REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL
 Needs male and female
In reproduction.
REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL
 does not need either male
and female in reproduction.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION:
Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot develop much variety, because
they are “copying” the original organism exactly.
This does not allow for evolution of the species. Each organism is the exact
same as its parent.
This process take a relatively short period of time. And can produce 1-100s of
offspring.
 BINARY FISSION

Single-celled organisms
(Amoeba, paramecium,
euglena) which use asexual
reproduction can do so simply
by dividing into two equal
halves.
This is called binary fission.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
BINARY FISSION

Animals divide itself into two.

Example: sea anemone
 When conditions are good, such as plenty of water, food, right
temperatures, etc., binary fission is a very effective way of producing
many, many offspring.
For example, the cell of a Paramecium can divide, grow, and divide
again in the space of 8 hours.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
BUDDING
Outgrowth of parent
organism develops into
new organism.
Example: hydra
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
BUDDING
Outgrowth of parent
organism develops into
new organism.
Example: hydra
 REGENERATION
In this form, the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of
which can produce an offspring.

Pieces of coral broken off in storms A new starfish can grow from
can grow into new colonies. one detached arm.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
REGENERATION

New animal developed

from the detached body.
Example: earthworm and
starfish
 FRAGMENTATION
In this form, the organism fragments into smaller pieces and each piece
forms a new organism identical to its parent.

A flat worm will break into distinct pieces and

each will regrow another smaller organism.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
REGENERATION

New animal developed

from the detached body.
Example: earthworm and
starfish
 PARTHENOGENESIS

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which females produce

eggs that develop without fertilization. Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally
in some invertebrates, along with several fish, amphibians, and reptiles as well as
in many plants.
There are no known cases of parthenogenesis in mammals.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUC
TION:
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
• uses less energy (it is not necessary to find a partner)
• offspring is usually well adapted to its
environment because of the success of its
parent
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUC
TION:
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
• the species does not adapt at all or adapts
very slowly when circumstances change
• an asexual species runs the risk of
suddenly disappearing because of a
catastrophe that affects all organisms
 WHAT IS SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION?
Requiring 2 parents
male and female (egg & sperm)
The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an entirely new organism
Offspring are different from the parent organism.
This process creates a variety of genetic make-up which is the driving
force behind evolution.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Sexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation within a species

than asexual reproduction would.
This variation improves the chances that a species will adapt to his
environment and survive.
 SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
INTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
Male animal releases
sperm cell into the body of
female animal to fertilize
the egg cell.
 SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
Female releases egg in the
environment
 example: frogs and fishes
 MODE OF
REPRODUCTION
OVIPARY
(OVIPAROUS)
Eggs covered are
released by female to the
environment
example: frogs and fishes
 MODE OF
REPRODUCTION
OVIPARY
(OVIPAROUS)
Eggs covered are
released by female to the
environment
example:
VAS DEFERENS =>frogs andfrom
Conveys sperm fishes
the testiss
 MODE OF
REPRODUCTION
OVIPARY
(OVIPAROUS)
Eggs covered are
released by female to the
environment
example:
VAS DEFERENS =>frogs andfrom
Conveys sperm fishes
the testiss
 MODE OF
REPRODUCTION
OVIPARY
(OVIPAROUS)
Eggs covered are
released by female to the
environment
example:
VAS DEFERENS =>frogs andfrom
Conveys sperm fishes
the testiss
 MODE OF
REPRODUCTION
OVIPARY
(OVIPAROUS)
Eggs covered are
released by female to the
environment
example:
VAS DEFERENS =>frogs andfrom
Conveys sperm fishes
the testiss
 MODE OF
REPRODUCTION
OVIPARY
(OVIPAROUS)
Eggs covered are
released by female to the
environment
example:
VAS DEFERENS =>frogs andfrom
Conveys sperm fishes
the testiss
 MODE OF
REPRODUCTION
OVIPARY
(OVIPAROUS)
Eggs covered are
released by female to the
environment
example:
VAS DEFERENS =>frogs andfrom
Conveys sperm fishes
the testiss
 WHAT IS SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION?
Requiring 2 parents
male and female (egg & sperm)
The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an entirely new organism
Offspring are different from the parent organism.
This process creates a variety of genetic make-up which is the driving
force behind evolution.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Sexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation within a species

than asexual reproduction would.
This variation improves the chances that a species will adapt to his
environment and survive.
Sexual Reproduction:
Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)
Combining different genetic material
Sexual Reproduction:
Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)
Combining different genetic material
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ADV.

• increases the genetic variability in

organisms of the same species and even
within the offspring of one couple
• in the long run, allows the best adaptations
to be widespread within a species,
especially in changing circumstances
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ADV.

• the variability of organisms within a

species guarantees that a higher
proportion will survive in perilous
circumstances
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION DIS.

• finding a reproductive partner and

producing gametes demands the output of
a lot of energy
• not only do you need two gametes for
fertilization, one has to be male, the other
Female
• genetic “errors” happen more frequently
because meiosis is more complex than
mitosis and diploid organisms have more
chromosomes to double
 METHODS OF
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
:
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
 EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

External fertilization usually requires a medium such as water, which the

sperms can use to swim towards the egg cell. External fertilization usually
occur in fish and amphibians.
The females lay the eggs in the water and the male squirts the sperm
in the same area.
 INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

Fertilization occurs within the female.

Internal fertilization occurs in mammals, insects, birds, reptiles.
Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats, zebras, and dolphins have live births)
Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs
 SEXUAL VS. ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the

parent organism.
Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically different from the
parent organisms.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
PLANTS

ONLY ONE PARENT

INVOLVED.
example: BANANA
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
Young plant develop from
stem, underground,
leaves and roots.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
RHIZOME

Underground stem that

store foods for the young.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
CORM

Example : banana.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
CORM

Example : banana.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
BULB
Example : ONION=.>
flat ended, rounded stem
with fleshy modified
leaves that store food.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
BULB
Example : ONION=.>
flat ended, rounded stem
with fleshy modified
leaves that store food.
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
TUBER
Example :
POTATO=.>ENLARGED
STEM AND EYES..
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
TUBER
Example :
POTATO=.>ENLARGED
STEM AND EYES..
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
RUNNERS/STOLONS

Horizontal stem and grow

on the ground.
Ex: bermuda ,
strawberry,kangkong
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
LEAVES
Baby plant emerge at the
end of the leaves
Ex:katakataka
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
LEAVES
Baby plant emerge at the
end of the leaves
Ex:katakataka
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
FRAGMENTATION

Organism is form from

detached part of plant.
Ex:mosses,liverworts
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
FRAGMENTATION

Organism is form from

detached part of plant.
Ex:mosses,liverworts
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
SPORE
FORMATION
Organism is form from
spore or only one parent.
Ex: red algae
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
SPORE
FORMATION
Organism is form from
spore or only one parent.
Ex: red algae
 SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
POLLINATION

TRANSFER OF pollen
grains from anther to
stigma
 SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
1. SELF
POLLINATION
TRANSFER OF pollen
grains from anther to
stigma OF THE SAME
FLOWER
 SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
1. SELF
POLLINATION
TRANSFER OF pollen
grains from anther to
stigma OF THE SAME
FLOWER
 SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
1. CROSS
POLLINATION
TRANSFER OF pollen
grains from anther to
stigma OF DIFFERENT
FLOWER
 SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
1. CROSS
POLLINATION
TRANSFER OF pollen
grains from anther to
stigma OF DIFFERENT
FLOWER
 PARTS OF
COMPLETE FLOWER
1. GUMAMELA
 FLOWER PARTS
1. RECEPTACLE

Upper end of flower stalk

 FLOWER PARTS
2. SEPAL

Modified leaves ;protect

the flower
CALYX=>group of sepal
 FLOWER PARTS
3. PETAL

Brightly colored;attract
insects
COROLLA=>group of
PETAL
 FLOWER PARTS
3. STAMEN

MALE PART OF
FLOWER
FILAMENT
ANTHER
 FLOWER PARTS
3. STAMEN
=FILAMENT
Hold 2the anther in
position enough to release
pollen
 FLOWER PARTS
3. STAMEN
=ANTHER
Consinst 2 lobes=> pollen
sacs
 FLOWER PARTS
4. POLLEN GRAINS

Consist THE female part

of flower
Stigma
Style
ovary
 FLOWER PARTS
5. PISTIL OR
CARPEL
Consinst THE MALE
GAMETES
 FLOWER PARTS
OVARY

Contain OVULE=.OVUM
 FLOWER PARTS
STYLE

Connect stigma to ovary

Trap pollen grains
 FLOWER PARTS
STIGMA
Swollen structure at the
end of style
Receive pollen grain
Secrete fluid that stimulate
pollen grain to germinate
 ESTUARINE
ECOSYSTEM
INTERTIDAL ZONE

 where the ocean floor is covered and

uncovered as the tide goes in and
out
 It is affected by the current of water
during daytime and night time.
 ECOSYSTEM
INTERACTION
FOOD CHAIN

 EAT AND EATEN

RELATIONSHIP
 ECOSYSTEM
INTERACTION
FOOD CHAIN

 EAT AND EATEN

RELATIONSHIP
 ECOSYSTEM
INTERACTION
FOOD WEB

 FOOD CHAIN INTERLINKED

 ECOSYSTEM
INTERACTION
FOOD WEB

 FOOD CHAIN INTERLINKED

 ECOSYSTEM
INTERACTION
FOOD WEB

 FOOD CHAIN INTERLINKED

 ECOSYSTEM
INTERACTION
FOOD WEB

 FOOD CHAIN INTERLINKED