BUILDING

UTILITIES -1
Plumbing and Sanitary Systems
Course Code : ARCH 30123

LESSON 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF
OF THE
THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
2. Fundamentals of Water Supply System
Water is constantly in motion by
way of the hydrologic cycle.
Water evaporates as vapor from
oceans, lakes, and rivers; is
transpired from plants;
condenses in the air and falls as
precipitation; and then moves
over and through the ground
into water bodies, where the
cycle begins again. *
The water-use cycle is composed of the water
cycle with the added influence of human activity.
Dams, reservoirs, canals, aqueducts , withdrawal
pipes in rivers, and groundwater wells all reveal
that humans have a major impact on the water
cycle. In the water-use cycle, water moves from a
source to a point of use, and then to a point of
disposition.
The sources of water are either surface
water or groundwater. Water is withdrawn and
moved from a source to a point of use, such as
an industry, restaurant, home, or farm. After
water is used, it must be disposed of (or
sometimes, reused). Used water is either
directly returned to the environment or passes
through a treatment processing plant before
being returned.
2.1. There are three main sources of
water:
1. Rainwater is used in some areas where
water levels in the ground are very deep
or nonexistent. Water runoff from roofs is
collected in cisterns and used for
irrigation purposes. A cistern is a holding
tank for the rainwater. Although rainwater
is usually relatively pure, it may be
contaminated by the atmosphere or the
roof.
2. Surface Water - Water that runs in
streams or is found in depressions,
such as lakes, reservoirs, ponds, or
oceans, is called surface water. Most
areas ordinarily use surface water for
a potable water source. This source
is the most plentiful. However, it is
also the most easily contaminated.
Water must be treated prior to any
form of consumption. Depending on
the number of contaminants, this
process can be quite lengthy and
costly.
3. Underground Water - The
underground surface beneath which
earth materials, as in soil or rock, are
saturated with water is known as the
water table
This level does not always remain at
the same depth. Depending upon
the season or amount of rainfall, it
may move up or down. Underground
water from a well that has been
properly located and constructed is
the safest.
Main Sources of Water
Deep Wells - are by far the
most common source of
water. The object of a well
is to make the water lying
beneath the water table
available for use. If the
water table is close to the
surface, wells are
sometimes dug by hand.
Dug wells are rarely
deeper than 30 feet.
Categories of Water use
1. Commercial water use includes fresh water for motels,
hotels, restaurants, office buildings, other commercial
facilities, and civilian and military institutions.

2. Domestic use includes water that is used in the home

every day, including water for normal household
purposes, such as drinking, food preparation, bathing,
washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and
watering lawns and gardens.
3. Industrial water use is a valuable resource to the nation's
industries for such purposes as processing, cleaning,
transportation, dilution, and cooling in manufacturing facilities.
Major water-using industries include steel, chemical, paper, and
petroleum refining. Industries often reuse the same water over and
over for more than one purpose.

3. Irrigation water use is water artificially applied to farm, orchard,

pasture, and horticultural crops, as well as water used to irrigate
pastures, for frost and freeze protection, chemical application, crop
cooling, harvesting, and for the leaching of salts from the crop root
zone. Non-agricultural activities include self-supplied water to
irrigate public and private golf courses, parks.
 Properties:
Chemical formula H2O

2.2. Properties of Water

Molar mass 18.01528(33) g/mol
Odor None
Density Solid:
0.9167 g/ml at 0 °C
Liquid:
0.961893 g/mL at 95 °C
0.9970474 g/mL at 25 °C
0.9998396 g/mL at 0 °C
Boiling point 99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K)

Melting point 0.00 °C (32.00 °F; 273.15 K)

Solubility Poorly soluble in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and Ethers.
Improved solubility in amines, ketones, alcohols, carboxylates.
Miscible with acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethoxyethane, dimethylformamide,
acetaldehyde, sulfolane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, glycerol, acetone, isopropanol,
propanol, ethanol, methanol.
Partially miscible with Bromine, Ethyl Acetate, Diethyl ether, Dichloromethane.

Acidity (pKa) 13.995

Vapor pressure 3.1690 kilopascals or 0.031276 atm

Basicity (pKb) 13.995

Refractive index(nD) 1.3330 (20°C)

Thermal conductivity 0.6065 W/m·K

Viscosity 0.890 cP
Structure

Crystal structure Hexagonal

Molecular shape Bent

Point group C2v

Dipole moment 1.8546 D
Thermochemistry

Specific heat capacity (C) 75.375 ± 0.05 J/mol·K

Std enthalpy -285.83 ± 0.040 kJ/mol

o
of formation (ΔfH 298)

o
Std molar entropy (S 298) 69.95 ± 0.03 J/mol·K

Gibbs free energy(ΔfG˚) -237.24 kJ/mol