CHILD AND ADOLESCENCE LEARNERS AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES

MODULE 1 – PRE_FINAL

I.INTRODUCTION
Two topics will be discussed in this module , Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development and
Vygotsky’s Socio –Cultural Theory. These theories contribute for effective learning to happen.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Theory –individuals when confronted by
situations where they need to make moral decisions, exercise their own ability to use moral
reasoning. According to
To him, our ability to choose right from wrong is tied with our ability to understand and reason
logically.
While , Vygotsky’s Socio –Cultural Theory- this theory deals that social interaction
plays a vital role in cognitive development. Individual development could not be understood
without looking into the social and cultural context within which development happens. Lev
Vygotsky used Scaffolding as term for the appropriate assistance given by the teacher to assist
the learners accomplish a task.
II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
a.) Identify the Stages of moral development and cite how this theory can be applied to you as
teacher in the future.
b.) Explain why Vygotsky’s theory is called “Socio-cultural and why Scaffolding is useful in
teaching a skill.
lll. LESSSON PROPER.
A. ACTIVITY 1.(Read the situation)
Ryan 17,saved money to buy ticket for the concert. His parents discouraged him not to go as
concert is rowdy and crowd. Band is notorious and some manage to get drunk and stoned
during the concert.Ryan agreed not to watch anymore,But a day before , Nic 15, his brother
saw a ticket for concert at Ryan’s bag and found extra shirt and marijuana ,That night Ryan told
his parents spending the night with his classmates to make assignments but Ryan told Nic he
will go to concert instead,Nic cant sleep that night thinking whether to tell their parents or
not .
If you were NIC ,What would you do I wil tell to my mommy and daddy that Ryan is in the
concert and also they have drugs.______________________________________________
WHY ? __Because Ryan breaking the law or command of parents to do not go to the concert
but Ryan is escaped to watch the
concert.___________________________________________________________________
What are the things you decided to do _____I will tell them that my brother Ryan is going in
concert and in the inside of bag is marijuana._______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2.
Read the situation:
During your childhood ,recall a skill that you wanted to learn eventually you
learned it with the help of another person .
Answer the questions below
 1.What was the skill ?_Drummers_____________.
2. What made you interested to learn the skill?__Because some of my family is
drummers.______________________________

_______________________________________________________________.
1. Who taught and assisted you to learn it?__My
father_________________________________.
2. Describe what steps or actions the person did to help you ?
a.___Balancing_________________________________
b.___Left and Right_________________________________
c.___Focus on the crowd.

ANALYSIS for ACTIVITY 1-Compare your answers

YES- I will tell to parents because if they found out that I knew parents will get angry
and punish me
No – Ryan will make me difficult and punish me
Yes – My parents will reward me for a Cellphone
No- Ryan will grant me more favors for not telling
Yes- Parents will say that I am good boy
No- Ryan will tell me as cool brother
( In this case, NIC is suffering what we call Moral Dilemmas.)
ANALYSIS FOR ACTIVITY 2
1.Give two reasons in the environment influenced you to learn the skill.

a.__Because when they have

event,party,foundation,alumni,competition,festival,or parade they have which is
drummers that’s why they influence me and also my family hobby’s.
______________________________________________
b.__ Because when they have
event,party,foundation,alumni,competition,festival,or parade they have which is
drummers that’s why they influence me and also my family hobby’s.
______________________________________________
ABSTRATION : KOHLBERG
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Theory

Level Stage Description

Preconventional 1 One is motivated by fear of punishment.
Moral reasoning Punishment/Obedience He will act to avoid punishment
is based on What’s in it for me?
consequence/result shows a limited interest in the needs of others,
2
of the act ,not on only to the point where it might further the
Mutual Benefit/ individual’s own interests. As a result, concern
the act itself is good
Instrumental for others is not based on loyalty
or bad. or intrinsic respect, but rather a “you scratch
Orientation
my back, and I’ll scratch yours” mentality. An

Conventional
a child’s sense of
morality is tied to Social Approval /
personal and societal Good Boy, Nice Girl
relationships. Children Orientation
continue to accept the
rules of authority
figures, but this is now
due to their belief that
this is necessary to
ensure positive
relationships and
societal order.
Post -
Conventional
 a person’s sense of
morality is defined in
terms of more
abstract principles
and values. People
now believe that
some laws are unjust
and should be
changed or
eliminated.
Universal Principles
example would be when a child is asked by his
parents to do a chore. The child asks “what’s in
it for me?” and the parents offer the child
an incentive.
3 Children want the approval of others and act in
ways to avoid disapproval. Emphasis is placed
on good behavior and people being “nice” to
others.
Child acts because she values how she appeal
to others.
Give importance on what others will say to
him /her.
4. One is motivated to act in order to uphold the
law
obeying rules by doing what one is “supposed”
Law-and-Order to do is seen as valuable and important.
Orientation  there is an obligation and a duty to uphold
laws and rules
5 Laws are regarded as social contracts rather
than rigid edicts.
Social Contract
-Those that do not promote the general
welfare should be changed when necessary to
meet the greatest good for the greatest
number of people.
-One act because of social justice and the
common good
6 Moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning
using universal ethical principles. Generally, the
chosen principles are abstract rather than
concrete and focus on ideas such as equality,
dignity, or respect.
In this way, the individual acts because it is
morally right to do so (and not because he or
she wants to avoid punishment), it is in their
best interest,
Example :Mother Teresa and Martin Luther

ABSTRACTION –VYGOTSKY SOCIO -CULTURAL THEORY

Social Interaction – he emphasized that effective learning happens through participation in
social activities. Parents, Teachers and other adults in the learning environment contribute to
the process. They explain ,assist and models. Peers cooperate and collaborate to enrich
learning experiences.
 Cultural Factors – he looked into the wide range of experiences that a culture could give to
a child.,
Once culture view’s about education,how children are trained early in life ,all can
contribute to the cognitive development of child.
Language-it opens the door to acquire knowledge for the learners. Essential role of
the activities
To Learning. Children learn best through hands on activities than listening passively.
Learning by doing is fruitful when children interact with peers and adults.
Zone of Actual Development (ZAD) –learner may perform a certain level of
competency.
More Knowledgeable Others (MKO)-competent adult /more advanced peer ,the child can
perform at
A higher level of competency.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)- the difference between the child can
accomplish alone and what she can accomplish with the guidance of adults /peers.
Scaffolding – a support or assistance that lets the child accomplish a task he cannot
accomplish independently
Example :
Unzipping the lunch bag ,opening the food container for him is not
Scaffolding but letting the child unzip and open the food container first before
helping the adult is Scaffolding.
When the MKO scaffolds there are four levels process.
1. I do, you watch
2. I do you help
3. You do ,I help
4. You do ,I watch .
ANALYSIS FOR ACTIVITY 2
2. Did the person use scaffolding? Yes or No
Why ? support your answer .
_Yes ,because to support the term or to assist to accomplished the task
of the learner.________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________.
Application 1
Identify the stages of Moral Development ,Please write in the spaces before the
number
__ Social Approval / Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation ________________1.Joy
allows her classmates to copy her homework so that they will think she is kind and will
like her to be their friends.
__punishment/obedience________________2.Ricky does everything to get passing
grades because his mom will take his play station away if he gets bad grades.
__social contract________________3.Jinky lets Hannah to copy during their Math test
because Hannah agreed to let her copy during Sibika at Kultura.
 ____mutual benefit______________4.Karen decides to return the wallet she found in
the canteen so that people will praise her honesty and think she’s a nice girl.
___ Social Approval / Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation _______________5. Lyka
wears her ID inside the campus because she likes to follow rules and regulation.

____law and order_orientation_____________6. They protested the use of pills for

family planning ,although the government allows it ,this is murder because the pills is
abortifacient (causes abortion)
___universal principles _______________7. John decides to return the pen he found in
the classroom because he believes it is right Even the price is 5 pesos only.
____social contract______________ 8. A jeepney driver looks if there is policeman in
the u- turn slot in an u- turn slots in order to save time.
_____universal principles______________9. Liza volunteers to tutor children at risk in her
community for free so that they will love and stay in school.
____mutual benefit_______________10. Little Riel behaves so well to get a star stamp
from her teacher

List down three ideas on how these stages could help you as future teacher
The three ideas is Being positive relationship, good model, and also being value

APPLICATION 2-VYGOTSKY’S THEORY

A.Give three examples of learning environment in the social interaction that
contribute to
Learning
1.__Promoting mutual respect______________________ 2____Good
modeling_____________________3. ___Teachers and parents
support______________
B. In What way can children best to acquire knowledge 4.__When they play or
games that connected in the lessons just like the songs of Abcd or 1234 that converted to
animals or something that they likes all the kids.__________________________
C. What factor contribute to the cognitive development of a child 5_Cultural
factors___________________
D. Read the paragraph below and answer the question if ZAD,MKO,ZPD,
Scaffolding
Ken is 5 year old boy and a kindergarten learner. One day,he wanted to help
him by his mother to button his school’s uniform. He can button only from first to
third hole.So,his mother continue to do it from 4th to 6th hole of his uniform. A
week after Ken able to button his school uniform without the help of his mother.

Give the situation from the paragraph that best describe the terms below. Write
your answers in the space provided.
 Zone of Actual Development (ZAD) –_____He wanted to help him by his mother
to button his school uniforms.___________________________________
More Knowledgeable Others (MKO)- _____ Ken is perform by his level but first
second third hole is can button only._________________________________
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)-_____ A week after Ken able to button
his school uniform without the help of his mother.
_________________________________
Scaffolding _____They wanted to button the uniform but the mother button the
uniform is not scaffolding but ken can button 1 2 3 4 5 6 without help of his mother it is
the scaffolding.
Fade away technique-
_____________________________________________________