall the Payment of the Works shall
agreed and determined under lump sum Accepted Contract be made on the basis of the
Sub-Clause 12.3 [Evaluation] Amount and be subject to lump sum Contract Price,
and subject to adjustments in adjustments in accordance with subject to adjustments in
accordance with the Contract. the Contract. accordance with the Contract
Any quantities set out in the Bill Any quantities or price data
of Quantities or other Schedule which may be set out in a
are estimated quantities and are Schedule shall be used for the
not taken as the actual and purpose stated in the
correct quantities. Schedule and may be
inapplicable for other purpose
Interim Payment By the Engineer’s Certificate By the Engineer’s Certificate By the Employer’s judgement
Within 56 days after receiving Within 56 days after receiving Within 56 days after receiving
the Statement by the Engineer the Statement by the Engineer the Statement by the Employer
Variation Any change to the Works Any change to the Employer’s Any change to the Employer’s
Details of Variation are listed as Requirements or the Works Requirements or the Works
follows;- No details of Variation are listed No details of Variation are
Changes in the quantities of any Adjustments to the Contract listed
item of work included in the Price shall be made including Adjustments to the Contract
Contract reasonable profit Price shall be made
Changes to the quality and other including reasonable profit
characteristics of any item of
work
Changes to the levels, positions
and/or dimensions of any part of
the Works
Omission of any work unless it is
to be carried out by others
Any additional work, Plant,
Materials or services necessary
for the Permanent Works,
including any associated Tests
on Completion, boreholes and
other testing and exploratory
work, or
Changes to the sequence or
timing of the execution of the
Works
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Description Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Variation Valuation shall be made in
accordance with Clause 12
[Measurement and
Evaluation]
Test on completion All tests specified in the Contract Following tests are added Following tests are added
Pre-commissioning tests Pre-commissioning tests
including functional tests including functional tests
Commissioning tests including Commissioning tests including
specified operational tests specified operational tests
Trial operation Trial operation
Taking Over of At the sole discretion of the At the sole discretion of the In case stated in the Contract or
Parts of the Works Employer Employer agreed by both Parties
Test after In accordance with the provisions of Under Clause 12 [Tests after Under Clause 12 [Tests after
completion the Particular Conditions Completion] Completion]
Setting Out Employer is responsible for any Employer is responsible for any Entire responsibility of the
errors in the specified or notified errors in the specified or notified Contractor
items of reference items of reference
Unforeseeable Contractor shall be entitled to Claim Contractor shall be entitled to Claim Claim shall not be allowed
Physical
Conditions
Inspection [test, At the Site and elsewhere At the Site and elsewhere At the Site and, to the extent
measure] specified in the Contract,
elsewhere
Extension of Time A Variation or other substantial A Variation A Variation
for Completion change in the quantity of an A cause of delay giving an A cause of delay giving an
item of work included in the entitlement under these entitlement under these
Contract Conditions Conditions
A cause of delay giving an Exceptionally adverse Any delay, impediment or
entitlement under these climatic conditions prevention caused by or
Conditions Unforeseeable shortages in attributable to the Employer,
Exceptionally adverse the availability of personnel the Employer’s personnel, or
climatic conditions or Goods caused by epidemic the Employer’s other
Unforeseeable shortages in or government actions contractors on the Site
the availability of personnel Delay caused by Authorities
or Goods caused by epidemic
or government actions
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Description Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Extension of Time Any delay, impediment or Any delay, impediment or
for Completion prevention caused by or prevention caused by or
attributable to the Employer, the attributable to the Employer, the
Employer’s personnel, or the Employer’s personnel, or the
Employer’s other contractors on Employer’s other contractors on
the Site the Site
Delay caused by Authorities Delay caused by Authorities
Employer’s Risks War, hostilities, invasion, act of War, hostilities, invasion, act of War, hostilities, invasion, act of
Force Majeure foreign enemies foreign enemies foreign enemies
rebellion, terrorism, revolution, rebellion, terrorism, revolution, rebellion, terrorism, revolution,
insurrection, military or usurped insurrection, military or usurped insurrection, military or usurped
power, or civil war, within the power, or civil war, within the power, or civil war, within the
Country Country Country
riot, commotion or disorder, riot, commotion or disorder, riot, commotion or disorder,
strike or lockout within the strike or lockout within the strike or lockout within the
Country by persons other than Country by persons other than Country by persons other than
the Contractor’s personnel and the Contractor’s personnel and the Contractor’s personnel and
other employees of the other employees of the other employees of the
Contractor and Subcontractors Contractor and Subcontractors Contractor and Subcontractors
munitions of war, explosive munitions of war, explosive munitions of war, explosive
materials, ionising radiation or materials, ionising radiation or materials, ionising radiation or
contamination by radio-activity, contamination by radio-activity, contamination by radio-activity,
within the Country, except as within the Country, except as within the Country, except as
may be attributable to the may be attributable to the may be attributable to the
Contractor’s use of such Contractor’s use of such Contractor’s use of such
munitions, explosives, radiation munitions, explosives, radiation munitions, explosives, radiation
or radio-activity or radio-activity or radio-activity
pressure waves caused by pressure waves caused by pressure waves caused by
aircraft or other aerial devices aircraft or other aerial devices aircraft or other aerial devices
travelling at sonic or supersonic travelling at sonic or supersonic travelling at sonic or
speeds speeds supersonic speeds
use or occupation by the use or occupation by the
Employer of any part of the Employer of any part of the
Permanent Works except as Permanent Works except as
may be specified in the may be specified in the
Contract Contract
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Description Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Employer’s Risks design of any part of the design of any part of the natural catastrophes such as
Force Majeure Works by the Employer’s Works by the Employer’s earthquake, hurricane,
Personnel or by others for Personnel or by others for typhoon or volcanic activity
whom the Employer is whom the Employer is [added as Force Majeure]
responsible, if any, and responsible, if any, and
any operation of the forces of any operation of the forces of
nature which is unforeseeable nature which is unforeseeable
or against which an or against which an
experienced contractor could experienced contractor could
nor reasonably have been nor reasonably have been
expected to have taken expected to have taken
adequate preventive adequate preventive
precautions precautions
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6. Practical use of contracts & Contractual risk
발주기관 (Engineer)의 개입
시공자의 자율성
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[참고] Unforeseeable Physical Conditions (Red & Yellow Book)
Adverse Physical Obstructions or Conditions, Changed Conditions, Concealed Conditions, Differing Site Conditions
1) Physical Conditions의 정의
natural physical conditions, man-made physical obstructions, pollutants, sub-surface and hydrological conditions
(climatic condition은 제외)
2) 조 건
* Unforeseeable의 정의
3) 유 형
가. 계약문서상에 잘못 표시된 경우 (misrepresented conditions)
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[참고] Unforeseeable Difficulties (Silver Book)
(a) the Contractor shall be deemed to have obtained all necessary information as to risks, contingencies and other
circumstances which may influence or affect the Works;
(b) by signing the Contract, the Contractor accepts total responsibility for having foreseen all difficulties and costs of
successfully completing the Works; and
(c) the Contract Price shall not be adjusted to take account of any unforeseen difficulties or costs.
The Contractor shall set out the Works in relation to original points, lines and levels of reference specified in the
Contract or notified by the Engineer. The Contractor shall be responsible for the correct positioning of all parts of the
Works, and shall rectify any error in the positions, levels, dimensions or alignment of the Works.
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[Reference] History of FIDIC Documents for Construction
1957 : 1st 1969 : 2nd 1977 : 3rd 1987 : 4th 1992, 1996 : Revised 1999 : 1st Edition
Conditions of Contract
for CONSTRUCTION
YELLOW BOOK [Conditions of Contract for Electrical and Mechanical Works]
RED [Conditions of Subcontract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction] 1994, 2010 : 2nd Edition
PINK BOOK [Conditions of Contract for Construction] (MDB Hamonized Edition) 2004, 2006, 2010 (3rd)
BLUE-GREEN BOOK [Form of Contract for Dredging and Reclamation Works) 2006 : 1st Edition
Conditions of Contract
ORANGE BOOK [Conditions of Contract for Design - Build and Turnkey for PLANT and Design-Build
1999 : SHORT FORM of Contract [GREEN BOOK] Conditions of Contract for EPC/TURNKEY Projects
GOLD BOOK [Conditions of Contract for Design, Build and Operate Projects 2008 : 1st Edition
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7. Legal system in Contract
Part IV 참조
Part IV 참조
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9. Payment guarantee
The Employer shall submit, within 28 days after receiving any request from the Contractor, reasonable evidence
that financial arrangements have been made and are being maintained which will enable the Employer to pay
the Contract Price (as estimated at that time) in accordance with Clause 14 [Contract Price and Payment]. If the
Employer intends to make any material change to his financial arrangements, the Employer shall give notice to
the Contractor with detailed particulars
발주자가 합리적인 Evidence를 제공하지 못하는 경우, 시공자에게 공사중단, 계약해지의 권리가 발생할 수 있다.
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9. Payment guarantee and Performance guarantee
2) Performance guarantee
완공 계약종료
입찰 낙찰, 계약
(Taking-Over (Performance
(Tender, Bid) (Acceptance, Agreement) Certificate) Certificate)
Tender Period Time for Completion Defects Notification Period
28 days
21 days
입찰보증
이행 보증 (Sub-Clause 4.2 of FIDIC)
(Performance Security)
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10. Advance payment and guarantee
1) 형식 및 목적
- Interest free Loan
- For mobilisation and design
2) 방법
- 지급 총액, 횟수, 시기, 적용통화 및 비율이 Appendix to Tender에 명시되어야 한다.
4) 지급 (Sub-Clause 14.7)
다음 중 늦은 일자
- Letter of Acceptance 발급 후 42일 이내
- 이행보증서 및 선수금 반환 보증서 접수 후 21일 이내
5) 반환
Appendix To Tender에 요율이 있는 경우 요율 적용, 요율이 없는 경우 다음 적용
공제개시 : 총 잠정확인 금액(선수금지급/공제 및 유보금반환금액 제외)이 낙찰계약금액에서 Provisional Sum
을 뺀 금액의 10%를 초과하는 시점
공제 요율 : 각 잠정기성확인서에 25%의 공제율 적용
선수금이 인수확인서 발급시까지 또는 Clause 15[Termination by Employer], 16[Suspension and Termination
by Contractor], 19[Force Majeure]에 의해 해지되긴 전까지 공제가 되지 않는 경우 나머지 금액에 대한 지급의
무가 시공자에게 있다.
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10. Advance payment and guarantee
At the request of the Principal, we (name of bank) __________ hereby irrevocably undertake to pay you, the
Beneficiary/Employer, any sum or sums not exceeding in total the amount of _______ (the "guaranteed amount", say:
_____________ ) upon receipt by us of your demand in writing and your written statement stating:
(a) that the Principal has failed to repay the advance payment in accordance with the conditions of the Contract, and
(b) the amount which the Principal has failed to repay.
This guarantee shall become effective upon receipt [of the first instalment] of the advance payment by the Principal. Such
guaranteed amount shall be reduced by the amounts of the advance payment repaid to you, as evidenced by your notices
issued under sub-clause 14.6 of the conditions of the Contract. Following receipt (from the Principal) of a copy of each
purported notice, we shall promptly notify you of the revised guaranteed amount accordingly.
Any demand for payment must contain your signature(s) which must be authenticated by your bankers or by a notary public.
The authenticated demand and statement must be received by us at this office on or before (the date 70 days after the
expected expiry of the Time for Completion) __________ (the "expiry date"), when this guarantee shall expire and shall be
returned to us.
We have been informed that the Beneficiary may require the Principal to extend this guarantee if the advance payment has
not been repaid by the date 28 days prior to such expiry date. We undertake to pay you such guaranteed amount upon
receipt by us, within such period of 28 days, of your demand in writing and your written statement that the advance payment
has not been repaid and that this guarantee has not been extended.
This guarantee shall be governed by the laws of _________ and shall be subject to the Uniform Rules for Demand
Guarantees, published as number 458 by the International Chamber of Commerce, except as stated above.
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11. Contract Documents and Interpretation
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11. Contract Documents and Interpretation
1.2 Interpretation
The marginal words and other headings shall not be taken into consideration in the interpretation of these Conditions.
The documents forming the Contract are to be taken as mutually explanatory of one another. For the purposes of
interpretation, the priority of the documents shall be in accordance with the following sequence:
(a) the Contract Agreement (if any),
(b) the Letter of Acceptance,
(c) the Letter of Tender,
(d) the Particular Conditions,
(e) these General Conditions,
(f) the Specification,
(g) the Drawings, and
(h) the Schedules and any other documents forming part of the Contract.
If an ambiguity or discrepancy is found in the documents, the Engineer shall issue any necessary clarification or instruction.
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12. Conditions of Contract and Contract Administration
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[참고] 계약 일반조건의 주요내용 (FIDIC Red Book 기준)
1. General Provisions
용어의 정의, 해석, 의사소통, 준거법 및 사용언어, 계약문서 및 우선순위, 계약체결, 문서의 보관 및 지시, 보안
발주자요구조건상의 하자, 발주자 또는 시공자문서 사용, 법령준수, 공동책임
감리자의 임무와 권한(Red & Yellow Book) 권한위임, 지시, 감리자의 교체, 결정
일반적 의무, 이행보증, 시공자 대리인, 하도급, 지명하도급( Yellow & Silver Book), 협조, 기준설정, 안전 및 품질, 계약
금액, 불리한 물리적장애, 통행권, 운반, 시공자 장비, 환경보호, 전력 용수 및 가스, 발주자 장비 및 무상제공자재, 공정보
고, 현장보안, 현장운영, 화석 등
일반적 의무, 시공자 문서, 기술표준 및 규정, 훈련, 준공 문서, 운영 및 유비보수 매뉴얼, 설계하자
지원 및 노무자의 고용, 임금 및 근로조건, 노동법, 근로시간, 편의시설, 보건 및 안전, 시공자의 감독, 시공자 구성원, 시
공자 구성원 및 장비에 대한 기록 등
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7. Plant, Materials and Workmanship (설비, 자재 및 시공기술)
시공방법, 샘플, 검사, 시험, 거부, 보수작업, 설비나 자재의 소유권, 로얄티
잔여공사 및 하자보수, 하자통지기간의 연장, 하자보수 실패, 추가시험, 하자의 원인조사, 이행확인서, 현장정리 등
12. Tests After Completion (준공 후 시험) [Yellow & Silver Book]
절차, 시험지연, 준공 후 시험 실패
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14. Contract Price and Payment (계약금액 및 지급)
계약금액, 선금, 기성신청, 확인 및 지급, 기성계획, 지급지연, 유보금, 준공명세서, 최종기성확인 및 지급, 지급통화 등
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12. Contract Administration
발주자 임명
입찰서부록(Appendix to Tender)에 명시
(Employer)
교체
적어도 교체 42일전에 시공자에게 통지(이름, 주소, 경험)하여야 하
Client, Owner 며 시공자가 합리적인 이유로 거부하는 경우 교체 불가
구두 지시
- 시공자는 two working days 내에 지시를 확인하는 문서를 Engineer에게 송부
- Engineer가 시공자의 지시확인 문서 접수 후 two working days 내에 reject하지 않으면 서면지시로 간주
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[참고] FIDC 계약조건에 규정된 Engineer의 역할
Sub-Clause 3.3 공사(Work)의 이행에 필요한 지시서(Instruction)나 추가 (Additional)또는 변경도면 (Modified Drawing)
발급
Sub-Clause 4.1 시공자에게 구체적인 공사수행 방법 제출 요구, 시공자가 본 공사의 일부를 설계 하도록 규정 된 경우
Engineer에게 제출되어야 할 시공자 문서 (Contractor’s Document)
Sub-Clause 4.6 공공기관, 다른 시공자 또는 발주자의 구성원들의 작업 수행을 위해 시공자로 하여금 편의를 제공하도록
지시
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[참고] FIDC 계약조건에 규정된 Engineer의 역할
Sub-Clause 4.7 계약 (Contract)에 명시되어 있거나 Engineer에 의해 통지된 공사(Work)의 위치 (Position), 표고 (Level),
규격 (Dimension) 또는 선형(Alignment)과 관련된 정보의 오류(Error)로 인한 완공기한의 연장 및
보상금액 결정
Sub-Clause 4.24 현장 (Site)에서 발견된 지질학적 혹은 고고학적 가치가 있는 물건 이나 구조물의 처리와 관련된 지시서
발급 및 그로 인한 완공 기한의 연장 및 보상금액 결정
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[참고] FIDC 계약조건에 규정된 Engineer의 역할
Sub-Clause 6.10 시공자가 월별로 Engineer에게 제출하여야 하는 시공자의 고용인 (Contractor’s Personnel) 및 시공자
장비 (Contractor’s Equipment)에 대한 보고 양식 승인
Sub-Clause 7.3 작업 결과가 덮이거나 육안으로 확인되지 않는 곳에 놓여지거나 포장되기 (Packaged)전에 해당 작업을
조사 (Examination), 검사 (Inspection), 검측 (Measurement) 및 시험 (Testing)
Sub-Clause 8.3 시공자가 제출한 공정계획 (Programme)중 계약과 맞지 않는 부분 통지,미래에 발생할 것으로 예측되는
사안들로 인해 예측되는 영향에 대한 시공자의 평가 (Estimate) 또는 제안(Proposal)요구
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[참고] FIDC 계약조건에 규정된 Engineer의 역할
Sub-Clause 8.6 공정(Progress) 부진 시 이를 만회할 수 있는 방법이 적용된 ‘수정 공정계획 (Revised Programme)‘ 제출
지시 및 그로 인한 발주자의 손실금액 결정
40
[참고] FIDC 계약조건에 규정된 Engineer의 역할
Sub-Clause 11.6 하자 (Defect)에 대한 보수 작업이 공사(Work)의 이행에 영향을 미치는 경우 계약에 의해 요구되는
시험의 반복 시행 요구
41
[참고] FIDC 계약조건에 규정된 Engineer의 역할
42
[참고] FIDC 계약조건에 규정된 Engineer의 역할
Sub-Clause 18.2 기준일자(Base Date) 이후 1년이 경과한 시점에서, 보험을 합리 적인 조건으로 가입할 수 없는 경우
발주자에게 지급 되어야 할 금액 결정
Sub-Clause 19.7 계약의 이행이 불가능해지거나 불법적인 것으로 되어 계약이 해지되는 경우 보상금액 결정
43
[참고] 발주자의 역할
44
[참고] 발주자의 역할
45
12. Contract Administration
가. 적용
나. 결정 절차
46
Determination procedure [Sub-Clause 3.5 of New FIDIC]
공기연장
및/또는 서 면 제출 중 재
Engineer
추가비용 (Arbitration)
클레임 발생
3.5조항
계약당사자간 합의
우호적 합의
합의 결렬 (Amicable
Settlement)
Engineer의 판단에 의한 결정
결정사항 불만족
결정 사항 통지
DAB
(Dispute Adjudication Board)
시공자 발주자
(Contractor) (Employer) Red: Standing DAB
Yellow: Ad Hoc DAB
결정사항 불만족
47
Determination [Sub-Clause 3.5]
Sub-Clause 3.5 의 절차가 적용되도록 규정하고 있는 계약조건
Sub-Clause 1.9 Delayed Drawings or Instructions Sub-Clause 1.9 Errors in the Employer’s Requirements NA
Sub-Clause 2.1 Right of Access to the Site Sub-Clause 2.1 Right of Access to the Site Sub-Clause 2.1
Sub-Clause 2.5 Employer’s Claims Sub-Clause 2.5 Employer’s Claims Sub-Clause 2.5
Sub-Clause 4.12 Unforeseeable Physical Condition Sub-Clause 4.12 Unforeseeable Physical Condition NA
Sub-Clause 4.19 Electricity, Water and Gas Sub-Clause 4.19 Electricity, Water and Gas Sub-Clause 4.19
Sub-Clause 4.20 Employer’s Equipment Sub-Clause 4.20 Employer’s Equipment Sub-Clause 4.20
Sub-Clause 8.9 Consequences of Suspension Sub-Clause 8.9 Consequences of Suspension Sub-Clause 8.9
Sub-Clause 9.4 Failure to Pass Tests on Completion Sub-Clause 9.4 Failure to Pass Tests on Completion Sub-Clause 9.4
Sub-Clause 10.2 Taking Over of Part of the Works Sub-Clause 10.2 Taking Over of Part of the Works NA
Sub-Clause 10.3 Interference with Test on Completion Sub-Clause 10.3 Interference with Test on Completion NA
Sub-Clause 11.4 Failure to Remedy Defects Sub-Clause 11.4 Failure to Remedy Defects Sub-Clause 11.4
48
Determination [Sub-Clause 3.5]
Sub-Clause 11.8 Contractor to Search Sub-Clause 11.8 Contractor to Search Sub-Clause 11.8
Sub-Clause 12.4 Omissions Sub-Clause 12.4 Failure to Pass Tests after Completion Sub-Clause 12.4
Sub-Clause 13.2 Value Engineering Sub-Clause 13.2 Value Engineering Sub-Clause 13.2
Sub-Clause 13.3 Variation Procedure Sub-Clause 13.3 Variation Procedure Sub-Clause 13.3
Sub-Clause 13.7 Adjustments for Changes in Legislation Sub-Clause 13.7 Adjustments for Changes in Legislation Sub-Clause 13.7
Sub-Clause 15.3 Valuation at Date of Termination Sub-Clause 15.3 Valuation at Date of Termination Sub-Clause 15.3
Sub-Clause 15.4 Payment after Termination Sub-Clause 15.4 Payment after Termination Sub-Clause 15.4
Sub-Clause 16.1 Contractor’s entitlement to Suspend Sub-Clause 16.1 Contractor’s entitlement to Suspend Sub-Clause 16.1
Work Work
Sub-Clause 17.4 Consequences of Employer’s Risks Sub-Clause 17.4 Consequences of Employer’s Risks Sub-Clause 17.4
Sub-Clause 19.4 Consequences of Force Majeure Sub-Clause 19.4 Consequences of Force Majeure Sub-Clause 19.4
Sub-Clause 20.1 Contractor’s Claims Sub-Clause 20.1 Contractor’s Claims Sub-Clause 20.1
49
[참고] Errors in Employer’s Requirements (Yellow Book)
If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost as a result of an error in the Employer’s Requirements, and an experienced
contractor exercising due care would not have discovered the error when scrutinizing the Employer’s Requirements under Sub-
Clause 5.1 [General Design Obligations], the Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-
Clause 20.1 [Contractor’s Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for
Completion], and
(b) payment of any such Cost plus reasonable profit, which shall be included in the Contract Price.
After receiving this notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [Determinations] to agree or determine
(i) whether and (if so) to what extent the error could not reasonably have been so discovered, and (ii) the matters described in
sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) above related to this extent.
50
12. Contract Administration
가. 적용
나. 결정 절차
51
13. Commencement, Extension of Time for Completion and Programme
(a) Variation 또는 작업물량의 변경(a Variation or other substantial change in the quantity of an item of work included in the
Contract)
(b) 계약조건에 의해 인정되고 있는 공기연장 사유 발생(a cause of delay giving an entitlement to extension of time under
Sub-Clause of these Conditions)
(c) 예외적인 기후조건(exceptionally adverse climatic conditions)
(d) 전염병이나 정부의 행위로 인해 발생한 예측치 못한 인력 또는 Goods의 부족(unforeseeable shortages in the availability
of personnel or Goods caused by epidemic or government actions)
(e) 발주자나 발주자의 고용인 또는 발주자가 고용한 다른 시공자에 의한 지연, 장애, 방해(any delay, impediment or
prevention caused by or attributable to the Employer, the Employer’s Personnel, or the Employer’s other contractors on
the Site)
52
13. Commencement, Extension of Time for Completion and Programme
Sub-Clause 1.9 Delayed Drawings or Instructions Engineer가 발급하여야 할 도면이나 지시가 제때에 발급되지 못한 경우
Sub-Clause 2.1 Right of Access to the Site 발주자가 현장을 제때에 인도하지 못한 경우
Sub-Clause 4.7 Setting Out 시공자의 귀책이 아닌 사유로 인해 Setting Out이 잘못된 경우
Sub-Clause 4.12 Unforeseeable Physical Condition 불리한 물리적 장애로 인해 지연이 발생한 경우
Sub-Clause 10.3 Interference with Test on Completion 발주자의 귀책으로 완공시험이 지연된 경우
Sub-Clause 16.1 Contractor’s entitlement to Suspend Work - Engineer가 잠정지급확인서의 발급을 제때에 하지 못하는 경우 (14.6)
- 발주자가 Financial Arrangement 관련조항을 이행하지 못하는 경우 (2.4)
- 발주자가 지급(payment) 관련조항을 이행하지 못하는 경우 (14.7)
Sub-Clause 17.4 Consequences of Employer’s Risks 발주자가 부담하여야 할 Risk로 인해 지연이 발생한 경우
53
14. Employer’s Requirements and Design obligation
1.1.1.1
Yellow Book “Contract” means the Contract Agreement, the Letter of Acceptance, the Letter of Tender, these Conditions, the
Employer’s Requirements, the Schedules, the Contractor’s Proposal, and the further documents (if any) which are
listed in the Contract Agreement or in the Letter of Acceptance.
1.1.1.1
Silver Book “Contract” means the Contract Agreement, these Conditions, the Employer’s Requirements, the Tender, and the
further documents (if any) which are listed in the Contract Agreement.
1.1.1.5
Yellow / Silver “Employer’s Requirements” means the document entitled employer’s requirements, as included in the Contract,
Book and any additions and modifications to such document in accordance with the Contract. Such document specifies
the purpose, scope, and/or design and/or other technical criteria, for the Works.
54
14. Employer’s Requirements and Design obligation
Employer’s Requirements
The Employer’s Requirements should specify the particular requirements for the completed Works on a functional
basis, including detailed requirements on quality and scope, and may require the Contractor to supply items such as
consumables.
Contents Sub-Clause
Employer’s Requirements
P&DB's and EPCT's Employer's Requirements is the document where the Employer states his precise requirements for the
completed Works, including all matters not covered by the Conditions of Contract. The Employer's Requirements is the base
document which includes: the definition of the location of the Site, the definition and purpose of the Works, quality and
performance criteria, the details listed on GPPC's page 3, and special obligations (such as the training of operating personnel,
for example). These matters should not be specified in the Instructions to Tenderers, because they would not then be
contractually binding.
P&DB's and EPCT's Employer's Requirements should include all relevant criteria, including quality, performance and testing,
but need not specify any matters which would be imposed on the Works by the applicable law. Quality should be specified in
terms which are not so detailed as to reduce the Contractor's design responsibilities, not so imprecise as to be difficult to
enforce, and not reliant on the future opinions of the Engineer or Employer's Representative, which tenderers may consider
impossible to forecast. The Employer's Requirements may include drawings, on which the proposed Works may be outlined.
In such cases, the Employer's Requirements should define the extent to which (for example) the Works to be executed by the
Contractor must comply with the outline. The incorporation of design aspects into this document should be carried out with
care, with full consideration being given to the consequences, including any ultimate responsibility for this design by the
Employer.
56
Employer’s Requirements
1.1.6.3 “Employer’s Equipment” means the apparatus, machinery and vehicles (if any) made available by the
Employer for the use of the Contractor in the execution of the Works, as stated in the Employer’s Requirements; but
does not include Plant which has not been taken over by the Employer.
Each of the Contractor’s Documents shall be in the custody and care of the Documents Contractor, unless and until
taken over by the Employer. Unless otherwise stated in the Contract, the Contractor shall supply to the Employer six
copies of each of the Contractor’s Documents.
The Contractor shall keep, on the Site, a copy of the Contract, publications named in the Employer’s Requirements,
the Contractor’s Documents, and Variations and other communications given under the Contract.
The Employer’s Personnel shall have the right of access to all these documents at all reasonable times.
The Employer shall give the Contractor right of access to, and possession of, all the Site parts of the Site within the
time (or times) stated in the Particular Conditions. The right and possession may not be exclusive to the Contractor. If,
under the Contract, the Employer is required to give (to the Contractor) possession of any foundation, structure, plant
or means of access, the Employer shall do so in the time and manner stated in the Employer’s Requirements.
However, the Employer may withhold any such right or possession until the Performance Security has been received.
57
Employer’s Requirements
The Contractor shall design, execute and complete the Works in accordance with the Contract, and shall remedy any defects
in the Works. When completed, the Works shall be fit for the purposes for which the Works are intended as defined in the
Contract.
The Contractor shall provide the Plant and Contractor’s Documents specified in the Contract, and all Contractor’s Personnel,
Goods, consumables and other things and services, whether of a temporary or permanent nature, required in and for this
design, execution, completion and remedying of defects.
The Works shall include any work which is necessary to satisfy the Employer’s Requirements, or is implied by the Contract,
and all works which (although not mentioned in the Contract) are necessary for stability or for the completion, or safe and
proper operation, of the Works.
4.6 Co-operation
….
The Contractor shall be responsible for his construction activities on the Site, and shall co-ordinate his own activities with
those of other contractors to the extent (if any) specified in the Employer’s Requirements. (중략)
If, under the Contract, the Employer is required to give to the Contractor possession of any foundation, structure, plant or
means of access in accordance with Contractor’s Documents, the Contractor shall submit such documents to the Employer in
the time and manner stated in the Employer’s Requirements.
The Contractor shall take all reasonable steps to protect the environment (both on and off the Site) and to limit damage and
nuisance to people and property resulting from pollution, noise and other results of his operations.
The Contractor shall ensure that emissions, surface discharges and effluent from the Contractor’s activities shall not exceed
the values indicated in the Employer’s Requirements, and shall not exceed the values prescribed by applicable Laws.
58
Employer’s Requirements
(중략) …..the Employer shall be responsible for the correctness of the following portions of the Employer’s Requirements and
of the following data and information provided by (or on behalf of) the Employer:
(a) portions, data and information which are stated in the Contract as being immutable or the responsibility of the Employer,
(b) definitions of intended purposes of the Works or any parts thereof,
(c) criteria for the testing and performance of the completed Works, and
(d) portions, data and information which cannot be verified by the Contractor, except as otherwise stated in the Contract.
59
Employer’s Requirements
5.5 Training
The Contractor shall carry out the training of Employer’s Personnel in the operation and maintenance of the Works to the
extent specified in the Employer’s Requirements.
60
Employer’s Requirements
The Works shall not be considered to be completed for the purposes of taking-over under Sub-Clause 10.1 [Taking Over of
the Works and Sections] until the Employer has received final operation and maintenance manuals in such detail, and any
other manuals specified in the Employer’s Requirements for these purposes.
61
Employer’s Requirements
7.8 Royalties
Unless otherwise stated in the Employer’s Requirements, the Contractor shall pay all royalties, rents and other payments for:
(a) natural Materials obtained from outside the Site, and
(b) the disposal of material from demolitions and excavations and of other surplus material (whether natural or man-made),
except to the extent that disposal areas within the Site are specified in the Contract.
9.1
Contractor’s Obligations The Contractor shall carry out the Tests on Completion in accordance with this Clause and Sub-
Clause 7.4, [ Testing ] after providing the documents in accordance with Sub-Clause 5.6 [ As-Built Documents ] and Sub-
Clause 5.7 [ Operation and Maintenance Manuals ].
(중략)
Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions, the Tests on Completion shall be carried out in the following sequence:
(a) pre-commissioning tests, which shall include the appropriate inspections and (“dry” or “cold”) functional tests to
demonstrate that each item of Plant can safely under-take the next stage, (b);
(b) commissioning tests, which shall include the specified operational tests to demonstrate that the Works or Section can be
operated safely and as specified, under all available operating conditions; and
(c) trial operation, which shall demonstrate that the Works or Section perform reliably and in accordance with the Contract.
During trial operation, when the Works are operating under stable conditions, the Contractor shall give notice to the Employer
that the Works are ready for any other Tests on Completion, including performance tests to demonstrate whether the Works
conform with criteria specified in the Employer’s Requirements and with the Performance Guarantees.
62
5.1 General Design Obligations [Yellow Book] 5.1 General Design Obligations
The Contractor shall carry out, and be responsible for, the design The Contractor shall be deemed to have scrutinised, prior to the
of the Works. Design shall be prepared by qualified designers Base Date, the Employer's Requirements (including design
who are engineers or other professionals who comply with the criteria and calculations, if any). The Contractor shall be
criteria (if any) stated in the Employer's Requirements. Unless responsible for the design of the Works and for the accuracy of
otherwise stated in the Contract, the Contractor shall submit to such Employer's Requirements (including design criteria and
the Engineer for consent the name and particulars of each calculations), except as stated below.
proposed designer and design Subcontractor.
The Employer shall not be responsible for any error, inaccuracy or
The Contractor warrants that he, his designers and design omission of any kind in the Employer's Requirements as originally
Subcontractors have the experience and capability necessary for included in the Contract and shall not be deemed to have given
the design. The Contractor undertakes that the designers shall be any representation of accuracy or completeness of any data or
available to attend discussions with the Engineer at all reasonable information, except as stated below. Any data or information
times, until the expiry date of the relevant Defects Notification received by the Contractor, from the Employer or otherwise, shall
Period. not relieve the Contractor from his responsibility for the design
and execution of the Works.
Upon receiving notice under Sub-Clause 8.1 [ Commencement of
Works ], the Contractor shall scrutinise the Employer's However, the Employer shall be responsible for the correctness of
Requirements (including design criteria and calculations, if any) the following portions of the Employer's Requirements and of the
and the items of reference mentioned in Sub-Clause 4.7 [ Setting following data and information provided by (or on behalf of) the
Out ]. Within the period stated in the Appendix to Tender, Employer:
calculated from the Commencement Date, the Contractor shall
give notice to the Engineer of any error, fault or other defect found (a) portions, data and information which are stated in the
in the Contract as being immutable or the responsibility of the
Employer's Requirements or these items of reference. Employer,
After receiving this notice, the Engineer shall determine whether (b) definitions of intended purposes of the Works or any parts
Clause 13 [ Variations and Adjustments ] shall be applied, and thereof,
shall give notice to the Contractor accordingly. If and to the extent
that (taking account of cost and time) an experienced contractor
exercising due care would have discovered the error, fault or (c) criteria for the testing and performance of the completed
other defect when examining the Site and the Employer's Works, and
Requirements before submitting the Tender, the Time for
Completion shall not be extended and the Contract Price shall not (d) portions, data and information which cannot be verified by the
be adjusted. Contractor, except as otherwise stated in the Contract.
63
5.2 Contractor’s Documents [Yellow Book] 5.2 Contractors Documents
The Contractor's Documents shall comprise the technical The Contractor’s Documents shall comprise the technical
documents specified in the Employer's Requirements, documents documents specified in the Employer’s Requirements, documents
required to satisfy all regulatory approvals, and the documents required to satisfy all regulatory approvals, and the documents
described in Sub-Clause 5.6 [As-Built Documents ] and Sub- described in Sub-Clause 5.6 [As-Built Documents] and Sub-
Clause 5.7 [ Operation and Maintenance Manuals ]. Unless Clause 5.7 [Operation and Maintenance Manuals]. Unless
otherwise stated in the Employer's Requirements, the otherwise stated in the Employer’s Requirements, the
Contractor's Documents shall be written in the language for Contractor’s Documents shall be written in the language for
communications defined in Sub-Clause 1.4 [ Law and Language ]. communications defined in Sub-Clause 1.4 [Law and Language].
The Contractor shall prepare all Contractor's Documents, and The Contractor shall prepare all Contractor’s Documents, and
shall also prepare any other documents necessary to instruct the shall also prepare any other documents necessary to instruct the
Contractor's Personnel. The Employer's Personnel shall have the Contractor’s Personnel.
right to inspect the preparation of all these documents, wherever
they are being prepared.
If the Employer's Requirements describe the Contractor's If the Employer’s Requirements describe the Contractor’s
Documents which are to be submitted to the Engineer for review Documents which are to be submitted to the Engineer for review,
and/or for approval, they shall be submitted accordingly, together they shall be submitted accordingly, together with a notice as
with a notice as described below. In the following provisions of described below. In the following provisions of this Sub-Clause, (i)
this Sub-Clause, (i) "review period“ means the period required by “review period” means the period required by the Engineer for
the Engineer for review and (if so specified) for approval, and (ii) review, and (ii) “Contractor’s Documents” exclude any documents
"Contractor's Documents" exclude any documents which are not which are not specified as being required to be submitted for
specified as being required to be submitted for review and/or for review.
approval.
The Engineer may, within the review period, give notice to the
Contractor that a Contractor's Document fails (to the extent The Employer may, within the review period, give notice to the
stated) to comply with the Contract. If a Contractor's Document so Contractor that a Contractor’s Document fails (to the extent
fails to comply, it shall be rectified, resubmitted and reviewed stated) to comply with the Contract. If a Contractor’s Document so
(and, if specified, approved) in accordance with this Sub-Clause, fails to comply, it shall be rectified, resubmitted and reviewed in 64
at the Contractor's cost. accordance with this Sub-Clause, at the Contractor’s cost.
5.2 Contractor’s Documents [Yellow Book] 5.2 Contractors Documents
The Engineer may, within the review period, give notice to the Contractor that a
Contractor's Document fails (to the extent stated) to comply with the Contract. If
a Contractor's Document so fails to comply, it shall be rectified, resubmitted and
reviewed (and, if specified, approved) in accordance with this Sub-Clause, at the
Contractor's cost.
For each part of the Works, and except to the extent that the prior approval or For each part of the Works, and except to the extent that the Parties
consent of the Engineer shall have been obtained: otherwise agree:
(a) in the case of a Contractor's Document which has (as specified) been
submitted for the Engineer's approval:
(i) the Engineer shall give notice to the Contractor that the
Contractor's Document is approved, with or without comments, or
that it fails (to the extent stated) to comply with the Contract;
(ii) execution of such part of the Works shall not commence until the
Engineer has approved the Contractor's Document; and
(iii) the Engineer shall be deemed to have approved the Contractor's
Document upon the expiry of the review periods for all the
Contractor's Documents which are relevant to the design and
execution of such part, unless the Engineer has previously
notified otherwise in accordance with sub-paragraph (i);
(b) execution of such part of the Works shall not commence prior to the expiry (a) execution of such part of the Works shall not commence prior to
of the review periods for all the Contractor's Documents which are relevant the expiry of the review periods for all the Contractor’s
to its design and execution; Documents which are relevant to its design and execution;
(c) execution of such part of the Works shall be in accordance with these (b) execution of such part of the Works shall be in accordance with
reviewed (and, if specified, approved) Contractor's Documents; and these reviewed Contractor’s Documents; and
(d) if the Contractor wishes to modify any design or document which has (c) if the Contractor wishes to modify any design or document which
previously been submitted for review (and, if specified, approval), the has previously been submitted for review, the Contractor shall
Contractor shall immediately give notice to the Engineer. Thereafter, the immediately give notice to the Employer. Thereafter, the
Contractor shall submit revised documents to the Engineer in accordance Contractor shall submit revised documents to the Employer in
with the above procedure. accordance with the above procedure.
If the Engineer instructs that further Contractor's Documents are required, the
Contractor shall prepare them promptly.
The Contractor undertakes that the design, the Contractor's The Contractor undertakes that the design, the Contractor’s
Documents, the execution and the completed Works will be Documents, the execution and the completed Works will be
in accordance with: in accordance with:
(a) the Laws in the Country, and (a) the Laws of the Country; and
(b) the documents forming the Contract, as altered or (b) the documents forming the Contract, as altered or
modified by Variations. modified by Variations.
66
5.4 Technical Standards and Regulations 5.4 Technical Standards and Regulations
The design, the Contractor's Documents, the execution and The design, the Contractor’s Documents, the execution and
the completed Works shall comply with the Country's the completed Works shall comply with the Country’s
technical standards, building, construction and technical standards, building, construction and
environmental Laws, Laws applicable to the product being environmental Laws, Laws applicable to the product being
produced from the Works, and other standards specified in produced from the Works, and other standards specified in
the Employer's Requirements, applicable to the Works, or the Employer’s Requirements, applicable to the Works, or
defined by the applicable Laws. defined by the applicable Laws.
All these Laws shall, in respect of the Works and each All these Laws shall, in respect of the Works and each
Section, be those prevailing when the Works or Section are Section, be those prevailing when the Works or Section are
taken over by the Employer under Clause 10 [ Employer's taken over by the Employer under Clause 10 [Employer’s
Taking Over ]. References in the Contract to published Taking Over]. References in the Contract to published
standards shall be understood to be references to the standards shall be understood to be references to the
edition applicable on the Base Date, unless stated edition applicable on the Base Date, unless stated
otherwise. otherwise.
If changed or new applicable standards come into force in If changed or new applicable standards come into force in
the Country after the Base Date, the Contractor shall give the Country after the Base Date, the Contractor shall give
notice to the Engineer and (if appropriate) submit proposals notice to the Employer and (if appropriate) submit
for compliance. In the event that: proposals for compliance. In the event that:
(a) the Engineer determines that compliance is required, (a) the Engineer determines that compliance is required,
and and
(b) the proposals for compliance constitute a variation, (b) the proposals for compliance constitute a variation,
then the Engineer shall initiate a Variation in accordance then the Employer shall initiate a Variation in accordance
with Clause 13 [ Variations and Adjustments ]. with Clause 13 [Variations and Adjustments].
67
5.5 Training [Yellow Book] 5.5 Training
The Contractor shall carry out the training of Employer's The Contractor shall carry out the training of Employer’s
Personnel in the operation and maintenance of the Works Personnel in the operation and maintenance of the Works
to the extent specified in the Employer's Requirements. If to the extent specified in the Employer’s Requirements. If
the Contract specifies training which is to be carried out the Contract specifies training which is to be carried out
before taking-over, the Works shall not be considered to be before taking-over, the Works shall not be considered to be
completed for the purposes of taking-over under Sub- completed for the purposes of taking-over under Sub-
Clause 10.1 [ Taking Over of the Works and Sections ] until Clause 10.1 [Taking Over of the Works and Sections] until
this training has been completed. this training has been completed.
68
5.6 As-Built Documents [Yellow Book] 5.6 As-Built Documents
The Contractor shall prepare, and keep up-to-date, a The Contractor shall prepare, and keep up-to-date, a
complete set of "as-built" records of the execution of the complete set of “as-built” records of the execution of the
Works, showing the exact as-built locations, sizes and Works, showing the exact as-built locations, sizes and
details of the work as executed. These records shall be details of the work as executed. These records shall be
kept on the Site and shall be used exclusively for the kept on the Site and shall be used exclusively for the
purposes of this Sub-Clause. Two copies shall be supplied purposes of this Sub-Clause. Two copies shall be supplied
to the Engineer prior to the commencement of the Tests on to the Employer prior to the commencement of the Tests on
Completion. Completion.
In addition, the Contractor shall supply to the Engineer as- In addition, the Contractor shall supply to the Engineer as-
built drawings of the Works, showing all Works as built drawings of the Works, showing all Works as
executed, and submit them to the Engineer for review under executed, and submit them to the Engineer for review under
Sub-Clause 5.2 [ Contractor's Documents ]. The Contractor Sub-Clause 5.2 [Contractor’s Documents]. The Contractor
shall obtain the consent of the Engineer as to their size, the shall obtain the consent of the Employer as to their size, the
referencing system, and other relevant details. referencing system, and other relevant details.
Prior to the issue of any Taking-Over Certificate, the Prior to the issue of any Taking-Over Certificate, the
Contractor shall supply to the Engineer the specified Contractor shall supply to the Employer the specified
numbers and types of copies of the relevant as-built numbers and types of copies of the relevant as-built
drawings, in accordance with the Employer's drawings, in accordance with the Employer’s
Requirements. The Works shall not be considered to be Requirements. The Works shall not be considered to be
completed for the purposes of taking-over under Sub- completed for the purposes of taking-over under Sub-
Clause 10.1 [ Taking Over of the Works and Sections ] until Clause 10.1 [Taking Over of the Works and Sections] until
the Engineer has received these documents. the Employer has received these documents.
69
5.7 Operation and Maintenance Manuals 5.7 Operation and Maintenance Manual
Prior to commencement of the Tests on Completion, the Prior to commencement of the Tests on Completion, the
Contractor shall supply to the Engineer provisional Contractor shall supply to the Employer provisional
operation and maintenance manuals in sufficient detail for operation and maintenance manuals in sufficient detail for
the Employer to operate, maintain, dismantle, reassemble, the Employer to operate, maintain, dismantle, reassemble,
adjust and repair the Plant. adjust and repair the Plant.
The Works shall not be considered to be completed for the The Works shall not be considered to be completed for the
purposes of taking-over under Sub-Clause 10.1 [ Taking purposes of taking-over under Sub-Clause 10.1 [Taking
Over of the Works and Sections ] until the Engineer has Over of the Works and Sections] until the Employer has
received final operation and maintenance manuals in such received final operation and maintenance manuals in such
detail, and any other manuals specified in the Employer's detail, and any other manuals specified in the Employer’s
Requirements for these purposes. Requirements for these purposes.
70
15. Variation, Adjustment and Evaluation
1) 정의 (Sub-Clause 1.1.6.9)
공사의 변경(any change to the Works)을 의미하며, 계약조건 13조항에 의거 “변경(Variation)”으로 승인되거나 지시된다.
2) 변경 범위(Sub-Clause 13.1)
- 계약에 포함된 작업의 물량변경(그러한 변경이 반드시 Variation이 되는 것은 아니다)
- 품질, 다른 특성의 변경
- 위치, 장소 또는 규격의 변경
- 작업의 삭제(단, 다른 사람에 의해 이행되지 않아야 한다)
- 본 공사를 위한 추가 작업, 설비, 자재, 용역(Test on Completion, boreholes, other testing, exploratory work
포함)
- 시공 sequence 또는 timing의 변경
Yellow Book이나 Silver Book의 경우 대부분 Employer’s Requirements의 변경이 Variation을 의미한다.
3) 변경 조건, 시한
- 시공자가 자의적으로 본 공사(Permanent Works)를 변경할 수 없으며, 반드시 감리자의 “변경”에 대한 승인이나 지시
가 있어야 한다.
- 인수 확인서(Taking-Over Certificate)가 발급되기 전까지 가능
4) 변경 방법
- 감리자에 의한 지시
- 시공자의 제안
71
5) 변경의 이행 (Sub-Clause 13.1, 13.3)
- 시공자는 Variation의 내용을 이행하여야 할 의무가 있다.
- Variation의 이행을 위해 필요한 Goods의 조달문제로 Variation의 이행에 문제가 있는 경우 시공자는 이러한
사실(입증 필요)을 즉시(promptly) 감리자에게 통지하여야 하고 통지 접수 후 감리자는 지시를 변경하거나 취
소하거나 또는 확인하여야 한다.
- 시공자의 제안이 요구된 경우 : 가능한 빠른 기간(as soon as practicable)내에 다음의 내용을 포함하여 회신하
여야 한다
72
15. Variation, Adjustment and Evaluation
1) 평가 절차, 방법
- Sub-Clause 3.5[Determination] 절차에 의해 결정(단, 계약에 달리 규정되어 있는 경우 제외)
- Sub-Clause 12.1 및 12.2에 의한 measurement 적용 (Red Book의 경우)
- 해당 사안에 적합한 단가나 금액 적용
Sub-Clause 3.5[Determination]에 따른 결정 절차
73
2) 적합한 단가, 금액 결정 방법
- 계약에 명시된 단가, 금액
- 유사 작업의 단가, 금액
- 신규 단가, 금액 (사안과 관련된 다른 사항들 및 이익을 고려하여 결정)
기존 단가
단가
적용단가
1,000
1,500
2,000 3,000 규격
74
신규단가, 금액이 적용될 수 있는 경우
기존 굴착 (Excavation)
계약단가 : 1 $/M3
이러한 경우 작업의 단위생산성
(Unit Productivity)가 달라지기
추가 때문에 같은 지역, 같은 토질이
라 하더라도 기존의 단가를 적
용할 수 없게 된다
75
Part II
A Claim is a demand or assertion by one of the parties seeking, as a matter of right, adjustment or interpretation
of Contract terms, payment of money, extension of time or other relief with respect to the terms of the Contract.
The term “Claim” also includes other disputes and matters in question between the Owner and Contractor
arising out of or relating to the Contract.
A request by a construction contractor for compensation over and above the agreed-upon contract amount for
additional work or damages supposedly resulting from events that were not included in the initial contract.
1.1.1.1 “Contract” means the Contract Agreement, the Letter of Acceptance, the Letter of Tender, these
Conditions, the Specification, the Drawings, the Schedules, and the further documents (if any) which are listed
in the Contract Agreement or in the Letter of Acceptance. [FIDIC Red Book 1999 Edition]
77
Contract Document
Red Yellow Silver
1.1.1.7 “Schedules” means the document(s) 1.1.1.7 “Schedules” means the document(s)
entitled schedules, completed by the Contractor entitled schedules, completed by the Contractor
and submitted with the Letter of Tender, as and submitted with the Letter of Tender, as
included in the Contract. Such document may included in the Contract. Such document may
include the Bill of Quantities, data, lists, and include data, lists, and schedules of payments
schedules of rates and/or prices. and/or prices.
78
2. Contractor’s Claims (Sub-Clause 20.1 of FIDIC)
1) Contractual Procedure
- Notice
79
2) Initiation and Notice Requirement
“If the Contractor consider himself to be entitled to any extension of the Time for Completion and/or any
additional payment, under any Clause of these Conditions or otherwise in connection with the Contract, the
Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer(Red, Yellow)/Employer(Silver), describing the event or
circumstance giving rise to claim. The notice shall be given as soon as practicable, and not later than 28
days after the Contractor became aware, or should have become aware, of the event or circumstance.”
If the Contractor fails to give notice of a claim within such period of 28 days, the Time for Completion shall
not be extended, the Contractor shall not be entitled to additional payment, and the Employer shall be
discharged from all liability in connection with claim.”
- Under French Law : the court generally give effect to time-bar provisions provided that “they appear to
be reasonable under the circumstances
- Under Saudi Law : time-bar provision may be unenforceable
- Under English Law : courts are more willing to give effect to notice provisions as condition precedents if
the provisions clearly state the time limit and result.
Even if the Contractor may be able to argue that the time-bar clause should not apply under
the relevant governing law, it is not advisable to ignore the time limit in pursuing a claim.
80
Provisions to overrule the time limit (introduced in Gold Book Sub-Clause 20.1)
However if the Contractor considers there are circumstances which justify the late submission, he may
submit the details to the DAB for a ruling. If the DAB considers that, in all circumstances, it is fair and
reasonable that the late submission be accepted, the DAB shall have the authority to overrule the relevant
28-day limit and, if it so decides, it shall advise the Parties accordingly.
This provision gives the DAB an authority to overrule the time limit.
The Contractor shall also submit any other notices which are required by the Contract, and supporting
particulars for the claim, all as relevant to such event or circumstance.
If the Contractor fails to comply with this or another Sub-Clause in relation to claim, any extension of time
and/or additional payment shall take into account of the extent (if any) to which the failure has prevented
or prejudiced proper investigation of the claim, unless the claim is excluded under the second paragraph
of this Sub-Clause.
81
Cut-off dates for submission of claims
“The Employer shall not be liable to the Contractor for any matter or thing under or in connection with the Contract
or execution of the Works, except to the extent that the Contractor shall have included an amount expressly for it:
b) (except for matters or thing arising after the issue of the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works) in the
Statement at completion described Sub-Clause 14.10 [Statement at Completion]
However, this Sub-Clause shall not limit the Employer’s liability under his indemnification obligations, or the
Employer’s liability in any case of fraud, deliberate default or reckless misconduct by the Employer.”
- Statement at completion is to be submitted within 84 days after receiving the Taking-Over Certificate for the
Works with supporting documents and certified in accordance with Sub-Clause 14.6 [Issue of Interim
Payment Certificates](Red, Yellow)/[Interim Payments](Silver). [Sub-Clause 14.10]
- Draft final statement is to be submitted within 56 days after receiving the Performance Certificate. [Sub-
Clause 14.11]
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3) Keep contemporary Records
Contractor shall keep such contemporary records as may be necessary to substantiate any claim, either on
the Site or at another location acceptable to the Engineer(Red, Yellow)/Employer(Silver). Without admitting
the Employer’s liability, the Engineer(Red, Yellow)/Employer(Silver) may, after receiving notice any notice
under this Sub-Clause, monitor the record-keeping and/or instruct the Contractor to keep further
contemporary records. The Contractor shall permit the Employer to inspect all these records, and shall (if
instructed) submit copies to the Engineer(Red, Yellow)/Employer(Silver).
83
Documents, Records possibly be used for substantiation of claim
Description Documents/Records
Contract Agreement, Letter of Acceptance(Red, Yellow), Letter of Tender, Conditions of Contract, Specification &
Contract Documents Drawings (Red), Employer’s Requirements(Yellow, Silver), Schedules, Contractor’s Proposal(Yellow), Tender (Silver),
and Further Documents forming part of the Contract
Agreement Joint Venture, Consortium, Loan, Shareholder, Rental, Retainer, Service, Employment
Subcontract Documents (Investigation, Study, Design, Construction, Installation, Manufacture, Delivery, Maintenance,
Subcontract
Operation)Purchase Order, Work Order, Plan/Delivery Record, Quotation, Invoice, Payment Record
Programme Overall, Daily, Weekly, Monthly including Revised Programme, S curve, Chas-Flow,
Correspondences Letters, Transmittals, RFI, RFP, MoM (Daily, Weekly, Monthly /Internal, External), Memo
Progress, HSE, QA/QC (Daily, Weekly, Monthly), Investigation(Survey), Inspection, Testing, Expert(Third Party)
Report
Report/Assessment, Legal Opinion
84
Description Documents/Records
Payment Records Payment Application, Payment Certificate, Variations, Claims and others
Site Records Internal Daily Work Progress Report, Climate, Photographs, Video
85
4) Submission of Details of Claim
Within 42 days after the Contractor became aware (or should have become aware) of the event or circumstance
giving rise to claim, or within such other period as may be proposed by the Contractor and approved by the
Engineer(Red, Yellow)/Employer(Silver), the Contractor shall send to the Engineer/Employer a fully detailed claim
which includes full supporting particulars of the basis of the claim and of the extension of time and/or additional
payment claimed. If the event or circumstance giving rise to claim has a continuing effect:
86
Time-bar Clause introduced in Gold Book Sub-Clause 20.1)
If the Contractor fails to provide the contractual or other basis of the claim within the said 42 days or other time
allowed or approved, the Notice given under paragraph (a) above shall be deemed to have lapsed and shall no
longer be considered as a valid Notice. If the Contractor considers there are circumstances which justify a late
submission, he may submit the details to the DAB for a ruling. If the DAB considers that, in all circumstances, it
is fair and reasonable that the late submission be accepted, the DAB shall have the authority to overrule the
given 42-day limit and, if it so decides, it shall advise the Parties accordingly.
87
5) Response
Within 42 days after receiving a claim or any further particulars supporting a previous claim, or within such other period as may be
proposed by the Engineer(Red, Yellow)/Employer(Silver) and approved by the Contractor, the Engineer shall respond with approval, or
with disapproval and detailed comments. He may also request any necessary further particulars, but shall nevertheless give his response
on the principles of the claim within such time.
The Engineer/Employer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [determinations] to agree or determine (i) the extension (if any) of
the Time for Completion (before or after its expiry) in accordance with Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and/or the
additional payment (if any) to which the Contractor is entitled under the Contract.
Approvals, certificates, consents and determinations shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.
If the Engineer(MDB)/Employer’s Representative(DBO) does not respond within the timeframe defined in this Clause, either Party may
consider that the claim is rejected by the Engineer/Employer’s Representative and any of the Parties may refer to the Dispute Board in
accordance with Sub-Clause 20.4 [Obtaining Dispute Board’s Decision](MDB)/20.6(DBO).
88
6) Payment
Each Payment Certificate shall include such amounts for any claim as have been reasonably substantiated as due under the relevant
provision of the Contract. Unless and until the particulars supplied are sufficient to substantiate the whole of the claim, the Contractor shall
only be entitled payment for such part of the claim as he has been able to substantiate.
89
7) Chart for Contractor’s Claim procedure
Contractor Engineer/Employer
Extension of Time
Claim Events or Circumstance Additional Payment
< 28 days
Sub-Clause 8.4
When determining each extension of time under Sub-Clause 20.1,
the Engineer/Employer shall review previous determinations and
may increase, but shall not decrease, the total extension of time.
90
Claim Clauses
Setting Out
4.7
EOT, Cost + Profit Claim is not allowed
91
Clause Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Fossils
4.24
EOT, Cost
Testing
7.4
EOT, Cost + Profit
Cause of delay giving an entitlement to extension of time under a Sub-Clause of these Conditions
8.4
Exceptionally adverse climatic conditions
Any delay, impediment or prevention caused by or attributable to the Employer, the Employer’s Personne
l, or the Employer’s other contractors on the Site
92
Clause Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Consequences of Suspension
8.9
EOT, Cost
93
Clause Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Contractor to Search
11.8
Cost of the search + Profit
Omissions
12.4
Cost
Value Engineering
13.2
Fee (50%) The Proposal shall include items listed in Variation Procedure (13.3)
94
Clause Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Provisional Sums
13.2
Actual amount paid + Percentage Rate (for overhead charges and profit)
Daywork
13.6
Daywork schedule shall be applied
13.8
To be provided in the Particular
Formulae
Conditions
Delayed Payment
14.7
3 % + discount rate of the central bank in the country of the currency of payment (compounded monthly)
95
Clause Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
(a) the amount payable for any work carried out for which a price is stated in the Contract
15.5 (b) the Cost of Plant and Materials ordered for the Works which have been delivered to the Contractor,
19.6 or of which the Contractor is liable to accept delivery
19.7 (c) any other Cost or liability which in the circumstances was reasonably incurred by the Contractor in
the expectation of completing the Works
(d) the Cost of removal of Temporary Works and Contractor’s Equipment from the Site and the return o
f these items to the Contractor’s works in his country (or to any other destination at no greater cost)
(e) the Cost of repatriation of the Contractor’s staff and labour employed wholly in connection with the
Works at the date of termination
96
Clause Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
Indemnities
17.1
claims, damages, losses and expenses (including legal fees and expenses) attributable to a matter against
which Contractor is indemnified by Employer
97
3. Employer’s Claims (Sub-Clause 2.5 of FIDIC)
1) Contractual Procedure
If the Employer considers himself to be entitled to any payment under any Clause of these Conditions or otherwise in
connection with the Contract, and/or to any extension of the Defects Notification Period, the Employer shall give notice and
particulars to the Contractor.
The notice shall be given as soon as practicable after the Employer became aware of the event or circumstances giving rise
to the claim. A notice relating to any extension of the Defects Notification Period shall be given before the expiry of such
period.
However, notice is not required for payments due under Sub-Clause 4.19 [Electricity, Water and Gas], under Sub-Clause
4.20 [Employer’s Equipment and Free-Issue Material], or for other services requested by the Contractor.
98
3) Submission of particulars of Claim
The particulars shall specify the Clause or other basis of the claim, and shall include substantiation of the amount and/or
extension to which the Employer himself to be entitled in connection with the Contract.
- It is not clear whether the Employer submit the particulars with the notice or at the same time.
99
4) Determination
The Engineer(Red, Yellow)/Employer(Silver) shall then proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [determinations] to
agree or determine (i) the amount (if any) which the Employer is entitled to be paid by the Contractor, and/or the extension (if
any) of the Defects Notification Period in accordance with Sub-Clause 11.3 [Extension of Defects Notification Period].
Approvals, certificates, consents and determinations shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.
Each Party shall give effect to each agreement or determination, unless and until revised under Clause 20 [Claims, Disputes
and Arbitration].
Silver
Each Party shall give effect to each agreement or determination, unless the Contractor gives notice, to the Employer, of his
dissatisfaction with a determination within 14 days of receiving it. Either Party may then refer the dispute to the DAB in
accordance with Sub-Clause 20.4 [Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision].
100
5) Payment
This amount may be included as a deduction in the Contract Price and Payment Certificates. The Employer shall only be
entitled to set off against or make any deduction from an amount certified in a Payment Certificate, or to otherwise claim
against the Contractor, in accordance with this Sub-Clause.
Silver
The Employer may deduct this amount from any moneys due, or to become due, to the Contractor. The Employer shall only
be entitled to set off against or make any deduction from an amount due to the Contractor, or to otherwise claim against the
Contractor, in accordance with this Sub-Clause or with sub-paragraph (a) and/or (b) of Sub-Clause 14.6 [Interim Payments].
(a) If any thing supplied or work done by the Contractor is not in accordance with the Contract, the cost of rectification or
replacement may be withheld until rectification or replacement has been completed; and/or
(b) if the Contractor was or is failing to perform any work or obligation in accordance with the Contract, and had been
notified by the Employer, the value of this work or obligation may be withheld until the work or obligation has been
performed.
101
6) Chart for Employer’s Claim procedure
102
Sub-Clauses which expressly state that Sub-Clause 2.5 applies
Rejection
7.5
if the rejection of any Plant, Materials, workmanship and retesting cause the Employer to incur additional costs
Remedial Work
7.6
if the Contractor fails to comply with the instruction to remove/replace/re-execute Plant, Materials, works not in accordance
with the Contract
Rate of Progress
8.6
If revised methods adopted for expedition cause the Employer to incur additional costs
Delay Damages
8.7
If the Contractor fails to comply with Sub-Clause 8.2 [Time for Completion]
103
Clause Red Book Yellow Book Silver Book
104
4. Summary of Claim Procedure under the FIDIC
Description Red (1999) Yellow (1999) Silver (1999) Pink (2010) Gold (2008)
under any Clause of these Conditions or otherwise in connection with the Contract
shall be given not later than 28 days after the Contractor became aware, or should have become aware, of the
event or circumstance
shall also submit any other notice which are required by the Contract
The requirements of this Sub-Clause are in addition to those of any other Sub-Clause
Notice
describing the event or circumstance giving rise to claim
105
Description Red (1999) Yellow (1999) Silver (1999) Pink (2010) Gold (2008)
Contemporary Records the Contrator shall keep such contemporary records as may be necessary to substantiate any claim
the Contractor
within 42 days… a fully detailed claim which includes full supporting particulars of the basis of claim…
shall send
106
Description Red (1999) Yellow (1999) Silver (1999) Pink (2010) Gold (2008)
for any payment and/or any extension of Defects Notification Period any payment
as soon as practicable
as soon as practicable
shall be given as soon as practicable after the and no longer than 28
after the Employer
Employer became aware of the event or days after the Employer
becomes aware or should
Notice circumstances became aware or should
have become aware
have become aware…
Notice for extension of Defects Notification period shall be given before the
Employer's Claim expiry of such period
in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
Notice of dissatisfaction
within 28 days after the
determination may be
Employer's determination served and proceed DAB
Determination shall not be effective if
the Contractor gives If there is no notice of
dissatisfaction notice dissatisfaction with 28
within 14 days days, determination shall
be deemed to have
accepted
107
Part III
Dispute Resolution
[under FIDIC Documents]
Dispute Resolution under FIDIC
Determination by Arbitration
under Sub-Clause 20.6 [Arbitration]
109
1) Engineer’s Determination (under Sub-Clause 3.5)
Whenever these Conditions provide that the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with this Sub-Clause 3.5 to agree or determine any
matter, the Engineer shall consult with each Party in an endeavour to reach agreement. If agreement is not achieved, the Engineer shall
make a fair determination in accordance with the Contract, taking due regard of all relevant circumstances.
The Engineer shall give notice to both Parties of each agreement or determination, with supporting particulars. Each Party shall give effect
to each agreement or determination unless and until revised under Clause 20 [Claims, Disputes and Arbitration].
110
Effect of Determination made under Sub-Clause 3.5
Each Party shall give effect to each agreement or determination, unless and until revised under Clause 20 [Claims, Disputes and
Arbitration].
Silver
Each Party shall give effect to each agreement or determination, unless the Contractor gives notice, to the Employer, of his dissatisfaction
with a determination within 14 days of receiving it. Either Party may then refer the dispute to the DAB in accordance with Sub-Clause 20.4
[Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision].
111
Sub-Clauses which refer to Sub-Clause 3.5
Sub-Clause 4.19 Electricity, Water and Gas Sub-Clause 13.5 Provisional Sums
Sub-Clause 4.20 Employer’s Equipment Sub-Clause 13.7 Adjustments for Changes in Legislation
Sub-Clause 9.4 Failure to Pass Tests on Completion Sub-Clause 16.1 Contractor’s entitlement to Suspend
Work
Sub-Clause 10.2 Taking Over of Part of the Works
Sub-Clause 17.4 Consequences of Employer’s Risks
Sub-Clause 10.3 Interference with Test on Completion
Sub-Clause 19.4 Consequences of Force Majeure
Sub-Clause 11.4 Failure to Remedy Defects
Sub-Clause 20.1 Contractor’s Claims
112
2) DAB’s Decision (under Sub-Clause 20.4)
- Remains in place until the date of the Contractor’s discharge effected when the Performance
Security is released
- Remains in place only until a decision is issued with respect to the said dispute
113
Obtaining DAB’s Decision
Employer 1 or 3 members
Give Decision
Within 28 days
Contractor
114
Summary of DAB under FIDIC Conditions
Description Red (1999) Yellow (1999) Silver (1999) Pink (2010) Gold (2008)
may jointly refer a matter to same as may jointly refer to DAB for assistance
Opinion
DAB for its opinion Red Book and/or informal discussion
conditions for
Payment of full invoiced amounts
Decision
115
Summary of DAB under FIDIC Conditions (continued)
Description Red (1999) Yellow (1999) Silver (1999) Pink (2010) Gold (2008)
Failure to comply with decision then the other Party may, withour prejudice to any other rights, refer the failure itself to arbitration
neither Party shall be entitled to commence Arbitration unless a notice of dissatisfaction has been given
Condition to Arbitration
in accordance with this Sub-Clause
same as above except
116
3) Amicable Settlement (under Sub-Clause 20.5)
Where notice of dissatisfaction has been given under Sub-Clause 20.4 above, both Parties shall attempt to settle the dispute
amicably before the commencement of arbitration.
However, unless both Parties agree otherwise, arbitration may be commenced on or after the fifty-sixth day after the day on which
notice of dissatisfaction was given, even if no attempt at amicable settlement has been made.
Unless settled amicably, any dispute in respect of which the DAB’s decision (if any) has not become final and binding shall be
finally settled by international arbitration. Unless otherwise agreed by both Parties:
• the dispute shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce,
• the dispute shall be settled by three arbitrators appointed in accordance with these Rules, and
• the arbitration shall be conducted in the language for communications defined in Sub-Clause 1.4 [Law and Language]
The arbitrator(s) shall have full power to open up, review and revise any certificate, determination, instruction, opinion or valuation
of the Engineer, and any decision of the DAB, relevant to the dispute. Nothing shall disqualify the Engineer from being called as a
witness and giving evidence before the arbitrator(s) on any matter whatsoever relevant to the dispute.
Neither Party shall be limited in the proceedings before the arbitrator(s) to the evidence or arguments previously put before the DAB
to obtain its decision, or to the reasons for dissatisfaction given in its notice of dissatisfaction. Any decision of the DAB shall be
admissible in evidence in the arbitration.
Arbitration may be commenced prior to or after completion of the Works. The obligations of the Parties, the Engineer and the DAB
shall not be altered by reason of any arbitration being conducted during the progress of the Works.
117
Definition
It denotes the placing of a dispute before a third party to obtain a fair or equitable resolution, based on
Arbitration is a process, subject to statutory support ,by which formal disputes may be resolved in a
Requirements
1) Arbitrator(s)
3) Arbitration Rules
118
New-York Convention of 1958 (list of countries which have acceded : 144 countries, June 2010)
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Canada, Central African Rep., Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Rep., Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Holy See(Vatican), Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Rep., Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Island, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco,
Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, The
former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, United Republic of Tanzania, U.S.A., Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
119
Rules of Arbitration
- The Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC Rules)
120
Summary of Arbitration Clauses in FIDIC
Red (1999), Yellow(1999),
Description Pink (2010)
Silver(1999), Gold (2008)
both Parties shall attempt amicable settlement before commencement of arbitration, however arbitration may be
Amicable Settlement
commenced after 56 days after the notice of dissatisfaction even of no attempt has been made
dispute shall be finally settled by
Final resolution of dispute dispute shall be finally settled by arbitration
international arbitration
unless agreed otherwise Arbitration shall be conducted as follows:-
(a) if the Contact is with foreign contractors
(i) for contracts financed by Banks (except ADB)
Rules of Arbitration of the International (ii) for contracts finance by Asian Development Bank
rules
Chamber of Commerce
under the rules of arbitration of arbitration institutions or arbitration
rules of UNCITRAL(United Nations Commission on International Trade
Law) if stated in Contract Data, or if not stated SIAC(Singapore
International Arbitration Center) Rules
number of arbitrators three arbitrators one or more arbitrators in accordance with the rules
language language for communication
shall be the neutral location specified
place
in the Contract Data
may be commenced prior to or after completion of the Works. The obligation of the Parties,
Commencement Engineer(Red, Yellow, Pink)/Employer(Silver)/Employer's Representative(Gold)
shall not be altered by reason of arbitration during the progress of the Works
121
Part IV
1. Contract
2. 채권(청구권) 발생원인
3. 민법상 계약의 유형
4. 국가계약법상 계약의 유형
6. 국내에서의 건설공동수급체
1. Contract
가. 계약(Contract) 의의
나. 광의의 계약 [Agreement]
다. 협의의 계약 [Contract]
엄밀한 의미에서는 양자의 차이가 있으나, 개별 계약상 사용되는 때에는“계약”을 나타내는 동일한 용어로서,
또는 계약서 자체를 지칭하는 용어로서 의미 차이 없이 관례적으로 사용됨.
127
(2) 계약자유의 원칙
128
2. 채권(청구권)의 발생원인
(1) 법률행위에 의한 채권 발생
가. 단독행위 : 유언
나. 계약
다. 합동행위: 사단법인의 설립행위
나. 부당이득 : 법률상 원인 없이 타인의 재산이나 노무로 이익을 얻고 그로 인하여 상대방에게 손해를 가한 경우.
a. 과실 책임의 원칙
b. 예외적 무과실 책임
- 건설공사에서의 하자담보책임
129
3. 채권법상 계약유형
- 매매 - 증여 - 소비대차 - 매매
- 교환 - 사용대차 - 사용대차 - 교환
- 고용 - 고용 - 증여
- 도급 - 위임 - 현상광고
- 조합 - 임치
- 화해 - 조합
- 유상 위임 - 무상 위임
- 유상 임치 - 무상 임치
130
3. 채권법상 계약유형
가. 증여 : 당사자 일방이 무상으로 상대방에게 수여하는 의사를 표시하고 상대방이 이를 승낙하는 계약행위.
라. 소비대차: 당사자 일방이 금전 기타 대체물의 소유권을 상대방에게 이전할 것을 약정하고 상대방은 같은 종류,
품질 및 수량으로 반환할 것을 약정하는 행위.
마. 사용대차 : 당사자 일방이 상대방에게 무상으로 사용∙수익하게 하기 위하여 목적물을 인도하고, 상대방은 이를
사용∙수익한 후 그 목적물을 반환할 것을 약정하는 행위. (ex. 구청에서의 자전거 무상대여)
바. 임대차 : 당사자 일방이 상대방에게 어떤 목적물을 사용 수익하고, 상대방이 이에 대하여 임차료를 지급할
것을 약정하는 행위.
Cf. 임대차보호법, 상가임대차보호법
사. 고용 : 당사자 일방이 노무를 제공할 것을 약정하고, 상대방이 임금을 지급할 것을 약정하는 행위.
131
3. 채권법상 계약유형
•132
아. 도급 ***
어떤 일의 완성을 부탁받은 자(수급인)가 일을 하기로 약정하고, 부탁한 자(도급인)가 일이 완성되면 보수를
지급할 것을 약정함으로써 성립하는 계약.
쌍무계약, 유상계약으로서, 노무제공 그 자체를 목적으로 하지 않고 ‘일을 완성’하는 것을 내용으로 함. 일의
완성이 목적이므로 일은 반드시 수급인 직접 할 필요는 없으며, 금지특약이 없으면 수급인은 다시 그 일을
제3자에게 하도급할 수 있음.
차. 위임 : 당사자 일방이 상대방의 사무를 처리하고, 상대방이 이를 승낙함으로써 효력이 발생하는 계약행위.
카. 임치 : 당사자 일방이 상대방에 대하여 금전이나 유상증권 기타 물건의 보관을 위탁하고, 상대방이 이를
승낙함으로써 효력이 발생하는 계약행위.
파. 종신정기금계약 : 당사자 일방이 자기, 상대방 또는 제3자의 종신(終身)까지 정기로 금전 기타의 물건을 상대방
또는 제3자에게 지급할 것을 약정하는 행위.
132
4. 국가계약법상의 계약유형 : 국가를 당사자로 하는 계약에 관한 법률
가. 계약체결형태에 따른 분류
① 확정계약
발주기관에서 계약체결에 앞서 예정가격을 미리 작성하고 낙찰자를 결정, 계약을 체결하는 것으로서
통상적인 계약형태.
② 개산계약
개발시제품의 제조, 시험•조사•연구•용역, 정부투자기관 또는 정부출연기관과의 법령의 규정에 의한
위탁 또는 대행 등에 있어서 미리 가격을 정할 수 없을 경우 개산으로 체결하는 계약(법 제23조).
③ 사후원가검토조건부계약
b. 총액계약과 단가계약
① 총액계약
② 단가계약
일정한 기간 계속하여 제조•수리•가공•매매•공급•사용 등의 필요가 있을 때 당해 회계연도 예산의
범위 안에서 단가에 대하여 체결하는 계약 (법 제22조).
133
4. 국가계약법상의 계약유형 : 국가를 당사자로 하는 계약에 관한 법률
① 장기계속계약
임차•운송•보관•전기•가스•수도의 공급 기타 그 성질상 수년간 계속하여 존속할 필요가 있거나
이행에 수년을 요하는 계약(법 제21조). 입찰은 총 공사금액을 대상으로 이루어지며, 계약은
연차별로 당해연도의 예산범위 내에서 체결, 이행되어야 함.
② 단년도계약
이행기간이 1회계연도인 경우로서 당해연도 세출예산에 계상된 예산을 재원으로 체결하는 계약.
③ 계속비계약
계속비예산으로 집행되고 차수별계약이 아닌 1회 계약으로 이루어지며, 계약서상에 계약금액에는 총
공사비를 명기하고 연부액을 부기하여야 함.
d. 공동도급계약
134
4. 국가계약법상의 계약유형 : 국가를 당사자로 하는 계약에 관한 법률
나. 계약체결방법에 따른 분류
a. 일반경쟁입찰(법 제7조)
다. 기타
d. 특정조달계약 : 국제입찰을 통해 물품, 공사, 용역을 조달하기 위하여 체결하는 계약(시행령 특례규정)
우리나라식 국제계약이라고 할 수 있다.
135
5. 국제건설계약
(1) 개념
계약이행기간이 장기
계약금액이 크고,
체결 시부터 분쟁을 내재한 계약으로 계약체결과 동시에 분쟁 시작(클레임 전문가의 필요성 대두).
나. 공사현장 시공자 입장
c. 발주자의 거절시
추가되는 비용만큼 손실이 발생하게 되고,
분쟁을 통해 보전을 받을 수 있거나,
계약이행이 가능한 경우라면, 당사자 간에 원만한 거래관계 유지를 위해,
136
손실 감수 계약이행
5. 국제건설계약
(2) 국제건설계약의 특징
- 당사자들의 국가가 다름
- 계약금액이 거액
3 대규모계약
- 수반되는 위험부담 큼
137
5. 국제건설계약
(3) 건설계약의 유형
가. 공사의 수행방식에 따른 유형
나. 대가의 지급방식에 따른 유형
다. 계약의 체결방식에 따른 유형
138
5. 국제건설계약
a. Advantages
139
5. 국제건설계약
(5) 국제건설계약의 유형
EPC/Turn Key
2 - Semi Turn-key방식 (발주자가 자재를 제공하면, 장비조달, 설치는 제3
Design-Build
의 시공자가 하고, 시공자는 이에 대한 감독과 지시 맡음)
140
(1) 분류 : 공동도급계약운영요령 (회계예규 2200.04-136-21. 2010.9.8.)
가. 공동이행방식
나. 분담이행방식
다. 주계약자관리방식 : 분담이행 하되, 주계약자가 연대책임을 지고 분담이행자는 분담부분만 책임.
(2) Paper joint venture의 문제
(3) 공동수급표준협정서의 내용
가. 공동이행방식 협정서
제3조(공동수급체의 구성원)
공동수급체의 구성원은 OOO회사와 OOO 회사로 하며, 대표자는 OOO로 한다. 대표자는 발주자 및 제3자에 대하여
공동수급체를 대표하며 공동수급체의 재산의 관리 및 대금청구 등의 권한을 가진다.
제6조(책임) 공동수급체의 구성원은 발주기관에 대한 계약상의 의무이행에 대하여 연대하여 책임을 진다.
제11조(구성원 상호간의 책임) 구성원이 분담공사와 관련하여 제3자에게 끼친 손해는 당해 구성원이 분담한다.
제12조(권리의무의 양도제한) 구성원은 이 협정서에 의한 권리의무를 제3자에게 양도할 수 없다.
제13조(중도탈퇴에 대한 조치) 구성원은 발주기관 및 구성원 전원의 동의가 없으면 입찰 및 당해계약의
이행을 완료하는 날까지 탈퇴할 수 없다. 구성원 중 일부가 계약을 이행할 수
없게 되었을 경우(연대보증인도 이행하지 않으면) 잔존 구성원이 이를
이행한다.
제14조(하자담보책임) 공동수급체가 해산한 후 당해 공사에 관하여 하자가 발생하였을 경우에는 분담내용에
따라 그 책임을 진다.
가. 공동이행방식
a. 공사대금채권 : 대표자가 청구하되(공동수급체 구성원 별로 구분 기재된 신청서 제출)
지급은 구성원 각자에게 지급
b. 시공 및 하자담보책임 : 연대책임
c. 선급금반환채무 : 연대책임 대상이 아니며 보증보험증권이나 건설공제조합의 지급보증서 등으로 충당 가능.
나. 분담이행방식
개별청구, 개별 수령. 개별 책임. 하자도 개별 책임.
142
PART II.
목차
1. Legal System
2. 법의 분류
3. Sources of American Law
4. American Court System
5. American Civil Procedure
1. Legal System
145
(1) 국내법과 국제법
다. 섭외사법/ 국제사법
a. 섭외적 사법관계에서 어느 나라 법률을 적용할 것인지 정하는 법
예를 들어 국제결혼과 이혼에서 어느 나라 법이 적용되는가의 문제
146
(2) 공법, 사법 및 사회법
다. 사회법
국가가 공공복리와 국민경제의 정상적 운영을 위해 사법 영역에 간섭하면서 생겨난 공법과 사법의
중간에 위치하는 법(노동법, 경제관련법, 사회보장법, 이자제한법 등).
라. 공법과 사법의 구분
a. 구별 실익 : 사적 자치 v 법치주의, 민사소송 v 행정소송
b. 이익설:국가의 지위에 관한 법은 공법이고, 개인의 이익에 관한 법은 사법.
c. 주체설:권리․의무의 주체가 국가인 법이 공법이고, 사인인 경우는 사법.
d. 법률(권력)관계설:권력 발생의 법은 공법이고, 대등 관계의 법은 사법.
e. 생활관계설:정치생활 관계를 규율하는 법이 공법이고, 민사생활 관계를 규율하는 법이 사법.
147
(4) 실체법과 절차법
나. 절차법 : 실체법에 의해 정해진 권리, 의무의 행사, 보전, 강제, 이행을 규율하는 법(민사소송법,
형사소송법 등).
다. 양자의 관계
148
(5) 강행법과 임의법
가. 강행법
당사자의 의사와 상관없이 그 적용이 강행되어 효력이 발생하는 법(공법).
나. 임의법
당사자의 의사에 따라 그 효력의 발생 여부를 자유로이 할 수 있는 법(사법).
*** 법과 계약의 적용 순위 :
149
(1) 특징
(2) 판례법
(3) 제정법
(4) 기타
150
U.S Supreme Court
미 U.S Court of
국
Appeals for U.S Court of
주대법원
the Federal Appeals [12]
의 Circuit
사 주항소법원
법 U.S Court of U.S District Court
조 Int’l Trade [94]
직 주지방법원
U.S. Bankruptcy
Court [91]
개 U.S Court of
요 Federal
Claims U.S. Tax Court
시군법원
특별법원
151
(1) 개요
152
5. American Civil Procedure
마. 제1심 소송절차
Pleading
Pretrial Conference
Disclosure
Scheduling Conference
Discovery Disclosure
Pretrial Conference
Trial
Judgement
153
(2) 재판상 관련 절차
가. Pleading
나. Discovery
a. 목적
- 사전 증거조사 (실체적 증거 제출)
- 쟁점 명확화 (화해 유도 및 결과 예측)
- 변론절차에서 기습적인 주장, 증거 방지
- 대등한 무기 제공하고 집중적 효율적 재판 진행
b. 범위 : 당해 소송에 관련된 모든 사항
154
5. American Civil Procedure
c. 방법
1. Deposition(증언조서) : oral deposition, written deposition
2. Interrogatories(질문서)
3. Request for Admission (자백의 요구) : 부인하지 않으면 인정 간주.
cf. 내용증명
4. Production of Property (서류 등의 제출 요구)
5. Physical and Mental Examination (신체감정)
(a) 법원의 관여 : 남용의 방지, 비밀보호 등.
(b) Disclosure : 당사자간 초기 협의로 결정(증인, 관련문서, 손해의 근거자료, 보험 등).
라. 재판 없이 하는 판결
a. Summary Judgement
b. Default Judgement
c. Voluntary / Involuntary Dismissal : 법원의 허가 / 법원의 결정
155
(3) 재판 절차
나. Trial by Jury
b. 배심재판을 받을 권리
(a) 연방헌법 수정 제7조 : 소가 20달러 초과하는 소송.
(b) 복잡한 상사거래 : 배심원들의 능력과 한계를 고려하여 행정위원회나 특별법원에서의 재판
c. 배심원 선발
(a) 배심원 후보자 명부
(b) Voir dire (to speak the truth, 예비심문)
(c) Challenge for cause / peremptory challenge
d. 평결의 종류
(a) General verdict
(b) Special verdict
(c) General verdict with interrogatories
(4) 판결
나. 판결의 집행
a. Writ of execution.
157
목차
1. Parties
2. Formation of Contract
3. Mutual Assent
4. Offer
5. Acceptance
6. Consideration
8. Interpretation
a. 대한민국 국민
원칙 : 속지주의(국적법 제2조)
가. 출생 당시 부 또는 모가 대한민국의 국민
나. 출생 전에 부가 사망하면 사망 당시 부의 국적이 대한민국
다. 부모가 모두 분명하지 않거나 국적이 없는 경우 대한민국에서 출생
예외 : 인지, 귀화, 자녀의 수반 취득
160
1. Parties
가. Definition
a. Black’s Law Dictionary(5th ed.) : “an association of persons jointly undertaking some commercial
enterprise. It requires a community of interest in the performance of the subject matter, a right to
direct and govern the policy in connection therewith, and duty, which may be altered by
agreement to share in both profit and losses.”
b. Wikipedia
“Business agreement in which the parties agree to develop, for a definite time, a new entity, and
new assets by contributing equity. They exercise control over the enterprise and consequently
share revenue, expenses and assets.”
Ex) Dow Corning, MillerCoors, Sony Ericsson, Owens-Corning
c. 해외 건설에서의 joint venture : “a business alliance of limited duration formed by two or more
unrelated business or professional entities for the purpose of furnishing engineering, consulting,
procurement, construction, and construction management services by consolidating the skills
and resources of the participants”
161
1. Parties
나. 연혁적 유래
과거 서로 경쟁을 벌이던 미국의 철도 회사들이 공동으로 역이나 플랫폼 설비를 건설할 때 작성한 계약서의
이름. 국제적으로는 프랑스의 셀로판(La Cellophane)사와 미국 듀퐁(Du Pont de Nenours)사가 셀로판
생산을 위해 공동 기업을 세우기로 합의하였을 때 joint venture라는 용어 사용.
다. JV의 설립 유형
파트너
병회사
십병
162
1. Parties
라. 유사 제도와 비교
a. Corporation : a corporation has a continuous and separate existence in perpetuity regardless of the
continued existence of its individual members, but JV exists only as long as its member exists.
163
1. Parties
b. 유사점
한시적으로 특정 목적(프로젝트)을 위해 구성됨
c. 차이점
① JV는 둘 이상의 업체가 지분을 정하여 공사를 수행하는 방식이므로 손익분배, 회계관리, 비용
집행 및 정산 등과 관련한 단일화된 통합 조직이 필요. 반면에 Consortium은 참여업체들이
독자적인 과업의 범위를 갖는 것이 통상적이므로 독립적인 조직으로 회계관리도 독립적으로
하게 되므로 별도의 단일화된 조직은 필요치 않음.
③ Consortium 1) do not have a joint interest in the subject matter of the venture, 2) do not share
in the profits or losses of the venture, 3) do not undertake any fiduciary duty toward
each other unless expressly agreed to under the consortium agreement
164
Contract Documents
•165
165
Offer / Acceptance / Mutual assent /
Consideration
※ Letter of Intent
LOI의 용어에 따라 효력 결정됨
166
THE FORMATION OF A CONTRACT
167
Offeror
Letter of Acceptance
승낙
Letter of Tender 청약(Offer) (Acceptance) Consideration
Offeree
목적(Purpose)
• 계약성립의 시점
- 국내 : 국가계약법에 의거 계약당사자가 계약서에 서명날인한 후부터
- 국제건설 : 발주자가 시공자에게 낙찰통지서(Letter of Acceptance)를 발급하고 이를 시공자가 수령한
후부터
168
계약관리체계(Contract management System) 업무 흐름도(Flow-Chart)
ITB의 검토 및 Proposal 제출
우선협상자 선정
협상(Negotiation)완료
Letter of Acceptance 수령
계약체결(contract Agreement)
착공(Commencement)
준공(Completion)
해외프로젝트 계약 및 클레임(이종수)
169
계약관리체계(Contract management System) 업무 흐름도(Flow-Chart)
Letter of Acceptance 수령
T/F의 구성 :
- 협상 전략 구축
계약체결(contract Agreement) - 시공사의 대안 마련 및 제시
- J.V 멤버간 DOR(Distribution of Responsibility) 협의
- Baseline Schedule 작성
착공(Commencement)
준공(Completion)
해외프로젝트 계약 및 클레임(이종수)
170
계약관리체계(Contract management System) 업무 흐름도(Flow-Chart)
ITB의 검토 및 Proposal 제출
우선협상자 선정
- Project Scheduling 준비
- J.V 멤버간 DOR 세부사항 결정
협상(Negotiation)완료 - 확정된 계약조건 검토 및 유의사항 도출
- Risk 최소화를 위한 전략 수립
- Communication System (전자결재 등) 구축 방안 마련
- 현장구성원 확정(통지기한 및 업무 Procedure 파악)
Letter of Acceptance 수령
- Communication System 구축
- Project Scheduling 협의 및 확정
계약체결(contract Agreement) - J.V Agreement 체결
- Mobilization
- 주요 Purchase Order 준비
착공(Commencement) - 주요 하도급계약 체결 준비
- Performance Bond 준비 및 제출(FIDIC상 28일 이내)
준공(Completion)
해외프로젝트 계약 및 클레임(이종수)
171
계약관리체계(Contract management System) 업무 흐름도(Flow-Chart)
ITB의 검토 및 Proposal 제출
계약체결(contract Agreement)
a. business context의 경우
a. implied-in-fact contracts : 명시적 합의는 없었으나 행동 등으로 합의가 이루어진 것으로 추정.
계약성립 인정되고, 인정된 계약에 따른 법률효과 발생.
173
(1) Bilateral contracts(promise v. promise) & Unilateral contracts (promise v. act)
b. Manifestation (표시)
c. Certainty and Definiteness (청약 내용의 명확성과 정확성) : reasonable person standard
(요건) 1. Subject matter of the proposed bargain
2. Price
3. Quantity
4. Time of performance
174
(3) Invitations to treat (청약의 유인)
a. Advertisement : 일반적으로는 청약이 아닌 청약의 유인, 현상금 광고는 보통 청약. Further
bargaining이 필요하면 청약의 유인임(신문이나 잡지의 광고란에 있는 부동산 매매광고 등).
b. display at shop : 전시된 가격이나 제품 판매 강요 못함.
c. Invitations to bid (입찰공고) :
일반적으로 입찰공고는 청약의 유인으로 해석되며, 시공사의 입찰 (bid 또는 tender)이
청약이고 발주자의 낙찰이 승낙임. 계약체결까지 되어야 승낙이라고 보기도 함.
cf. 아파트 분양광고나 분양안내 책자상의 과장광고
(6) Termination
a. Expiration or lapse of time
b. 당사자 중 일방의 사망 혹은 무능력
c. Changed circumstances : supervening illegality / destruction of subject matter
d. Rejection
e. Counteroffer
f. Revocation (withdrawal) : 도달되어야 철회됨(communication of revocation)
g. Failure of precondition
175
Gibson v Manchester City Council (1979)
176
Termination of an offer Withdrawal must be
communicated
177
(1) 주체
a. 청약의 상대방만
b. 청약의 인식이 필요
(2) 방법
a. 쌍방계약을 위한 청약의 승낙 : 약속이 필수적
b. 일방계약을 위한 청약의 승낙 : 이행과 이행완료사실의 통지가 필수적
(4) 효력발생시기
a. 일반론 : 승낙만 발송(dispatch)으로 그 밖의 의사표시는 수령(receipt) 또는 도달로 효력
발생(도달주의 원칙)
b. Mailbox rule : timely dispatch + proper manner(appropriate care, appropriate medium of
communication)
c. 승낙과 철회가 교차된 경우 : 철회는 도착 시 효력을 발생하므로, mailbox rule하에서 철회가
도착하기 전에 승낙을 발송하면 계약성립.
d. 적용법 : 계약에 적용할 법은 계약이 체결된 주의 법임. 따라서 계약은 승낙이 발송된 주의
법의 적용.
178
Three examples of how a contract can be made
179
(1) Bargain (거래의 요소)
180
6. Consideration ( 상호대가의 교환 또는 약인)
가. 원칙 : 구속력 없음.
나. 제소기간이 경과된 채무의 변제약속 : 구속력 있음.
다. Voidable obligation의 이행 약속 : 구속력 있음.
라. 파산에 의하여 면제된 채무의 변제약속 : 유효
마. 현대의 원칙 : 이전의 경제적 이득으로부터 발생한 것이면, 구속력 있음.
181
Consideration v. Promissory estoppel
182
7. Defenses against formation
(Void or voidable contract, 계약 무효 또는 취소의 사유)
가. Minor
183
나. Mental incapacity : incapable, through drunkenness or mental disability, of understanding the
nature of the transaction.
“the party suffering from mental disability or drunkenness can choose whether or not to terminate
it. Where one party is incapable, through drunkenness or mental disability, of understanding the
nature of the transaction, but the other party does not realize this, the courts will ignore the
incapacity.”
184
7. Defenses against formation
185
7. Defenses against formation
(4) Mistake
가. Mutual mistake: voidable
나. Unilateral mistake : 착오 있는 당사자의 상대방이 착오를 알지 못하였거나 알 수 없었을 경우는
계약 성립되고 취소할 수 없으나, 상대방이 착오를 알았거나 알 수 있었을 경우에는 계약은
성립하지 아니함.
다. Mistake in judgment: 예측 또는 판단의 착오는 항변 불가.
라. 기록상의 착오(mistake in transcription) : 명백하고 설득력 있는(clear and convincing) 증거로
증명한 경우, 서면을 구두로 합의한 사항에 부합하도록 고칠 수 있음(reformation).
마. 이해의 착오(misunderstanding)
더 합리적인 해석을 따르되, 판단불가인 경우는 계약 불성립.
186
7. Defenses against formation
(5) Illegality
가. 일반론: 이행불능으로 해제 혹은 당연 무효.
나. Illegality의 구성요소
a. consideration이나 목적이 위법: 법 위반(도박, 금지된 거래를 목적으로 하는 계약)이나
공서약속(public policy) 위반
b. 간접적으로 위법목적 달성에 기여한 경우는 유효한 계약(모르고 마약을 운반한 경우)이며
무효 주장 못함.
다. 효과
a. Void
b. Severability
c. Locus Paenitentie, Locus poententiae (번의의 권리, 단념의 권리)
d. Not in pari delicto (동등한 잘못이 아닌 경우)
Malum in se(본질적으로 공서양속에 반하거나 자연법상의 범죄행위인 경우) / malum
prohibitum(법률이나 규정에 의해 위법한 것)
187
(1) 당사자간 의사의 불일치일 경우 해석문제
가. 원칙
a. 계약의 문언
b. 객관적 기준 또는 합리적 기준 (합리적인 사람이 이해했을 경우로 해석)
c. 당사자들의 공통된 의도(주관적 해석), 표시자의 의도를 알았거나 알 수 있었던 경우에는
의도대로 해석
d. 교섭경위, 관례, 계약의 성격과 목적, 관행 및 당사자의 후속행위
e. 규범적 해석
f. 보충적 해석(누락 조항의 보충 또는 묵시적 조항)
g. 계약전체에 비추어 해석, 유효해석의 원칙, contra proferentem rule
나. 영국대법원 및 항소법원 판례
객관적 해석방식. 전후 배경이나 당사자들에게 알려진 모든 상황 등을 고려. 계약목적과 전체조항의
내용에 비추어 해석.
다. 국내 대법원의 입장
의사해석의 기본원칙에 입각하여 판단 : 문언의 내용, 동기와 경위, 달성하려는 목적, 당사자의
진정한 의사 등을 종합적으로 고려.
188
(3) Parole evidence rule (구두증거배제의 원칙)
cf. Entire Agreement Clause : The Contract embodied the entire agreement between the Employer
and Contractor relating to the Work, and the parties shall not be bound by or be liable for any
statement, representation, promise, inducement, or understanding of any kind or nature
relating to the Work which is not set forth or provided for herein. No changes, amendments or
modifications of any of terms or conditions of the Contract shall be valid unless reduced to
writing and signed by both parties.
나. Integrity
a. Face of the instrument의 원칙
b. Any relevant evidence의 원칙
라. Modification
189
(4) Print over type, writing over printing
• Contra Proferentem rule의 일반적인 정의는 “의미가 모호하여 객관적으로 다의적으로 해석될 수 있
고 각각의 해석이 합리적인 계약문구 해석∙적용(construction)에 있어서, 그 모호한 문구를 자신에게
유리하게 적용/해석하고자 하는 당사자에게 오히려 불리하게 해석∙적용시킨다.” 이며, 이는 의미가
모호한 ① Contract wordings에 적용되는 것을 물론, 의미가 모호하지 않더라도 ②Exclusion clause
에는 일반적으로 적용된다.
(6) Rule of ejusdem generis(동종 한정의 원칙) (of the same kind)
몇가지를 나열한 후 “other events beyond its control”을 사용해서 조항 내 특정되지 않은 다른
상황들을 포함은 하되, 유사한 상황들로 제한하려는 원칙.
반대로 “shall include, but not be limited to …”라는 문구를 사용하면 특정된 사항들과 전혀 다른
상황들도 기본적인 요건들을 갖추면 법원이 넓게 해석할 수 있도록 하는 목적을 가지고 있음.
190
(7) Prevention Principle과 Time Bar Clause
(8) 사정변경의 원칙
가. 계약성립 당시의 기초적인 사정 또는 상황이 변경됨으로 인하여, 일방 또는 쌍방의 계약당사자가
당초의 계약대로 이행하기가 곤란하거나 불가능한 경우 발생.
나. 이러한 경우, 당초 계약대로 이행을 강제하는 것은 신의칙 및 형평에 맞지 않으므로 당사자
시이에 혹은 제3자에 의하여 계약을 수정 / 해소(해제∙해지)할 수 있도록 허용하는 원칙 .
191
(1) Full and complete performance
(2) Accord and satisfaction
(3) Mutual recession or cancellation
(4) Modification(계약변경)
(5) Novation (更改, 당사자대체계약) : 구채무를 소멸시키고 신채무를 성립시키는 계약으로 채권양도 및
채무인수제도 생기기 전의 제도로 프랑스법에서 유래.
가. 유형: 채권자의 교체/ 채무자의 교체/ 채권의 목적의 변경. 미국에서는 당사자의 변경만을 novation으로
보며, 반드시 3자간 계약이어야 함.
나. 효과: 구채무의 소멸 및 신채무의 성립
(6) Assignment / Delegation: 독일식 제도로 채권양도는 채권자의 변경에 의한 경개, 채무인수는 채무자의
변경에 의한 경개와 동일한 효과. 다만 전체적으로 구채권의 소멸 및 신채권의 성립은 아님.
(7) Impossibility : cannot physically be performed
(8) Frustration : possible but unforeseen event undermines parties principal purpose
→ Impracticability : unreasonably difficult or expensive.
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10. Remedies ( 권리 구제)
(1) 발생 원인
가. Breach of contract: Material Breach, Minor breach
나. Torts
다. Quasi Contract
193
10. Remedies ( 권리 구제)
Cf. 우리 민법 제393조
“채무 불이행으로 인한 손해배상은 통상의 손해를 그 한도로 한다”. 특별한 사정으로 인한 손해는
채무자가 그 사정을 알았거나 알 수 있었을 때에 한하여 배상의 책임이 있다.”(상당인과관계설 채택)
가. 개념
a. 손해가 충분히 확실하게 산정되지 않는 경우
b. 이행의 대체물 구하기 어려운 경우
c. 금전적 손해배상이 불가능한 경우(파산 또는 파산가능성)
d. 부작위를 위한 금지명령(injunction)
cf. injuctive relief
나. 적용
a. 동산계약: 대체물이 없는 경우
b. 토지매매계약
c. 고용계약 : 고용제공에 대한 특정이행이 곤란하나, 경업금지의 injunction은 가능
d. 건설계약
194
10. Remedies ( 권리 구제)
가. penalty(위약금)
손해배상의 예정은 발생한 손해가 얼마가 될지 산정하기 어려운 경우 계약에서 미리 어떤 손해가 발생하면
얼마를 지급하기로 배상액을 약정해 두는 것을 의미. 따라서 위약금과는 달리, 구체적인 배상액수를 확정
할 수는 없더라도 손해 자체는 반드시 있어야 그 지급을 청구할 수 있음.
다. 유의점
(2) 영미법계는 처벌은 공권력에 의하여야 한다는 전제하에 사적인 계약 위반에 대하여 손해배상이 아닌 벌
칙을 부과할 수는 없다고 보고, penalty 약정을 무효. 따라서 우리나라 법이 아닌 외국법이 적용되는 국
제계약의 경우, penalty라는 용어가 나오면 반드시 liquidated damage 즉 손해배상의 예정을 잘못 기재
한 것이 아닌지 살펴 수정하여야 하며, 본래 의미대로의 penalty 즉 위약금을 기재한 것이라면 해당 국
제계약이 적용되는 법률 하에서 penalty약정이 무효가 아닌지를 확인하여야 함.
195
10. Remedies ( 권리 구제)
라. 민법상의 손해배상액의 예정
바. 관계 :
a. 위약금의 약정(위약금과 손해배상액의 예정)은 심리적 경고를 통한 이행확보기능과 손해의
발생 및/또는 손해에 대한 증명곤란의 구제 및 분쟁의 예방 기능.
b. 위약금은 실손해의 배상과 별도로 불이행에 대한 제재로서 지급하는 것으로 전자의 기능만
을 수행하나, 손해배상액의 예정은 두 가지 모두의 기능. 따라서 위약금이 손해배상액의 예
정 외에 추가 제재를 위한 것이면 별도의 명확한 규정 두어야 함.
196
10. Remedies ( 권리 구제)
a. Duty to mitigate
b. Reasonableness
197
목차
1. Torts Liability의 성립
2. Intentional Torts
3. Negligence
4. Strict Liability
(1) Fault
Intent, Negligence, Gross negligence(aggravated negligence, recklessness)
(2) Damage
200
(1) Intention
가. desire/knowledge or belief that certain results are substantially certain to follow from the
actor’s conduct.
Criminal act 와는 구분
나. Motive
다. Malice
라. Intent to harm
(2) 유형
가. Trespass to person
a. Battery(구타,폭행)
b. Assault(폭행위협, 협박)
c. False imprisonment
d. Infliction of mental distress(정신적 가해)
나. Trespass to property
(3) Remedies
가. Punitive damage
나. Nominal Damages
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(1) 요건
가. act or omission
나. duty of reasonable care
다. breach of duty
라. causation
마. damage
나. Violation of statutes
a. 법률에서 명문으로 손해배상청구권을 인정하고 있는 경우
b. 법률에서 규정하고 있지 않은 경우: 간주주의 v. 추정주의
라. Burden of Proof
a. 원칙 : 주장하는 사람이 입증책임을 부담
b. direct evidence & circumstantial evidence
c. Res ipsa loquitur: the act speaks for itself (사실 추정의 원칙): 피고의 무과실 입증 의무
(요건) 1. 피고의 행동에 대한 직접적 증거가 없을 것
2. 사고가 통상 과실 없이는 발생하지 않는 종류일 것
3. 피고가 사고를 일으킬 유일한 사람일 것
4. 사고가 원고나 제3자에 기인한 것이 아닐 것
203
(4) Causation
가. 사실상 인과관계
a. Sine qua non test or “but for” test
b. 인과관계의 중복
① Rule of concurrent liability
② Rule of jointly engaged tortfeasors
③ Substantial factor rule
④ Rule of alternative liability
나. 법률상 인과관계
Foreseeability: 경로, 결과, 또는 피해자에 대한 예견가능성 필요
(5) Damage
(6) Defense
가. Contributory negligence: 책임 없음
cf. last clear chance rule
나. Comparative negligence: 과실상계
다. Assumption of risk
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(1) 요건
주의의무가 안전확보의무인 경우
(2) 유형
가. 동물로 인한 손해
나. 비정상적으로 위험한 활동에 의한 손해
다. Strict product liability
205
목차
1. J/V의 책임문제
3. Governing Law
208
** duty vs obligation
** responsibility vs liability
** 무효(nullification) vs 취소(cancellation)
209
< 용어정리 >
- 해지는 고용, 위임, 소비대차 등 계속적 채권관계에서 계약의 효력을 장래에 향하여 소멸케 하는
일방적 행위를 말하며, 해제는 계약의 효력을 당사자 일방의 의사표시에 의하여 그 계약이
처음부터 있지 않았던 것과 같은 상태로 복귀시키는 것을 말함.
- 즉, 해지는 이제까지의 법률행위 및 법률효과는 유지시키되 해지하는 시점부터 계약을
소멸시키고, 해제는 계약이 처음부터 없게 만들어 당사자간에 원상회복 즉 각자 받은 것을 되돌려
주어야 함.
210
1. Joint Venture 의 책임문제
가. FIDIC의 규정
“If the Contractor constitutes (under applicable laws) a joint venture, consortium or other unincorporated
grouping of two or more persons:
(a) These persons shall be deemed to be jointly and severally liable to the Employer for the performance of
the Contract;:
나. 대외적 제3자에 대한 책임
다. 내부적 책임의 분배
*** 구상권 : 대외적으로 연대책임에 의해 약정된 손해액 이상 책임지게 되는 경우 구성원 상호간에 각자의
책임비율만큼 책임질 것을 청구할 수 있는 권리. 책임 또는 손실분배 비율이 정하여지지 않은 경우는
이익분배비율이 책임부담비율로 간주됨.
211
1. Joint Venture 의 책임문제
- Joint liability :
- Several liability :
212
나. 대안책임과 비례책임(proportionate liability)
213
다. 영국의 연대책임
라. 시공사의 책임
a. 시공사의 확인 의무
b. 시공사의 고지 의무
214
2. Rule of Contra Proferentem
Contra Proferentem rule의 일반적인 정의는 “의미가 모호하여 객관적으로 다의적으로 해석될 수 있고 각
각의 해석이 합리적인 계약문구 해석∙적용(construction)에 있어서, 그 모호한 문구를 자신에게 유리하게
적용/해석하고자 하는 당사자에게 오히려 불리하게 해석∙적용시킨다.” 이며, 이는 의미가 모호한 ①
Contract wordings에 적용되는 것을 물론, 의미가 모호하지 않더라도 ②Exclusion clause에는 일반적으로
적용된다.
215
2. Rule of Contra Proferentem
이러한 Contra Proferentem rule의 적용은 contract form에 반영된 bargaining power에 따라 달라질 수 있
으므로, 어떠한 contract form을 쓰느냐에 따라서 달라질 수 있다.
따라서, SIA는 발주자에게 불리할 수 있는 상황을 방지하기 위해서, 제7에서 contra proferentem rule이
적용 되지 않는다고 명시적으로 rule 자체를 exclusion 시켰다.
3) 우리나라의 약관규제법 제5조 제2항 : 약관내용이 명백하지 않거나 의심스러운 경우에 그 조항은 고객
에게 유리하게, 약관작성자에게 불리하게 제한 해석되어야 하고, 특히 고객에게 불리한 조항은 축소 해석
되어야 한다.
216
1) Governing Law, Applicable law, Proper law
계약의 해석, 성립 및 유효성에 관련하여 기준이 되는 법.
Applicable Law
Governing Law
(당사자가 정한 적용법)
중재지 강행법규
공사지국의 강행법규
(중재시 적용되는 중재에 관
(당사자의 의사와 관계없음)
한 법규)
217
2) 준거법 합의와 강행법규
218
마. FIDIC 계약표준조건이 당사자들이 합의한 준거법상 강행법규와 충돌하는 실무 사례
위약벌이나 손해배상액의 예정은 사실상 효력이 없고, 건설공사 지연의 경우에도 사실상 손해를
입증하는 일반손해배상의 방법에 의하여 손해를 청구할 수밖에 없는 말레이시아 계약법 제75조와
FIDIC 표준계약조건 제8.7항 지연배상금(Delay Damages)과의 상충
219
사. 분쟁국면(중재)에 적용되는 FIDIC 표준계약조건과 다른 강행법규
자. 건설기자재의 소유권 이전의 준거법 : 소재지 국가의 국제사법에 따른 물권의 준거법에 의해 규율.
FIDIC 제7.7조 (Ownership of Plant and Materials) : … become the property of the Employer , earlier
of (a)…is delivered to the Site or (b) Contractor is entitled to payment of….
220
3) 준거법 미지정시의 문제
나. 준거법을 확정하기 어렵거나 준거법 합의가 부존재하는 것으로 해석되는 경우, 뉴욕협약 제1조의
원칙에 따라 중재판정 예정지법 (또는 중재판정예정지를 확인할 수 없을 경우에는 법정지법)의
국제사법에 따라 준거법 결정
221
Ⅰ. 분쟁해결절차 일반
(3) 조정(Conciliation)
가. 사법형 조정제도 : 조정조서의 작성
- 법원조정, 조정담당판사 조정
- 법원부속성 조정 : 법원조정센터 (상임조정위원)의 조정위원회. (전문가 조정위원)
- 법원연계조정 : 대한상사중재원, 서울지방변호사회
나. 행정형 조정제도
- 건설분쟁조정위원회 : 민법상 화해계약의 효력이 있는 조정서
- 환경부의 환경분쟁조정위원회 : 재판상 화해의 효력이 있는 조정조서의 작성
- 공정거래위원회 산하 한국소비자원의 소비자분쟁조정위원회
- 하도급분쟁조정협의회(하도급공정화에관한법률에 따라 대통령령이 정하는 사업자
단체에 설치. 건설협회, 전문건설협회 등) : 공정거래위원회에 보고
- 현재 약 30여개가 있음.
- 재판상 화해의 효력이 있는 것과 민법상 화해와 같은 효력있는 것
다. 형사조정
라. 사적 조정 : 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법의 사적 조정
223
Ⅰ. 분쟁해결절차 일반(계속)
(5) DAB (dispute adjudication board) : 중재전 독립적인 전문가에 의하여 비교적 신속하게
결정을 받는 절차. 프로젝트 종결시까지는 DAB의 결정에 따르고 중재제기 금지. 종결
된 이후에도 DAB의 결정에 대해서는 다툴 수 없도록 하는 방식이 일반적.
- 구성시기 : 상설 DAB와 ad-hoc DAB
- 결정의 효력 : 권고적 효력만 있는 경우와 중재 등에 의한 최종 결정시까지 구속력 있
는 경우
- 패널의 수 : 3인 혹은 1인
- 장점 : 분쟁 해결의 신속성
(6) Arbitration
224
• 사례
• 11. 중재
• 11.1 원만한 합의
• 11.2 중재 재판소
• 본 협정서의 작성, 효력, 종결에 관련된 모든 문제를 포함하여 본 협정서에 명시된 내용
또는 그와 관련된 내용에 관하여 일어나는 모든 분쟁은 국제법에 의거하여 본 협정서가
체결된 시점에서 적용할 수 있는 법적 근거에 따라 법률수단을 거치지 않고서도 세 명의
중재 재판관에 의해 정식 최종 판결이 내려 질 수 있다.
• 11.3 중재 장소
• 중재 장소는 스위스 제네바이다. 중재에 관한 적정법이 별도로 존재하지 않는 경우, 중
재 장소가 속하는 나날의 관련법이 적용된다.
• 11.4. 중재시 사용 언어
• 중재 소송은 영어로 진행된다.
• 11.5 중재 판정의 근거
• 중재 판결은 서면으로 작성된다, 중재 소송에 소요되는 경비와 해당 당사자가 지불해야
할 필요한 경비에 대해서도 중재 재판소가 결정을 내린다.
225
Ⅱ. 국제중재 개시전 절차
1. 국제 중재의 특징
(1) 분쟁해결절차
226
Ⅱ. 국제중재 개시전 절차(계속)
•227
Ⅱ. 국제중재 개시전 절차(계속)
3. 중재합의조항에 포함되어야 할 사항
가. 대표적 중재기관
- ICC
- 영국의 LCIA
- 미국의 AAA/ICDR
- 중국의 CIETAC
- 홍콩의 HKIAC
- 싱가폴의 SIAC
나. 임의중재
228
[참고 1]
AD HOC ARBITRATION
PROCEDURAL ORDER NO. 1:
SPECIFIC PROCEDURAL RULES
in the Arbitration between
Party A (Republic of Korea) (Claimant)
represented by
Mr Jong-Kuk Mun
Attorney-at-law
Sejul
17G AnnJay Tower, 718-2, Yoksam-Dong
Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-080
Korea
and
Ms [Name of Attorney]
Mr [Name of Attorney]
Attorney-at-law
[Name of Law firm]
[Address of Law firm] Geneva, Switzerland
and
Dr [Name of Attorney]
Attorney-at-law
[Name of Law firm]
[Address] Hamburg, Germany
229
[참고 1] (계속)
230
[참고 1] (계속)
1. Detailed Memoranda and Further Written Submissions
1.1 Following the Organizational Meeting (telephone conference) of 4 September 2013, Claimant and
Respondent shall address in detail all relevant matters in additional written submissions
(«Statement of Claim», «Statement of Defence», «Statement of Reply» and «Statement of
Rejoinder») (collectively referred to as «Detailed Memoranda»). To the extent that counterclaims
respectively eventualiter set-off claims are filed, Claimant shall have the opportunity to file an
answer and rejoinder to the counterclaim respectively set-off claim.
1.2 The Arbitral Tribunal shall decide which further written statements, if any, shall be required from the
Parties or may be presented by them.
1.3 The time limits applicable to the Parties’ submissions shall be determined by the Provisional
Timetable after consultation with the Parties.
1.4 The Arbitral Tribunal, after consultation with the Parties, shall set a cut-off date after which the
Parties shall not be entitled to submit new factual allegations and offer new evidence in so far as
they would have had reasons and would have been in a position to submit the new factual
allegations and offer the evidence in question already in their Detailed Memoranda. Afterwards, the
Parties may only submit new factual allegations and offer new evidence for good reasons and
upon express leave by the Arbitral Tribunal.
1.5 The Parties’ Detailed Memoranda shall contain detailed factual allegations with a reasonable
degree of specification. The other Party shall substantiate both its denials and its own factual
allegations with a reasonable degree of specification. Factual allegations and denials shall be
substantiated either in the Memorandum itself or in documentary evidence (cf. Sect. 2) attached to
the Memorandum. The substantiation may not be postponed to witness or expert testimony or to
documents introduced during oral testimony only.
231
[참고 1] (계속)
1.6 The Parties’ Detailed Memoranda shall further set out the evidence on which reliance is placed for each
factual allegation which has been contested or will probably be contested by the other Party by mentioning
as to each of them:
a) the document(s) on which that Party intends to rely (cf. Sect. 2), and/or
b) the name(s) of witness(es) of fact on which that Party intends to rely (cf. Sect. 3.1).
c) the name(s) of expert witness(es) on which that Party intends to rely (cf. Sect. 4.1).
1.7 Substantiated factual allegations of a Party with regard to which the other Party, in its next Memorandum,
does not present denials in a similarly substantiated manner, may be deemed, by the Arbitral Tribunal, to
have been acknowledged by the other Party, but the Arbitral Tribunal is not bound to do so (cf. Sect. 6.1).
1.8 The Arbitral Tribunal may disregard factual allegations and offers of evidence which are not presented with a
reasonable degree of specification or which are otherwise not submitted in full compliance with the
provisions of the present Specific Procedural Rules, but is not bound to do so (cf. Sect. 6.1).
1.9 The Parties shall strictly comply with the time limits set for the filing of any Memoranda and further written
submissions and notifications. For any extension, a reasonable request shall be made promptly after the
need for extension arises and, in any event, before the expiration of the time limit. Time limits which have
been fixed after consultation of a Party shall be extended only in exceptional circumstances or with the
consent of the other Party.
1.10 Unless a Party shows proof that it has been prevented by events outside of its control from respecting the
time limit fixed, the Arbitral Tribunal may disregard a belated notification but is not bound to do so (cf. Sect.
6.1).
232
[참고 1] (계속)
2. Documentary Evidence
2.1 Documents which are at the Party’s disposal: Any document offered as evidence which is ………
… numbered with “CL” respectively “RL”.
2.3 Any documents filed in a language other than English shall be supplied together with an English
translation. Translations shall whenever possible follow the pagination of the translated document.
In the case of voluminous documents and of documents of a technical nature (such as invoices)
and in the case of documents in large numbers, the Party filing them may translate only the
relevant parts. The Swiss legal authorities and case law do not need to be translated. In case of
doubt, the Arbitral Tribunal shall decide the extent of the translation required.
2.4 The Parties shall seek to reach agreement on the accuracy of translations. When a translation
remains disputed despite the Parties’ efforts to reach agreement, the Arbitral Tribunal may require
that the translation be made by a sworn translator or by a translator appointed by the Arbitral
Tribunal itself, at the costs of the Parties.
2.5 All documents, including both originals and copies, submitted shall be deemed to be authentic and
complete, unless disputed by the other Party. In the case of incomplete, illegible or otherwise
unclear copies, the Arbitral Tribunal may request the Parties to provide improved copies or
originals.
233
[참고 1] (계속)
3. Witnesses of Fact
3.1 When offering witness testimony, the Party shall identify the witness by his or her name and address of
residence, his or her relationship to any of the Parties and his or her function with the factual allegation
in question.
3.2 Together with the Detailed Memoranda, the Parties shall produce written and signed statements made
by the witnesses offered pursuant to Sect. 3.1 («Witness Statements»).
3.3 No Witness Statement is required if a particular witness may not be expected to cooperate with the
Party requesting his or her appearance for examination at the witness hearing.
3.4 Should a witness who has submitted a Witness Statement not appear at the hearing without a valid
excuse, the Arbitral Tribunal shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties, assess or disregard his or
her Witness Statement, taking into account all relevant circumstances.
3.5 If the witness appears, his or her examination shall be structured as follows:
a) Direct examination by the requesting Party (if the witness has made a Witness Statement, this
Witness Statement replaces the direct examination and the oral testimony is limited to a brief
introduction of maximum ten minutes),
b) cross-examination by the other Party (limited to the content of the Witness Statement and the
documents the witness has relied on or knowledge of),
c) re-direct-examination by the requesting Party (limited to the content of the cross-examination),
d) follow-up questions by the Parties (limited to the content of the examination by the Arbitral
Tribunal).
The Arbitral Tribunal shall have the right to address the witness and put questions to the witness at all
times.
234
[참고 1] (계속)
3. Witnesses of Fact (cont.)
3.6 The Arbitral Tribunal shall, at all times, have complete control over the procedure in relation to a witness
giving oral evidence, including the right to recall a witness at the request of a Party or on its own motion.
3.7 The Arbitral Tribunal may limit or deny, on its own motion or at the request of a Party, the right of a Party to
examine a witness in direct examination, cross-examination or re-direct-examination if the Arbitral Tribunal
finds that such examination does not serve any relevant purpose.
3.8 Any person, including a Party’s representatives, officers and employees, may give testimony as a witness.
3.9 It shall not be improper for a Party or its Counsel to interview its witnesses or potential witnesses prior to
their hearing for the purpose of establishing the facts relevant to the arbitration, preparing Witness
Statements and preparing for hearings.
3.10. The structure of witness hearings shall be determined by the Arbitral Tribunal’s Procedural Orders after
consultation with the Parties.
3.11 The witness examination shall be in English. If testimonies are made in a language other than English, they
shall, in principle, be translated. In such case, the translator shall be proposed by the Party offering the
respective witness and confirmed by the Arbitral Tribunal. The costs of such translator shall be advanced by
the Party offering the respective witness until the Arbitral Tribunal decides, in an award, on the respective
allocation of such costs.
3.12 Unless the Arbitral Tribunal instructs otherwise, each Party shall take the necessary measures to secure the
appearance of its witnesses.
3.13 With regard to any further points relating to the presentation of witness testimony, the IBA Rules on the
Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration (version adopted on 29 May 2010) shall be consulted for
guidance.
235
[참고 1] (계속)
4. Expert Witnesses
4.1 Each Party shall have the opportunity to file reports or statements by expert witnesses of its own
choice. The provisions on witnesses of fact (cf. Sect. 3) shall apply mutatis mutandis.
4.2 In addition, each Party shall maintain a record of the documents and other evidence made
available to its expert witnesses. The expert witnesses and the Party shall have joint responsibility
to prepare a list of the documents consulted by the expert. Such list will in principle be attached to
the expert report.
4.3 If the Arbitral Tribunal were of the opinion that a tribunal-appointed expert is required, such matter
would first be raised with the Parties. If the Arbitral Tribunal decides to appoint an expert after
hearing the Parties, a Procedural Order relating to the determination sought from the expert would
be submitted to the Parties in draft form before the expert is appointed.
4.4. If either Party seeks the appointment of a tribunal-appointed expert, a request shall be filed setting
out (i) the reasons for which such an appointment is required; (ii) the points to be determined by
the tribunal-appointed expert; and (iii) the reasons for which such Party has not provided a report
of an expert of its choice, if applicable.
4.5 The Parties’ expert witnesses are encouraged to meet prior to any hearing and report to the Arbitral
Tribunal and the Parties on the points on which they can agree and those on which they disagree.
236
[참고 1] (계속)
5.1 The Arbitral Tribunal shall determine the admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight of the
evidence offered.
5.2 The Arbitral Tribunal may also take evidence which has not been presented by the Parties and can
on its own motion order the hearing of witnesses, the production of documents as well as appoint
experts for factual or legal issues.
5.3 Before closing the proceedings, and after consultation with the Parties, the Parties may be granted
an opportunity to present their final comments on the evidence in the form of post-hearing briefs
and/or oral arguments.
6.1 Should one of the Parties fail to observe a time-limit for the submission of a Memorandum or
written submission or to adhere to the requirements of Memoranda as described in Sections 2 to 4,
without giving sufficient reasons for such default or non-compliance, the Arbitral Tribunal may
disregard the factual allegations, denials and offers of evidence submitted in such manner, but is
not bound to do so.
6.2 If one of the Parties fails to appear at a hearing, without showing sufficient cause for such failure,
the Arbitral Tribunal shall proceed with the arbitration.
6.3 The Arbitral Tribunal can take into account unreasonable behaviour of a Party, such as excessive
filing of documents (cf. Sect. 2), excessive legal argument, excessive cross-examination (cf. Sect.
3.5 b), dilatory tactics (cf. Sects. 1.11 and 6.1), exaggerated claims and failure to comply with
procedural orders, when fixing and allocating the costs of the arbitration.
237
[참고 1] (계속)
7. Venue of Hearings
7.1 After consultation with the Parties, the Arbitral Tribunal may, without changing the place of
arbitration, hold hearings and meetings at any other location it considers appropriate, unless
otherwise agreed by the Parties.
8. Confidentiality
8.1 Unless the Parties expressly agree in writing to the contrary, the Parties undertake to keep
confidential all awards and orders in the present arbitration, together with all materials in the
proceedings created for the purpose of the arbitration and all other documents produced by any
Party in the proceedings which have not previously become part of the public domain or have
otherwise previously been known to the other Party without any Party’s breach of its
confidentiality obligations, save to the sole extent that the disclosure may occur as required of a
Party by a legal duty, to protect or pursue a legal right, or to enforce or challenge an award in
bona fide proceedings before a State Court or other judicial of administrative authority.
8.2 The Parties undertake to use their best efforts to ensure that the terms of the present section are
respected by witnesses, experts, counsel and any other individuals who may be granted access
to the materials referred to in Section 2 in the context of the proceedings.
•238
[참고 1] (계속)
9. Settlement
9.1 Subsequent the exchange of the Detailed Memoranda, the Arbitral Tribunal may, upon joint
request by the Parties, give its preliminary, non-binding and provisional assessment of the
dispute or part thereof and assist the Parties in finding a settlement. Neither such assessment
and assistance, nor any knowledge acquired by the Arbitral Tribunal in this connection, may give
rise to a challenge of the arbitrators or of the award in the event that a settlement fails. The
Parties undertake, inter alia, to include the decision-making person(s) in such settlement
discussions.
10.1 All formal pleadings or submissions to the Arbitral Tribunal (including any attachments and
exhibits) shall be delivered as follows:
One original to the Chairman by courier service or registered mail and by e-mail (searchable
PDF, including Exhibits);
One original to each of the Co-Arbitrators by courier service or registered mail and by e-mail
(searchable PDF, without Exhibits); and
One original to Counsel of the other Party by courier service or registered mail and by e-mail
(searchable PDF, including Exhibits).
10.2 All other correspondence, in particular requests for extensions of time limits and mere
organizational communication, shall be sent by e-mail to the members of the Arbitral Tribunal
and to Counsel of the other Party, receipt to be confirmed by return of e-mail.
10.3 The Parties shall promptly notify the Arbitral Tribunal of any changes in the contact details (see
page 1) or other particulars.
239
[참고 1] (계속)
11. Minutes
11.1 The Parties shall arrange for a professional court reporter to take a verbatim record of all
evidentiary hearings. Costs of court reporter shall be split in equal parts between the Parties.
The verbatim record shall be made available to the Parties by the Arbitral Tribunal in electronic
format.
11.2 The Arbitral Tribunal will decide, in a final award, on the final allocation of such costs.
2.1 The sequence of the submissions as well as the structure of any evidentiary proceedings,
additional pleadings, hearings and meetings shall, after consultation with the Parties, be
determined by the Provisional Timetable and Procedural Orders of the Arbitral Tribunal, signed
by the Chairman on behalf of the Arbitral Tribunal.
12.2 The Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal is authorised to set and extend time limits to the Parties
and to sign Procedural Orders alone.
_______________________
Professor [Name]
(Chairman)
240
Ⅱ. 국제중재 개시전 절차(계속)
(2) 중재규칙의 선택
[참고 3. 주요 중재기관 표준조항]
[ICC]
All disputes arising out of or in connection with the present contract shall be finally settled under the Riles of Arbitration of
the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules
[LCIA]
Any disputes arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or
termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the LCIA Rules, which Rules are deemed to be
incorporated by reference into this clause.
The governing law of the contract shall be the substantive law of [________].
[AAA-ICDR]
Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach thereof, shall be determined by arbitration
administered by the International Centre for Dispute Resolution in accordance with its International Arbitration Rules.
241
Ⅱ. 국제중재 개시전 절차(계속)
[SIAC]
Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or
termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration in Singapore in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of
the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (‘SIAC Rules’) for the time being in force, which rules are deemed to be
incorporated by reference in this clause.
[CIETAC]
Any dispute arising from or in connection with this contract shall be submitted to china International Economic and Trade
Arbitration Commission for arbitration which shall be conducted in accordance with the Commission’s arbitration rules in
effect at the time of applying for arbitration. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.
[KCAB]
“Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract shall be finally settled by arbitration in Seoul in accordance
with the International Arbitration Rules of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board”
242
Ⅱ. 국제중재 개시전 절차(계속)
(4) 중재지의 선정
(5) 중재인 숫자 지정
243
Ⅱ. 국제중재 개시전 절차(계속)
5. 본안전 항변절차
244
Ⅱ. 국제중재 개시전 절차(계속)
(1) 중재법 규정
중재법 제10조(중재합의와 법원의 보전처분)
(2) 보전처분의 통지
KCAB 국제상사규칙 제28조 제2항
(3) 중재재판부 구성 전
(4) 중재 재판부 구성 후
245
Ⅲ. 중재절차
- 요청하는 문서가 제출된 서면에 포함된 어떠한 사실적 주장을 뒷받침하기 위한 것인지 특정
하여 요구
246
Ⅲ. 중재절차(계속)
247
Ⅲ. 중재절차(계속)
(3) 건설실무상 쟁점
- 실행예산 공개 : 상업적 기밀 이유로 거절 가능
- 제3자가 작성한 문서 : 사건과의 관련성 및 그 결과에 대한 중요한 영향 여부로 결정
(6) 문서 작성 및 관리
- 공정표, 각종 보고서 등. 특히 엔지니어의 보고서 활용이 중요.
- 담당 직원 퇴사나 이직에 대비한 프로젝트 문서 및 이메일 일괄 정리 시스템
- 회의록은 참석자의 서명 필수
248
Ⅲ. 중재절차(계속)
5. 주장서면 및 증거의 제출
7. 서면 제출절차
(1) 사실관계의 구성 : 전문가의 활용
(2) Scott Schedule : 영국 민사소송 실무상 분쟁당사자의 모든 클레임들을 항목별로 나누어
서 표 형식으로 정리.
9. 심리기일 후 최종 서면(Brief)의 제출
249
[참고4]
AD HOC ARBITRATION
_________________________________________________
PROCEDURAL ORDER NO 3
represented by
Mr Jong-Kuk Mun
Attorney-at-law
Nexus
[Address], Korea
and
250
[참고4] (계속)
and
represented by
Dr Richard Happ
Dr Katrin Liebner
Attorney-at-law
Luther Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft mbH
Gänsemarkt 45
20354 Hamburg
Germany
251
[참고4] (계속)
and
represented by
Dr [ ]
Dr [ ]
Attorney-at-law
20354 Hamburg
Germany
252
[참고4] (계속)
WHEREAS according to the Provisional Timetable (status: 4 June 2014), the Evidentiary Hearing will
take place on 26 to 28 August 2014 in Geneva.
WHEREAS a draft of this Procedural Order was submitted to the Parties on 12 August 2014.
WHEREAS the Parties have submitted their comments on this draft by emails dated ___ August 2014.
WHEREAS the Parties and the Arbitral Tribunal have discussed the suggested amendments and
finalized this Procedural Order during a Pre-Hearing telephone conference held on 18 August 2014. The
Parties did not raise any objection with respect to the conduct of this Pre-Hearing telephone conference.
In view of this hearing, the Arbitral Tribunal issues this Procedural Order No 3:
1. The Evidentiary Hearing will take place in Geneva, Switzerland, in the premises of Lalive, 35, Rue
de la Mairie, 1211 Geneva 6, phone: 0041 (0)58 105 2000.
2. The Evidentiary Hearing will start on Tuesday, 26 August 2014, at 10:00 CET.
3. Claimant and Respondents will each have a maximum of 20 minutes for an Opening Statement.
The Parties may use flip-chart or power-point presentation or similar during their Opening
Statement, although any such form of presentation may not be used to introduce new evidence.
253
[참고4] (계속)
4. The respective Parties’ cross-examination of Dr [Name], [Name] (called by Claimant) as well as Prof
[Names] and Prof Dr [Name] (called by Respondent) shall not exceed ... Minutes.
5. The examination should be divided approximately as follows (cf. Section 3.5 of the Specific
Procedural Rules of 7 October 2013):
i. Direct examination should consist of a very basic presentation of the witness and any correction
or rectification of his testimony, if applicable 10 minutes.
ii. Cross-examination should be limited to the time budget stated in section 4 above.
iii. Re-direct and re-cross examination should be short and limited to new issues brought up during
the course of the cross-examination.
iv. Any examination should be limited to factual allegations already in the file. Other questions may
only be put to the witnesses with prior leave by the Arbitral Tribunal.
7. The Parties may request assistants, co-counsels, representatives from their clients, etc. to be present
at the Hearing. The number and the identity of the persons present at the Hearing on each side shall
be communicated to the Arbitral Tribunal on or before 20 August 2014.
254
[참고4] (계속)
255
[참고4] (계속)
10. The witnesses will be heard in the following order on 28 August 2014:
11. According to Section 3.12 of the Specific Procedural Rules, the Parties are responsible for ensuring
the presence of their witnesses at the hearing.
12. The witnesses may not be in the hearing room prior to being questioned. Parties may decide in their
discretion whether their witnesses are to remain in the hearing room after having given testimony
unless the Arbitral Tribunal, in view of particular circumstances, requests the witness to withdraw.
13. Except during their deposition, witnesses are not allowed to speak to other witnesses, parties,
counsel and arbitrators about the subject-matter of the arbitration.
256
[참고4] (계속)
14. The Arbitral Tribunal may request a witness, in particular expert witness, to remain at its disposal
until the end of the Evidentiary Hearing for confrontation.
15. The witness examination shall be in English (cf. Section 3.11 of the Specific Procedural Rules).
16. The Parties have retained the court reporting services of Ms Robin Nott. The court reporter will be
Ms Ann Loyd. She will take a standard verbatim transcript of the witness depositions. Her services
shall be invoiced, in equal parts, to Claimant and Respondent at the addresses of their respective
Counsel. Such invoicing shall be made without prejudice to the Arbitral Tribunal’s determination on
costs.
_____________________________
Professor []r (Chairman)
257
Ⅳ. 중재판정 집행절차
(1) 중재판정의 승인 및 집행
가. 승인 : 법원이 중재판정에게 우리 법원의 확정판결과 같은 효력을 인정하여 주는 것.
나. 집행 : 중재의 당사자에게 중재판정에 따르도록 강제하는 것.
258
Ⅴ. 개별 중재규칙
2. UNCITRAL
3. ICC
259
UNCITRAL
A. 모델 중재법
1) 중재합의 성립에 필요한 서면상 요건 완화(Option Ⅰ)와 폐지(Option Ⅱ)하는 내용을 동시에 채택
(1) Option Ⅰ : 구술 혹은 (사실)행위 인정, 특정한 중재조항을 인용하는 경우 서면성 요건을
충족하나, 중재합의는 어떠한 형태로든 기록되어야 함
(2) Option Ⅱ : 중재합의의 내용이 명확하지 않을 경우 분쟁의 소지
262
C. 2010 UNCITRAL 국제 중재 규칙
Section 3 : 중재절차
17조-총칙
18조-중재지 Section 4 : 중재판정
19조-중재언어 33조-결정
20조-청구이유서 34조-중재판정의 형식과 효력
21조-답변서 35조-준거법, 형평과 선이에 따른 중재
22조-청구 또는 답변의 수정 36조-화해 기타 절차 종결의 사유
23조-중재판정부 관할에 대한 이의신청서 37조-중재판정의 해석
24조-추가서면 38조-중재판정의 정정
25조-기간 39조-추가판정
26조-임시적처분 40조-비용의 정의
27조-증거 41조-중재인 보수 경비
28조-심리 42조-비용의 배분
29조-중재판정부가 선임하는 감정인 43조-비용의 예납
30조-당사자의 불이행
31조-심리의 종결
32조-이의제기권의 포기
263
C. 2010 UNCITRAL 국제 중재 규칙
Section 1 : 총칙
1조 (적용범위)
- 중재지 중재법의 강행법규가 UNCITRAL 중재규칙에 우선
2조 (통지 및 기간산정)
- 송달기록이 가능한 통지수단 이용
- (지점 또는 승인된 주소가 있는 경우) 전달된 날짜에 통지를 수령한 것으로 간주; 이메일은 승인된 경우에만 사용
- (지정이나 승인된 주소가 없는 경우) 물리적인 방법으로 수신인에 교부되거나, 수신인의 주소, 사무실, 기타 우편주소에
배달되는 경우 수령된 것으로 간주
- 마지막으로, 최후로 알려진 다음날부터 기산 (기간 말일이 공휴일 또는 휴무일이면 그다음 첫 업무개시일까지 연장)
3조 (중재신청통지)
- 중재 신청자 (claimant – “신청인”)는 타방 당사자(를)(“피 신청인”)에게 중재신청을 통지해야 함
- 중재절차는 상대방이 중재신청통지를 수령한 날로부터 개시
- 중재통보에 포함될 사항: (a) 당해 분쟁이 중재로 회부된다는 청구내용; (b) 각 피신청인의 명과 연락사항; (c) 원용하는 중
재합의의 표시; (d) 분쟁 발생의 원인이 된 계약 기타 법률문서에 관한 기술, 없는 경우 법률관계에 대한 간략한 서술; (e)
청구에 대한 간략한 기술과 청구액이 있는 경우, 그 액수; (f) 청구 취지; (g) (협의되지 않는 경우) 중재인 수, 중재언어 및
중재지에 대한 제안
- 중재신청통지의 적절성에 대한 논란은 중재판정부가 최종적으로 판단함.
4조 (중재신청통지에 대한 응답)
- 피 신청인은 중재통지신청 수령 후 30일 이내에 신청인에게 (a) 각 피신청인의 성명과 연락사항; (b) 중재통지서에 기재
된 3조 3항 (c) ~ (g) 것들에 대한 답변을 송달하여야 함;
- 중재신청통지에 따른 응답에 기재할 수 있는 응변 사항: (a) 이 규정에 따른 중재재판부는 관할권이 없다는 항변; (b) 제6
조1항에 따른 임명선정권자 지정 제안; (c) 제 8조1항에 따른 단독 중재인 선정제안; (d) 제 9 or 10조에 따른 중재인선정
통지; (e) 반대신청 또는 상계청구에 대한 간단한 설명 및 (해당되는 경우) 청구액, 구제방법 및 청구취지; (f) 피신청인이
신청인이 아닌 다른 당사자에게 청구를 하는 경우, 제3조에 규정에 따른 중재신청통지
- 피신청인의 응답은 중재재판부의 구성에 지장을 주지 않으며, 응답에 대한 논란은 중재판정부가 최종적으로 판단함
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5조 (대리 및 조력)
- 대리인이나 조력자를 사용하는 경우, 당사자들과 중재재판부에 통지.
- 중재판정부는 언제든지 대리권 수여의 증명을 요청할 수 있음.
6조 (중재인 선정권자)
- 당사자는 언제든지 중재인 선정권자[헤이그 상설 중재 재판소의 사무총장(PCA)포함] 또는 기관을 제안 할 수 있음.
- 제안 30일 이내에 합의를 못하는 경우, PCA 사무총장에게 선정권자 지정요청.
- 중재인 선정권자 지정절차가 진행되는 동안, 해당기간은 개시일부터 합의/지정일 까지 정지함
- PCA 사무총장에게 선정권자 교체 요청 - 선정권자의 직무 거부; 30일 이네에 중재인 선정 실패; 정해진 기간내에 직무
수행하지 못하거나, 중재인 기피신청에 대한 결정을 기간 내에 못 내리는 경우.
- 선정권자와 PCA 사무총장은 당사자나 중재인에게 정보를 요청할 수 있고 자신들의 견해를 제시할 수 있음
- 중재인을 선정 요청 시, 요청 당사자는 선정권자에게 중재신청통지서와 응답서( 있는 경우) 제공.
- 중재인 선정권자는 독립적이고 공정한 중재인을 선정해야 함( 당사자와 다른 국적의 중재인 선정에 대한 타당성을 신
중히 고려해야 함).
Section 2 : 중재판정부의 구성
7조 – 중재인의 수
- 중재통지 후 30일 이내에 단독 중재인에 대한 합의가 없는 이상, 3인의 중재인을 임명.
- 일방 당사자가 단독중재인을 제안한 후 30일 이내에 다른 당사자들의 답변이 없었고, 아직 2번째 중재인을 선정하지
않은 경우, 단독중재인을 선정할 수 있음.
8~10조 – 중재인 선정
- 모든 당사자들이 단독중재인 선정제안 수령일로부터 30일 이내에 합의에 이르지 못하면, 일방당사자의 요청에 따라
중재인선정관리자가 다음 절차에 따라 단독중재인을 선정함.
① 세 사람 이상의 성명이 들어있는 명부를 각 당사자에게 통보
② 명부 수령 15일 이내에 이의있는 사람(들)의 성명을 지우고 나머지 이름에 우선순위를 매겨 선정권자에게 반송
③ 남아있는 사람들 중 우선 순위에 따라 단독중재인 선정
④ 이 절차로도 선정하지 못하게 되는 경우, 중재인선정권자 재량으로 단독중재인 임명.
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8~10조 – 중재인 선정
- 3인의 중재인을 선정하는 경우, 당사자는 각각 1인의 중재인을 선임하고, 선임된 2인의 중재자는 중재재판부 의장 역
할을 할 제3의 중재인을 선정
- 상대방 당사자가 중재인 선정통보 후 30일 내에 선정하지 못하면, 중재인선정권자에 두 번째 중재인의 임명을 요구
- 두 번째 중재인 임명 후 30일 내에, 의장 중재인 선정에 합의하지 못할 경우, 중재인선정권자에 의해 의장 중재인 선정.
- 중재신청인 또는 피신청인이 복수인 경우, 각각 공동으로 중재인 선정
-1인이나 3인이 아닌 다른 숫자의 중재인을 합의한 경우, 그 합의도니 방법에 선정.
- 본 규칙에 따라 중재판정부를 구성하지 못하는 경우, 일방 당사자의 요청에 딸 중재인선정권자가 재량으로 중재판정부
구성
11~13조 – 중재인 기피
- 중재인 선정 후보자는, 자신의 공정성이나 독립성에 대하여 의혹을 야기시킬만한 모든 사정을 밝혀야 한다.
- 공정성과 독립성에 의혹이 있는 중재인은 기피됨
- 자신이 선정한 중재인은 선정한 이후에 알게 된 사유만을 이유로 기피할 수 있음.
- 중재인 역할이나 기능을 제대로 하지 못하는 경우에도 기피함.
- 중재인 기피신청은 중재자 선정 통보를 받은 후 15일 이내에. 또는 상황을 인지한지 15일 이내에 해야 함.
- 기피통지는 기피사유와 함께 상대방 당사자, 기피 당한 중재인, 다른 중재인 들에게 함.
- 기피신청에 대해 다른 당사자들 모두가 이에 동의 하거나 기피신청을 당한 중재인이 사임할 수 있음(그러나, 어떠한 경
우에도 기피신청 근거가 정당하다는 것을 인정하는 것은 아님).
- 중재인 기피통지 15일 내에 모든 당사자들이 이에 합의하지 못하거나 중재인 스스로 사퇴하지 않는 경우, 중재인 기피
를 원하는 당사자는 기피통지로부터 30일 내에 중재인 선정권자에게 결정을 신청함.
14조 – 중재인의 대체
- 보궐 중재인 선정은 제8~10조 그대로 적용
- 일방 당사자의 대체 중재인 선정권이 박탈당하는 경우, 중재선정권자가 (a) 보권중재인의 선정하거나; (b) 심리가 종결
된 이후에는, 나머지 중재인들 만으로 중재를 계속 진행시켜 결정이나 판정을 내리도록 하는 권한을 부여 함.
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16조 – 면책
- 고의적인 부정행위를 제외하고, 당사자들은, 관련 법률에 의거하여 허용하는 최고 한도에서 중재인, 중재인선정권자,
중재판정부에 의하여 임명된 자의 중재와 관련된 행위 또는 부작위에 대하여 청구할 권리를 포기.
Secton 3 : 중재 절차
17조 – 총칙
- 중재판정부는 (1) 본 규칙에 따라서, (2) 당사자들을 공평하게 대우, (3) 각 당사자에게 의견을 진술할 기회를 부여, (4)
재량으로, 불필요한 자체와 경비발생을 피하고 분쟁을 공정하고 효율적으로 해결할 수 있도록 절차를 진행하여야 함.
- 중재판정부는 실행 가능한 한 빨리, 중재에 대한 잠정일정표를 설정하여야 하며, 기간을 연장 또는 단축할 수 있음.
- 중재판정부는 적절한 단계에서 증인 또는 감정인의 증인 또는 구술변론을 위하여 심문을 개최 함; 당사자의 요청이 없
을 시, 증인심문 없이 문서나 기타 자료들 만을 근거로 진행시킬 지의 여부를 결정함.
- 중재판정부에 제출한 모든 교신 내용은 다른 당사자들에게 통고하여야 함(법률에 허용된 범위 내에서 예외적용).
- 중재판정부는 중재합의의 당사자인 제3자(들)을 중재당사자로 병합시킬 지에 대한 결정권이 있음.(병합될 경우, 중재판
정은 하나 또는 각 당사자들에게 별도로 내릴 수 있음).
18조 – 중재지
- 사전 합의가 없는 경우, 중재판정부가 중재지를 결정. 중재 판정은 중재지에서 내려진 것으로 간주함.
- 당사자들이 달리 합의하지 않는 한, 중재판정부는 적절하다 생각되는 어느 장소에서나 모일 수 있음.
19조 - 중재언어
- 중재재판부는 선임된 후 지체 없이 중재에 사용될 언어(들)를 결정 (결정된 언어는 진술서류 또는 구두심문에 적용).
- 청구이유서 또는 답변서의 청부서류, 중재절차진행 중에 제출된 추가증거서류 등이 원어로 되어 있는 경우, 당사자가
합의한 언어의 번역문도 함께 첨부할 것을 명할 수 있음.
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20조 – 청구이유서
- 신청인은 피신청인과 모든 중재인들에게 중재재판부가 정하는 기간 내에 청구이유서 송부.
- 청구이유서 기재사항: (a) 당사자들의 성명과 연락처; (b) 청구를 뒷받침하는 사실의 진술;(c) 쟁점; (d) 청구취지; (e) 청
구를 뒷받침하는 법률적 근거 혹은 주장.
- 청구이유서 첨부사항: (a) 분쟁이 발생하거나 관련된 계약 기타 법률서류 및 중재합의; (b) 가능한 한 신청인이 원용하는
모든 서류 및 증거들 (적어도 증거들에 대한 언급 요).
21조 – 답변서
- 피신청인은 중재판정부가 결정한 기간 내에 신청자과 모든 중재인들에게 답변서를 송부하여야 함.
- 청구이유서에 기재된 제20조 2항 (b)~(e)에 대한 답변이 포함되어 있고 피신청인이 원용하는 모든 서류 기타 증거들이
첨부되어 있으면, 제4조의 답변서 (Statement of Defense)로 간주
- 중재재판부가 관할권을 가지고 있는 경우, 피신청인은 답변서에 또는 중재판정부가 인정하는 경우 이후의 중재절차에
서 반대신청이나 상계청구를 제기할 수 있음.
- 반대신청, 제4조 2항(f)의 청구 및 상계신청을 위한 청구에는 제20조의 2~45항 규정들이 준용됨.
22조 – 청구 또는 방어의 수정
- 당사자는 중재절차 진행 중에 이미 제출한 청구 또는 방어의 내용을 수정하거나 보완할 수 있음 (절차지연, 다른 당사
자들에 대한 이익침해 등을 고려하여 허용여부 결정).
- 반대신청과 상계를 위한 청구관련 수정이나 보완하는 경우, 중재판정부 관할권 밖이면 수정 또는 보완 불가능
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27조-증거
- 각 당사자는 자신의 청구 또는 답변을 뒷받침하는 사실을 입증할 의무가 있음.
- 누구나 증인으로서 사실관계 또는 전문성에 대하여 증언할 수 있으며, 진술은 서명된 서면으로 제출 가능.
- 중재재판부는 중재절차가 진행 중인 어느 시점에서도 당사자들에게 증거서류, 증거물 및 기타 증빙자료 제출 요구가능.
- 중재판정부는 제공된 증거에 대한 증거능력, 증거력 및 비중을 판단함.
28조-심리
- 구술 심리의 경우, 중재판정부는 당사자들에게 심리 일시 및 장소에 대하여 충분히 사전에 통지하여야 함.
- 당사자가 달리 정하지 않는 한, 심리는 비공개로 이루어 짐; 모든 증인은 다른 증인이 진술할 때 퇴장 명령을 받을 수 있
으나, 중재절차의 당사자인 증인 또는 전문가 증인은 원칙적으로 퇴장요청을 받지 않음.
- 증인 또는 전무가 증인이 직접 출석할 필요가 없는 경우(예:화상 회의)통신수단을 통해 증인을 심문할 수 있음.
30조-당사자의 해태
- 정당한 이유 없이 본 규칙 또는 중재재판부에 의하여 정해진 기간 내에
a) 신청인이 청구이유서를 전달하지 못하는 경우, 중재재판부는 중재절차의 종결을 명할 수 있음.
b) 피신청인이 중재신청통지에 대한 응답 또는 답변서를 제출하지 못하는 경우, 중재절차를 계속하되, 응답이나 답변서
를 제출하지 못한 것 자체가 신청자의 청구에 대하여 다투지 아니하는 것으로 간주하지 않음(신청인이 반대신청 또는 상
계를 위한 청구에 대한 답변서를 제출하지 못했을 때도 마찬가지 임).
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30조-당사자의 해태
- 통지 받은 당사자가 정당한 이유 없이 구술심리에 불출석한다 할지라도, 중재판정부는 절차의 계속 진행을 할 수 있음.
- 당사자가 정히 통지를 받았음에도 불구하고, 심리에 불출석하고, 불출석에 대한 충분한 이유를 보여주지 못하는 경우,
중재판정부는 그때까지 제공된 증거를 토대로 중재판정을 내릴 수 있음.
31조-심리의 종결
- 중재판정부는 더 이상 제출할 증거나 신문할 증인 또는 기타 제출사항이 없는 경우 심리종결을 선언할 수 있음.
- 중재판정을 내리기 전에는 중재판정부의 직권 또는 당사자 일방의 요청에 따라 언제든지 심리를 재개할 수 있음.
32조-이의제기권의 포기
- 본 규칙의 규정 또는 중재합의의 요건을 준수되지 않는 것에 대하여 지체 없이 이의를 제기하지 않으면. 정당한 사유를
입증하지 않는 한, 이의제기 또는 권리를 포기한 것으로 간주함
Section 4 : 중재 판정
33조-결정
- 중재판정부가 복수의 중재인으로 구성되는 경우, 중재판정이나 기타 결정은 중재인 과반수의 찬성으로 결정.
- 다수결이 성립하지 아니하거나 중재판정부가 권한을 부여하는 경우, 의장중재인이 단독으로 결정할 수 있음. 단, 이러한
결정은 중재판정부가 번복가능.
34조-중재판정의 형식과 효력
- 중재판정부는 서로 다른 쟁점에 대하여 각기 다른 시기에 각각의 중재판정을 내릴 수 있다.
- 중재판정은 서면으로 작성되며, 그 효력은 최종적이며 당사자에게 구속력을 가짐.
- 중재판정문 기재 사항 : (1) 중재판정의 이유, (2)중재인들의 서명, (3)중재판정 날짜, (4)중재지 (중재인 중 어느 하나라도
서명을 하지 아니한 경우에는, 그 서명이 없는 이유를 기재하여야 함)
- 모든 당사자들의 동의가 있는 경우 또는 법적 권리의 보호나 추구를 위한 경우, 또는 법원에서의 소송이나 다른
관할기관의 절차와 관련되어 당사자에게 법적 의무로서 요구되는 경우에 한하여 중재판정을 공개할 수 있음.
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36조-화해 기타 절차종결의 사유
- 중재판결을 내리기 전, 당사자들이 분쟁 화해에 합의하는 경우, 중재판정부는 중재절차의 종결을 명하여야 함. (화
해조건은 중재판정의 형식 기재함)
- 다른 이유로 인해 중재절차의 계속이 불필요하거나 불가능하게 된 경우, 중재판정부는 당사자들에게 절차종결 명
령을 내리겠다는 의사를 통지하여야 함(중재판정부는 결정되어야 할 사항이 남아있지 않고, 절차의 종결이 적절하
다고 인정하는 경우, 절차의 종결을 명할 권한을 가짐)
- 중재판정부는 중재인이 서명한 중재절차종결 명령서 또는 화해조건에 따른 중재판정문을 당사자들에게 송부하여
야 함.
37조-중재판정의 해석
- 중재판정문 수령후 30일 이내에 일방 당사자는 중재판결에 대한 해석을 중재판정부에 신청할 수 있음.
- 중재판결의 해석은 요청접수 후 45일 이내에 서면으로 작성되어야 하며, 중재판정의 일부를 형성함.
38조-중재판정의 정정
- 일방 당사자는 중재판정문 수령한 후 30일 이내에 중재판정문의 계산상의 오류, 문서기록의 오기나 오류 및 누락
사항에 대한 정정을 신청할 수 있고, 중재판정부는 정당하다고 판단되는 경우, 요청시점으로부터 45일 이내에 정정
하여야 함.
- 중재판정부는 중재판결문 송달 후 30일 이내에 직권으로 정정 가능.
39조-추가판정
- 당사자 일방은 중재종료선언 또는 중재판정문을 수령한 후 30일 내에, 중재절차 시 제시는 했으나 결정하지 못한
사안에 대해 중재판정 또는 추가판정을 요청할 수 있으며, 그 요구가 정당하다고 여겨지면, 중재판정부는 추가판정
요청 60일 이내에 그에 대한 판정을 완결하여야 함.
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40조-비용의 정의
- 중재판정부는 최종 중재판정에 중재비용을 정하고, 적절하다 여겨지면 별도의 결정문에 명시함.
- 비용이라 함은 다음 사항에 한정됨:
⒜ 각 중재인마다 별도로 명시되고 제41조에 따라서 중재판정부가 정할 자신의 보수
⒝ 중재인의 정당한 여행 경비 및 다른 지출
⒞ 중재판정부가 요청한 전문가 또는 다른 지원에 따른 정당한 경비
⒟ 중재판정부가 승인한 한도 내에서 발생한 증인의 합당한 여행 경비 및 다른 지출
⒠ 중재판정부가 정당하다고 결정한 한도 내에서 당사자들에게 발생한 중재 관련 법률 및 기타 비용
⒡ 중재인선정권자의 보수 및 경비와 PCA 사무 총장의 보수 및 비용
- 중재판정의 해석, 정정 및 완료와 관련하여, 중재판정부는 상기 (b)~(f)에 언급된 비용은 청구할 수 있으나, 추
가 비용은 청구할 수 없음.
41조-중재인 보수 및 경비
- 중재판정부에 지급할 보수 및 경비는 분쟁금액, 사건의 복잡성, 중재인이 소모한 시간 및 기타 관련 사항을 감안하
여 그 액수가 합당하여야 함(제1항)
- 중재인 보수를 결정하메 있어서 중재인선정권자가 요율표나 특정한 방법을 적용한다고 서술했다면, 중재판정부는
인정되는 한도 내에서 그러한 요율표나 특정한 방법을 고려.
- 중재판정부 구성 즉시, 적용하려는 요율, 보수와 경비를 어떻게 산정할 것인지에 대하여 당사자들에게 제안->당사
자들은 제안을 받은 후 15일 이내에 중재인선정권자에게 당해 제안의 검토를 요청->검토요청을 받은 후 45일 이
내에 중재판정부의 제안이 제 1항에 위배된다고 결정하면, 중재인선정권자는 당해 제안에 필요한 수정을 가함->중
재판정부에 구속력 발휘(제3항)
- ( 제4항)
(a) 당사자들에게 중재보수와 비용을 통지할 때, 중재판정부는 해당 금액들이 어떻게 산정되었는지 설명해야 함.
(b) 일방 당사자는 보수와 비용에 대한 중재판정부의 결정 통보 15일 이내에 중재인선정권자에게 검토를 요청할
수 있음. 단, 중재인선정권자가 없거나 있어도 행동하지 않는 경우, PCA 사무총장이 검토
(c) 중재인선정권자나 PCA 사무총장이 중재판정부의 결정이 중재판정부의 제안에 반하거나, 명백히 과도하다고
판단하는 경우, 검토의뢰 45일 이내에 중재판정부의 결정을 제1항의 기준을 충족되도록 수정하여야 한다. 이
러한 수정사항은 중재판정부에 구속력을 가진다.
(d) 이러한 수정사항은 중재판정에 포함시켜야 하며, 중재판정이 이미 발부된 경우, 중재판정에 대한 정정으로 반
영됨.
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41조-중재인 보수 및 경비
- 제 3항과 4항에 다른 절차가 진행되는 동안, 중재판정부는 제17조 1항에 따라서 중재를 진행하여야 함.
- 제 4항의 검토요청은 중재판정부의 보수와 경비 이외의 다른 사항과 관련하여 중재판정부에는 영향을 끼치
지 않으며, 모든 부분의 인정과 집행을 지연시키지 않음
42조-비용의 배분
- 원칙적으로 중재비용은 패소판정을 받은 당사자가 부담하나, 중재판정부가 적절하다고 결정하는 경우에는 당
사자들 사이에 배분할 수 있음
- 중재비용의 배분 결정은 최종 중재판정 또는 적절하다 여겨지는 경우 별도의 중재 판정에서 정함
43조-비용의 예납
- 중재재판부는 제 40조 2항⒜~⒞에 명시된 비용을 당사자들에게 선납금으로 예납할 것을 요청할 수 있으며,
중재절차가 진행되는 도중에도 당사자들에게 추가예납을 요청할 수 있다.
- 중재인선정권자가 합의되었거나 지정되고, 당사자 일방이 요청하고 중재인선정권자가 그러한 요청에 응하
는 경우, 중재재판부는 예납금 또는 추가 예납금의 액수를 중재선정권자와 협의 후에만 결정할 수 있으며,
중재인 선정권자는 그러한 예납금 또는 추가예납금의 액수가 적절한지에 대하여 의견을 제시할 수 있다.
- 당사자가 예납금 지급요청을 받은 날로부터 30일 이내에 요청금액 전부를 예납하지 않는 경우, 중재판정부
는 당사자 일방 또는 다수가 예납금 전액을 대납할 수 있도록 각 당사자에게 통지한다. 예납이 이행되지 아
니하면, 중재판정부는 중재절차의 중지 또는 종결을 명령할 수 있다.
- 종결명령이나 최종판정이 이루어진 후, 중재판정부는 예납금을 결산하여 사용되지 않고 남은 예납금 잔액을
수지계산서와 함께 당사자들에게 반납하여야 한다.
273
Ⅴ. 개별 중재규칙(계속)
3. ICC
The New 2012 ICC Arbitration Rules (주요 개정 내용을 중심으로)
개정 ICC 중재 개요
개정 주요 내용
1.일반 조항에 관한 개정
2.긴급 중재인 제도
3.다수 당사자, 참가 및 병합
4.신속하고 경제적인 중재절차 진행
5.중재판정 예정일
6.비공개명령
중재 비용 및 중재인 보수
274
개정ICC 중재 개요
*주요 개정 목표 및 내용의 특징
• 효율성(Efficiency) 제고 : 사건관리회의(Case Management Conference)의 조기 개최를 의무화
• 명확성(Confidentiality) 제고 : 비밀유지 명령(Confidentiality Order)에 관한 규정 신설
• 투명성(Transparency) 제고 : 심리 종결 시 중재판정 예정일을 고지
• 실무상 요구반영 : 긴급중재인 (Emergency Arbitrator)제도 신설
• 상세규정 추가: 다수 당사자, 다수의 계약 및 중재절차의 병합에 대한 상세규정
275
개정ICC 중재 개요
일반조항에 관한 개정
ICC 중재법원만이 ICC 중재규칙에 따라 판정을 검토 및 승인하고 중재를 관리할 권한을 가진 유일한 기관
(제1조 2항)
ICC 중재규칙에 따라 중재하기로 합의하면 당사자들은 ICC중재법원이 중재를 관리하는 것에 동의한 것으
로 간주(제6조 2항)
최근 ‘하이브리드’중재합의 논란 – ICC중재규칙에 따라 중재를 하되 실제 중재의 관리는 ICC가 아닌 다른
중재기관이 하도록 하는 것이 유효한가?
* 사례: “ICC중재규칙에 따라 싱가포르국제중재센터(SIAC)에서 중재한다”는 중재합의를 한 경우, SIAC이
중재를 관리할 수 있으며 이러한 중재합의도 유효한가? (2009 싱가포르 법원 인정)
2. ICC 중재규칙의 적용 범위 확대
3. 분쟁금액의 특정
• 종전 규칙에서는 “청구금액을 표시”(a statement of the relief sought, including, to the extent possible, an
indication of any amount(s) claimed)할 것을 요구하였으나,
• 개정규칙에서는 “정확한 금액을 명기”(a statement of the relief sought, together with the amounts of any
quantified claims and, to the extent possible, an estimate of the monetary value of other claims)할 것을
요구함으로 금전청구의 경우 그 액수를, 기타 청구의 경우에는 금전으로 환산한 가치의 추정액을 명시하
도록 요구(제 4조 3항 d호 및 제5조 5항)
276
긴급중재인(Emergency Arbitrator)제도
2. 긴급중재인 제도의 적용 요건
3. 긴급중재인 선정 및 기피
5. 임시적 처분의 효력
6. 긴급중재인 제도의 비용
신설 조항의 특징
•동일한 계약의 다수 당사자 사이에서 발생하는 분쟁, 동일한 당사자 사이의 다수의 계약에서 발생하는 분쟁
및 제3자의 권리와 의무에 영향을 미치는 분쟁 가능성을 고려하여 신설함.
다수의 계약에 관한 중재
•수개의 계약에 포함되어 있는 중재합의 사이에 상충되는 내용이 없고, 당사자들도 모두 동의하는 경우, 다수
의 계약이 정하는 다수의 중재합의에 따라 제기된 신청을 하나의 절차로 병합하여 해결할 수 있다.(제9조)
그러나 위탁요지서(Terms of Reference)가 서명되거나 ICC법원에 의하여 승인된 후에는 중재판정부의 승인이
있어야 한다.(제23조 4항)
다수 중재절차의 병합
278
신속하고 경제적인 중재절차 진행(Efficiency & Cost-Effectiveness)
중재위탁요지서(TOR)를 작성한 시점 또는 그 이후 빠른 시일 내
“사건관리회의”를 소집하여야 한다.(제24조 1항)
중재판정부는 당사자들의 합의에 반하지 않는 한 “효율적인 사건관리를 위하여 적절하다고 판단하
는 절차적 수단”들을 채택할 수 있다.(제22조 2항)
절차적 수단에는 부칙 4에서 정한 “사건관리기술”중 일부가 포함.(제24조 1항)
279
중재판정 예정일
※절차의 종결이란?
사안들에 관한 최종 심리 또는 최종 서면 제출시점 중 늦게 도래하는 때를 가리킨다.
비공개명령
280
1. International Court of Arbitration
Chairman
Elected by the ICC World Council upon recommendation of the Executive Board of the ICC
Vice Chairman
Appointed by the ICC World Council
Members
Appointed by the ICC World Council on the proposal of National Committees
Term : 3 years
Function
281
Current Membership Members (+ 28 Alternate Members)
Ernesto Lima Mena (El Salvador)
Gustaf Möller (Finland)
Chairman Nasr-Eddine Lezzar (Algeria)
Philippe Boivin (France)
Sergio Le Pera (Argentina)
John Beechey (United Kingdom) Nick Gvinadze (Georgia)
Michael Polkinghorne (Australia)
Klaus-Albrecht Gerstenmaier (Germany)
Günther Horvath (Austria)
Samuel K. B. Asante (Ghana)
Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa (Bahrain)
Vice-presidents Anna P. Mantakou (Greece)
Rafique Ul-Huq (Bangladesh)
Alvaro Rodrigo Castellanos Howell (Guatemala)
Mohammed Chemloul (Algeria) Jacques Lévy-Morelle (Belgium)
Philip Yang Liang-Yee (Hong Kong)
Karyl Nairn (Australia) Juan Carlos Urenda Diaz (Bolivia)
Attila Harmathy (Hungary)
Arnoldo Wald (Brazil)
Vera Van Houtte (Belgium) Haflidi Kristjan Larusson (Iceland)
Assen Alexiev (Bulgaria)
Teresa Yeuk Wah Cheng (China) Dharmasinh Morarji Popat (India)
Mamadou Traore (Burkina Faso)
Mohsen Mohebi (Iran)
Alexis Mourre (France) Thomas H. Webster (Canada)
Michael W. Carrigan (Ireland)
Salim Moollan (France - Mauritius) Roger Hamel-Smith (Caribbean)
Gideon Fisher (Israel)
Jan Paulsson (France - Sweden) Manuel José Vial Vial (Chile)
Luca Radicati di Brozolo (Italy)
Jingzhou Tao (China)
Klaus Sachs (Germany) Hiroshi Oda (Japan)
Nien-Tsu Li (Chinese Taipei)
Ciccu Mukhopadhaya (India) Adib Sami Habayeb (Jordan)
Fernando Mantilla-Serrano (Colombia)
Kap-You (Kevin) Kim (Korea)
Loretta Malintoppi (Italy) Fernando Mora Rojas (Costa Rica)
Adel Amin Nassar (Lebanon)
Claus von Wobeser (Mexico) Narciso A. Cobo Roura (Cuba)
Vilija Vaitkuté Pavan (Lithuania)
Antis A. Triantafyllides (Cyprus)
Vladimir V. Khvalei (Russia) Jean Meyer (Luxembourg)
Alexander J. Belohlavek (Czech Republic)
Laurent Lévy (Switzerland - Brazil) Hery Frederic Ranjeva (Madagascar)
Georg Lett (Denmark)
Chong Wah Wong (Malaysia)
Alan Redfern (United Kingdom) Fabiola Medina Garnes (Dominican Republic)
Fernando Estavillo Castro (Mexico)
Carl F. Salans (United States) Eduardo Carmigniani Valencia (Ecuador)
Géraldine Gazo (Monaco)
Yehia El Gamal (Egypt)
Abdelfattah Bensouda (Morocco)
282
2. Initiation of Arbitration
Respondent
Claimant
T
Answer within 30 days
Answer shall be communicated E If failed to answer, or
Extension may be allowed fails to take part in,
R Court will proceed
May include counter claim
I
Reply to counter claim within 30 days
Extension may be allowed A
T
283
3. Appointment of Arbitrator(s)
Where the parties have not agreed upon the number of arbitrators
Respondent
Notify decision
Claimant
T
Nominate an arbitrator within 15 days
E Notify nomination of Claimant
R
I Nominate an arbitrator within 15 days
from the receipt of notification
A
Chairman shall be appointed by the Court, unless the parties agreed
T
otherwise, upon proposal of a National Committee of the ICC
284
Information to be included in the Request
b) a description of the nature and circumstances of the dispute giving rise to the claim(s);
c) a statement of the relief sought, including, to the extent possible, an indication of any amount(s)
claimed;
e) all relevant particulars concerning the number of arbitrators and their choice in accordance with the
provisions of Article 8, 9 and 10, and any nomination of an arbitrator required thereby; and
f) any comments as to the place of arbitration, the applicable rules of law and the language of the
arbitration
285
Information to be included in the Answer
b) its comments as to the nature and circumstances of the dispute giving rise to the claim(s);
d) any comments concerning the number of arbitrators and their choice in light of the Claimant’s
proposals and in accordance with the provisions of Article 8, 9 and 10, and any nomination of an
arbitrator required thereby; and
e) any comments as to the place of arbitration, the applicable rules of law and the language of the
arbitration
286
Where the parties have agreed upon the number of arbitrators
Respondent
For 3 arbitrators
Claimant
T
Nominate in the Request
E Nominate in the Answer
R Court, unless the parties agreed
Chairman shall be appointed by the
otherwise, upon proposal of a National Committee of the ICC
I
A
T
•287
Challenge of Arbitrators
Replacement of Arbitrators
When an arbitrator is to be replaced, the Court has discretion to decide whether or not to follow the original nomination
process.
Once reconstituted, and after having invited the parties to comment, the Arbitral Tribunal shall determine if and to what
extent prior proceedings shall be repeated before the reconstituted Arbitral Tribunal.
Subsequent to the closing of the proceedings, instead of replacing an arbitrator who has died or been removed by the
Court, the Court may decide, when it considers it appropriate, that the remaining arbitrators shall continue the arbitration.
288
4. Arbitral Proceedings
Place of Arbitration
The place of arbitration shall be fixed by the Court unless agreed upon by the parties.
The Arbitral Tribunal may, after consultation with the parties, conduct hearings and meetings at any location it considers
appropriate unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
The proceedings before the Arbitral Tribunal shall be governed by these Rules and, where these Rules are silent, by any
rules which the parties or, failing them, the Arbitral Tribunal may settle on.
Language of Arbitration
In the absence of an agreement by the parties, the Arbitral Tribunal shall determine the language or languages of the
arbitration, due regard being given to all relevant circumstances, including the language of the contract.
The parties shall be free to agree upon the rules of law to be applied by the Arbitral Tribunal to the merits of the dispute. In
the absence of such agreement, the Arbitral Tribunal shall apply the rules of law which it determines to be appropriate.
289
Arbitral Proceedings
Arbitral Tribunal may decide the case solely on the documents submitted by the parties unless any of the parties requests a hearing
Hearing
Giving reasonable notice, summon the parties
If any of the parties fails to appear, Arbitral Tribunal shall have power to proceed
Arbitral Tribunal shall indicate to the Secretariat an
No further submission or argument may be Closing of the Proceedings approximate date of draft Award submission to the
made except authorized by Arbitral Tribunal Court for approval
290
Particulars to be included in the Terms of Reference
b) the addresses of the parties to which notifications and communications arising in the course of
the arbitration may be made;
c) a summary of the parties’ respective claims and of the relief sought by each party, with an
indication to the extent possible of the amounts claimed or counterclaimed;
g) particulars of the applicable procedural rules and, if such is the case, reference to the power
conferred upon the Arbitral Tribunal to act as amiable compositeur or to decide ex aequo et
bono [according to what is fair and good].
291
Conservatory and Interim Measures
Unless the parties have otherwise agreed, as soon as the file has been transmitted to it, the Arbitral
Tribunal may, at the request of a party, order any interim or conservatory measure it deems
appropriate.
Award by Consent
If the parties reach a settlement after the file has been transmitted to the Arbitral Tribunal, the
settlement shall be recorded in the form of an Award made by consent of the parties if so requested
by the parties and if the Arbitral Tribunal agrees to do so.
Once an Award has been made, the Secretariat shall notify to the parties the text signed by the
Arbitral Tribunal, provided always that the costs of the arbitration have been fully paid to the ICC by
the parties or by one of them.
Every Award shall be binding on the parties.
292
Correction and Interpretation of the Award
293
5. Costs of Arbitration
294
중재 비용 및 중재인 보수
ICC 중재 관리비용
295
중재인 보수 요율
분쟁금액(미국달러) 요율(%)
최저 최고
296
중재인 보수 계산식
최저 최고
분쟁금액
(미국달러) 요율 금액 요율 금액
from 50,001 to 100,000 2.6500% 3,000 + 2.6500% of amt. over 50,000 13.5680% 9,010 + 13.5680% of amt. over 50,000
from 100,001 to 200,000 1.4310% 4,325 + 1.4310% of amt. over 100,000 7.6850% 15,794 + 7.6850% of amt. over 100,000
from 200,001 to 500,000 1.3670% 5,756 + 1.3670% of amt. over 200,000 6.8370% 23,479 + 6.8370% of amt. over 200,000
from 500,001 to 1,000,000 0.9540% 9,857 + 0.9540% of amt. over 500,000 4.0280% 43,990 + 4.0280% of amt. over 500,000
from 1,000,001 to 2,000,000 0.6890% 14,627 + 0.6890% of amt. over 1,000,000 3.6040% 64,130 + 3.6040% of amt. over 1,000,000
from 2,000,001 to 5,000,000 0.3750% 21,517 + 0.3750% of amt. over 2,000,000 1.3910% 100,170 + 1.3910% of amt. over 2,000,000
from 5,000,001 to 10,000,000 0.1280% 32,767 + 0.1280% of amt. over 5,000,000 0.9100% 141,900 + 0.9100% of amt. over 5,000,000
from 10,000,001 to 30,000,000 0.0640% 39,167 + 0.0640% of amt. over 10,000,000 0.2410% 187,400 + 0.2410% of amt. over 10,000,000
from 30,000,001 to 50,000,000 0.0590% 51,967 + 0.0590% of amt. over 30,000,000 0.2280% 235,600 + 0.2280% of amt. over 30,000,000
from 50,000,001 to 80,000,000 0.0330% 63,767 + 0.0330% of amt. over 50,000,000 0.1570% 281,200 + 0.1570% of amt. over 50,000,000
from 80,000,001 to 100,000,000 0.0210% 73,667 + 0.0210% of amt. over 80,000,000 0.1150% 328,300 + 0.1150% of amt. over 80,000,000
from 100,000,000 to 500,000,000 0.0110% 77,867 + 0.0110% of amt. over 100,000,000 0.0580% 351,300 + 0.0580% of amt. over 100,000,000
over 500,000,000 0.0100% 121,867 + 0.0100% of amt. over 500,000,000 0.0400% 583,300 + 0.0400% of amt. over 500,000,000
*계산 예: 분쟁금액이 미화 1,00,000불인 경우, 최저금액은 9,857 + 500,000 x 0.00954 = 14,627불이고, 최고금액은
43,990 + 500,000 x 0.04028 = 64,130불 임. 평균은 (14,627 + 64,130)/2 = 39,378불 임.
297
중재 비용 및 중재인 보수 산출(예)
Number of Arbitrator : 3
Min. $ 14,627
Ave. $ 39,378
Max. $ 64,130
Arbitration
“All disputes arising out of or in connection with the present contract shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the
International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules”
298
국제중재규칙 비교(ICC .vs. KCAB)
위상 세계 주요 국제중재기관 국내 유일 상사중재기관
299
국제중재규칙 비교(ICC .vs. KCAB)
o 하이브리드(hybrid) 중재 효력 불인정
ICC중재규칙 사용. 중재기관을 ICC 중재법원이 아닌 다른
기관이 중재절차 진행 불인정
o 중재규칙 적용범위 확대 : 상업적 성격사건에만 제한하지 않
음 o 국제중재 적용 범위
business dispute만 규정 → dispute - 당사자의 일방의 영업소가 외국에 소재하는 경우
o 중재신청액의 특정 의무 - 당사자의 합의. 중재원의 중재로 합의한 경우
금전채권인 경우 액수, 기타 채권인 경우 금전으로 환산한 o 신속절차 규정 신설
가치의 추정액 특정(반대 신청서에서도 준용) - 신청금액 2억원 이하, 당사자간 합의
o 긴급중재인(Emergency Arbitrator) 도입 - 1인 중재인 선정(사무국), 구술심리 1회
주요
중재판정부가 구성되기전이라도 중재 당사자들이 임시적 또 - 2천만원 이하는 서면심리 가능
개정내용
는 보전적 처분 신청 가능(40,000$ 납부) - 중재판정 : 판정부 구성된 날로부터 3개월 이내
o 복합적 분쟁을 위한 중재제도 o 국제중재위원회의 자문 범위 확대
- 다수 당사자간의 중재 신청 중재인 선정과 관련된 의사결정에 필요한 경우 국제중재위원회
- 중재절차가 진행중에도 새로운 당사자 참가 가능 의 자문
- 다수의 계약에 관한 중재, 다수 중재 절차의 병합 o 중재인 수
o 사건관리(case management) 제도 당사자의 합의가 없는 경우 사무국에서 정함
- 중재판정부가 해당 중재사건에 관한 관리회의를 소집하여
중재절차에 대한 제반사항 정리
o 비공개 명령 : 당사자의 신청에 따라 비밀준수 명할 권리
o 전자적 통신수단 활용 : 전자메일 통신 명시적 인정
국제중재규칙 비교(ICC .vs. KCAB)
o 중재신청 : 사무국 제출
- 당사자 인적사항, 분쟁 본질, 배경, 청구금액, 중재합의, 중
재 장소, 적용법률, 관리비용 예납 등
o 중재신청 : 사무국 제출
- 피신청인에게 신청서와 첨부서류 송부 → 30일내 답변서 제
- 중재비용 예납, 중재합의를 인정하는 서면, 대리인 위임장 등
중재신청 출
중재에 관한 필수기재사항을 반드시 기재
및 개시 - 피신청인 반대신청 : 답변서, 반대신청 원인, 청구취지 등 제
- 피신청인에게 통지 → 30일내 답변서 제출
출
o 원활한 해결이 가능하도록 화해중재판정 규정
o 화해중재판정
- 가능한 시기: 중재기록이 중재판정부에 송부된 이후, 판결로 해
결
301
국제중재규칙 비교(ICC .vs. KCAB)
302
국제중재규칙 비교(ICC .vs. KCAB)
303
국제중재규칙 비교(ICC .vs. KCAB)
304
국제중재규칙 비교(ICC .vs. KCAB)
305
Summary of Arbitration Clauses in FIDIC
both Parties shall attempt amicable settlement before commencement of arbitration. However, unless both Parties
agree otherwise, arbitration may be commenced on or after 56 days after the day on which notice of dissatisfaction
Amicable Settlement
was given, even if no attempt at amicable settlement has been made Pink : the Party giving a Notice of
Dissatisfaction in accordance with Sub-Clause 20.4 above should move to commence arbitration after 56 day from
dispute shall be finally settled by
Final resolution of dispute dispute shall be finally settled by arbitration
international arbitration
unless agreed otherwise Arbitration shall be conducted as follows:-
(a) if the Contact is with foreign contractors
(i) for contracts financed by Banks (except ADB)
under the rules of arbitration of arbitration institutions or arbitration
rules of UNCITRAL(United Nations Commission on International Trade
Law) if stated in Contract Data, or if not stated, ICC rules of arbitration
Rules of Arbitration of the International (ii) for contracts finance by Asian Development Bank
Rules
Chamber of Commerce under the rules of arbitration of arbitration institutions or arbitration
rules of UNCITRAL(United Nations Commission on International Trade
Law) if stated in Contract Data, or if not stated, SIAC(Singapore
International Arbitration Center) Rules
(b) if the Contract is with domestic contractors.
then in accordance with the laws of the Employer's country
three arbitrators, unless otherwise
Number of Arbitrators one or more arbitrators in accordance with the rules
agreed by both Parties
Language language for communication
Place shall be the neutral location specified in the Contract Data
may be commenced prior to or after completion of the Works. The obligation of the Parties, Engineer(Red, Yellow,
Commencement Pink) / Employer(Silver)/Employer's Representative (Gold) and the DB(Pink) shall not be altered by reason of
arbitration during the progress of the Works
306
감사 합니다!