Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9707-7

Deep Learning based Fault Detection in Power

Transmission Lines
T. Sathish Kumar1 , RadheyShyam Meena2 , Mani P.K 3 , S. Ramya4 , K. Lakshmi Khandan5 , Arshad
Mohammed6 , Siva Ramkumar M7
1
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, S.A. Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,
2
M aster Student, Department of IM E, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh , India.
2022 4th International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) | 978-1-6654-9707-7/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIRCA54612.2022.9985700

3
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Vel Tech M ultitechDr.RangarajanDr.Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu , India,
4
Department of M athematics, R.M .K. Engineering College, Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu , India,
5
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, M adanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, M adanapalle, Andhra Prades h
, India,
6
Department of Electrical Engineering, M uffakhamJah College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India,
7
Department of EEE,Karpagam Academy of Higher Education,India.
Corresponding Author: sathishkumart@saec.ac.in

Abstract— The transmission line is crucial in the
electrical system. Transmission lines allow energy to be
transmitted. As the world's demand for power has grown
considerably in recent years, transmission lines have
become increasingly important in electricity transport
from the manufacturing location to the transmission
networksElectrical transmission line safeguarding is a
critical aspect of power system design.since transmission
lines cause 85-87 percent of power system problems
because of fault. By immediately recognizing and
deactivating bad cables before they cause serious
damage, the equipment can be safeguarded. Utility
workers may utilize accurate fault detection to eliminate
persistent problems to prevent power outages and the
occurrence of faults. Fault diagnosis in power lines is
crucial to the protection and improvement of the energy
system. In this research, the type of power transmission
fault is identified using the voltage and current
information. To do this work the data from Kaggle is
utilized and processed. Two Deep Learning (DL)
networks are employed for the classification task. The
two models are Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Both models are
validated using accuracy and loss metrics. From the
comparison, it is found that CNN outperforms the ANN
in terms of accuracy.
Keywords— Power, Transmission line, Fault, Exploration,
Accuracy.
I. INT RODUCT ION
The electrical power system is comprised of
multiple distinct, dynamic, and interdependent components
that are always prone to disruption or electrical failure. The
usage of high-capacity electricity-generating power stations
and the grid, i.e. synchronized power plants and diverse
geographical grids, necessitate speedy fault diagnosis and
operation of protective systems used for the power source to
remain constant.Defects in the transmission lines of the
electrical power system should be recognized, appropriately
diagnosed, and remedied as soon as possible. It is possible to
employ a transmission line's protection system to activate the
other relays that safeguard the power system in the event of
an interruption. A defect detection system that functions
properly provides a dependable, swift, and secure method of
transmission [1].Soon, the electrical system will be
transformed into a "smart grid" that permits bidirectional
energy and data exchange. In a smart grid, as the number of
generations and demand increase, the goal of a stable and
dependable grid operation becomes increasingly crucial. The
transmission system of a smart grid connects many
generations, such as renewable energy resources, to the end -
users. The safety of the smart grid's transmission
infrastructure is crucial to its long-term stability.
Nonetheless, transmission system breakdowns occur owing
to natural calamities, extreme weather, and human
involvement. The protective system of the electrical grid
plays a significant role in reducing the detrimental effects of
faults on the dynamics and stability of this infrastructure. [2].
Various protective relays are utilized to detect, identify, and
discover issues in the transmission line protection system.
Built utilizing both model-based and data-driven techniques,
the post-fault diagnosis tool that utilizes recorded events. In
offline implementation, the purpose of fault diagnostics is to
investigate the nature, location, and cause of the defect in
connection to system interruptions. To diagnose transmission
line faults in digital substations, data-driven methodologies
have been investigated. There are numerous techniques for
detecting and identifying transmission line protection system
problems. Transmission line problems are detected using
over-current, distance, and differential relays, each with a
unique set of properties. Positive, negative, and zero
sequence component components have traditionally been

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9707-7
used to classify system faults with sequence component
distance relays. Sequence component-based relays are
extremely useful for fault classification, but as dispersed
energy generation rises, their efficiency decreases. To
overcome the difficulty of fault categorization, wavelet
transforms, S-transforms, and fuzzy logic-based techniques
have been utilized to improve the analysis of current and
voltage signals. Considered promising for transmission line
fault identification and classification are new data-analytical
approaches [3] specifically Machine Learning (ML) models
[4].
The connectionbetween the line and the ground may
be termed a fault in a transmission line system. A line to
ground fault is a type of three-phased transmission line fault.
Additionally, there are double and triple ground line changes
in measurement data, such as voltage and current signals,
which are commonplace in the complex and essential power
system. Transmission system defects account for roughly 85
percent of all cases [5]. The physical nature of overhead
transmission lines and underground cables, for example,
makes failures inevitable. These problems cause more than
just bodily harm and property loss. These repercussions on
the intricate transmission line network have underscored the
need for prompt detection of the issue. Fault detection is a
process that uses data from protective relays and the current
status of circuit breakers in the protective zone to detect
anomalies in the transmission line. The objective of fault
classification is to categorize defects according to their
nature and the system phase in which they occur. In power
systems, symmetric component-based relays are one of the
most often utilized fault classification algorithms. During a
failure, this method relies solely on the estimation of the
current and voltage signal's fundamental
component.According to a study [6],the polarised voltage
can be utilized to detect phase-phase overcurrent problems in
transmission lines. It is essential to detect faults to prevent
transmission grid failure and the unnecessary tripping of
healthy lines due to the overlap action of protection relays
under fault conditions. When a fault occurs, the magnitude
and direction of voltage and current fluctuate depending on
the type of grid breakdown. On measurements of three-phase
voltage and current, the suggested fuzzy logic-based
approach is based. Utilizing the standard IEEE 9-Bus Bars
transmission grid, the Simulink and SimPower systems tools
in MATLAB were used to implement the test for the fuzzy
scheme. Six-phase-to-phase faults can occur either forward
or backward. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the
fuzzy logic-based directional defect detection system.The
objective of this study [7] is to improve clinical decision -
making and diagnostic accuracy by creating a diagnostic
framework based on computational intelligence approaches.
Using this diagnostic framework, it is possible to analyse
signal data, identify defects, and pinpoint the precise location
of the issue. Using the technique of variational mode
decomposition, the signal processing module may extract a
meaningful time-frequency characteristic from the voltage
and frequency data. Monitoring the binary status of each
node in the power grid, a fault detection module transmits
voltage characteristics to a series of modular support vector
machines. When a node malfunction is discovered, the third
module for locating the issue is activated. In this module, a
new slices general type-2 fuzzy fusion model is implemented
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to aid in fault type identification and false alarm rate
reduction. To obtain consensus, the precise location of the
problem is pinpointed using a recommendation -based
decision support system.
Using MLmethodologies and algorithms, the
research [8] examines the detection of issues in electrical
power transmission lines. In recent years, electricity
consumption has increased significantly but transmission
capacity has lagged. This study illustrates how MLcan be
utilized to categorize the most prevalent transmission line
issues. The proposed methods examine flaws with various
input combinations and generate an accurate result. Spyder is
an integrated development environment used to design
MLalgorithms (Scientific Python Development
Environment). This technique aims to achieve the intended
outcome.In recognizing transmission line issues, [9]
demonstrates how a multi-layer perceptron outperforms
many other ML systems. This study examines a data set
including approximately 12,000 data points with inputs of
three-phase current and voltage. The multi-layer perceptron
method consistently outperforms conventional ML
algorithms in trials. The focus of the essay [10] is on
developing an automated and effective method for finding
anomalies in large datasets. Beginning with visible-light
pictures, Mask R-CNN is used to detect all equipment that
must be evaluated via equipment segmentation. Second,
infrared images are used to determine the equipment's
temperature. Then, severalMLtechniques are employed to
distinguish between normal and abnormal equipment. Using
a typical test set, the Mask R-CNN achieved a mean average
precision of 94.42 percent, which is important for real-time
power transmission line inspection. In addition, our
equipment anomaly detection approach uses a combination
of visible light and infrared pictures to reduce feature
extraction noise, increase classification accuracy, and
precisely locate anomalous equipment inside an image.
The research tries to solve the issues in speed
control of BLDC employed in EV with the help of the
above-mentioned journals (Part I). The mathematical model
of BLDC is identified using the first principal method (Part
II), The tuning techniques and their working are studied (Part
III), Evaluation parameters are detailed with mathematical
formula (Part IV), and the BLDC performance on various
PID tuning is discussed (Part V) and finally conclude which
PID tuning is optimal for BLDC speed control.
II. W ORK FLOW
The workflow of the power transmission fault
detection is detailed in this chapter with the help of the flow
diagram mentioned in figure 1. The steps involved in this
work are:
1. Data: The data is very important for doing any
research. To identify the fault in the power line the
data will be collected from the Kaggle website.
2. Data exploration: The knowledge about the data is
very important tod od the further process. This stage
helps to identify the hidden details in the data,
whether the data contain any missing values, and
whether the data is balanced or not, convert the data
862
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9707-7

into the required form, and plot the input data for be finalized, else the model needs some training,
identifying the characteristics. tuning, etc.
3. Model: The DL mode is developed to get better 5. Output: After designing the model, it will be used to
accuracy in fault detection. The two DLs used in identify the type of defect in the power line
this work are ANN and CNN.
4. Validate: The model quality is checked in this stage.
If the model satisfies this stage, then the model will

Fig. 1. Workflow of fault detection in power line

B. Data exploration
A. Data
Data analytics is a process of analyzing data acquired
The data was collected from the Kaggle website.
from numerous sources to derive meaningful insights from it.
The collected data contains 7861 rows and 10 columns. The
Extract crucial information or insights from raw data by
rows present in the data represent the number of samples and
recognizing patterns in it using this strategy. It allows
the column represents the features and targets. Out of 10
businesses and individuals to make sense of the data they
columns, the 6 columns are features that show the value of
collect[11].
current and voltage in three phases [Ia,Ib ,Ic,Va,Vb ,Vc]. Then
the remaining 4 columns represent the fault type. The
 Even though missing data is a common issue in
variables in the columns are [G C B A], if the entry is [0 0 0
many domains, visualization experts have paid little attention
0] then there is no fault, similarly [1 0 0 1] showsLG, [0 0 1
to it. When there are missing data values, analytical results
1] indicates LL fault, [1 0 1 1] for LLG Fault, [0 1 1 1] gives
can be distorted. There are several methods for replacing
LLL, and finally [1 1 1 1] isused for LLLG fault. The L and
missing values with estimations, but their utility is often
G in the fault represent Line and Ground. Totally 6 faults
reliant on the patterns of missing data. A deeper
are available in the dataset. The data collected from the
understanding of the dataset's missingness patterns and
Kaggle is shown in the figure 2 for reference.
distribution can provide insights into data collection and
processing issues, as well as the distribution of missing
values in the dataset [12].So, it is necessary to check whether
the collected data contains any missing values. Figure 3
shows the test result of the missing value in the dataset. Each
variable contains 7861 non-null values and this helps to
identify that there are no missing values in the dataset.

Fig. 2. Power fault data from Kaggle

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9707-7

Fig. 3. T esting: Null value presence Fig. 5. Plotting of three-phase voltage

 The performance of most typical classifier learning
methods, which presume a generally balanced class
distribution and equal misclassification costs, declines
dramatically when classifying data with an uneven
distribution of classes [13]. Out-of-balance data has a large
number of classes that are not evenly distributed. It is much
more probable that test specimens relating to small class
sizes will be misclassified than test samples belonging to
bigger classes because criteria that anticipate the small class
sizes are uncommon, undiscovered, or neglected. The
distribution of fault is checked and it is given in figure 4. The
results show the total sample in each type of fault is
somewhat nearer and no need to do any balancing process.

Fig. 6. Plotting of three-phase current

 The fault type is identified with the help of values in

the first four columns of the data [G C B A], it is important
to make the four-column output into a single column for easy
computation. This will be done by integrating the column
values. Figure 7 shows the integration results. The last
column in the below figure is the integrated results. Let’s
take the first entry in the below data. The value of G is 1, C
is 0, B is 0, and A will be 1. Then all the values are
combined without changing the order and the results will be
Fig. 4. Power fault distribution 1001 which is entered in the last column. After the
conversion, the first four columns will be deleted.
 Data exploration is the first stage in analysing,
exploring, and visualizing data to provide important insights
or identify patterns or relevant topics to study further as part
of data analytics. In conjunction with automated systems,
charts, infographics, and reports are used. As a result, extract
as much information as possible from the data while also
exposing its underlying structure, identifying any outliers or
irregularities, testing underlying assumptions, and arriving at
the optimal factor settings. The inputs taken in this research
are the voltage and current of each phase (A,B,C). The three-
phase voltage is plotted in figure 5, and the current is plotted
in figure 6.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)
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Fig. 7. Fault column integration
C. Model
DL is an exceptionally successful method for
automatically discovering the best features from enormous
training datasets. DL is being used more in computer vision
applications since contemporary DL approaches are more
accurate than humans at detecting images . As a result, the
use of GPUs has shortened the training time for DL
approaches. Pre-trained networks and labelled datasets are
now available for free.
 Many scientists have been inspired by biology. The
ANN, a biologically inspired technology, is a model of the
human brain. An ANN is a network of nodes, neurons,
dendrites, and synapses connected by arcs that mimic the
behaviour of neurons in the biological brain. Each arc carries
its weight. An activation function activates these arcs to
provide the required outputs. A Neural Network (NN) is a
machine, learning-based computational model. An ANN
executes tasks like perception and recognition faster than a
human brain. Non-linearity is used to define a set of desired
NN inputs [14]. NNis important in MLfor creating a better
categorization approach.
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 An ANN uses the regulation of the brain as a basis
to create computations that can be utilized to simulate
complex cases and expectations. This system's building
components are thousands of neurons functioning with one
another to tackle a specific challenge. To summarise and
predict unobtrusive data, the model can employ information
derived from fundamental sources of information and their
interconnections to generate hidden connections on
nondescript knowledge. Activation effort is required for an
ANN to acquire and understand everything truly
sophisticated. The major reason for their being is to convert
data indicative of an ANN's centre point to a yield signal.
The subsequent layer in the stack is committed to the design
with this yield signal. The weighted total and extra
orientation are used to decide whether or not to activate a
neuron. If don't put the time and effort during development,
our model won't be able to learn. Artificial neural systems
require a coach to represent what should have been delivered
as a reaction to the input. In light of the difference between
the actual and projected values, blunder esteem, also known
as the Cost Function, is processed and transmitted back
through the system. It is divided into tiers of the system and
used to regulate the restriction and capacity for the following
data. To put it another way, attempting to keep the cost
function as low as feasible. As a result, a smaller cost
function indicates that the true incentive is closer to what
was predicted. Yet, whenever the model learns to breakdown
attributes, the inaccuracy decreases significantly.
 CNN is one of the most extensively used and
popular DL networks. CNN's coverage of DL has made it
well-known [15]. While its predecessors could recognize
significant features, CNN could do so automatically and so
became the most popular. CNNs are distinguished from other
forms of NN in three important respects. The fundamental
goals of these three aspects are reduced dimensionality and
calculation speed. In beginning, weak connection denotes the
presence of only local interconnected neurons in
neighbouring layers.
Traditional NN designs, on the other hand, connect every
neuron in layer n to every neuron in layer m-1. As a result of
the sparse connection, the parameters of neurons in layer m
are considerably lowered. According to the sparse
connection concept, nearby pixels possess close connections
whereas remote pixels exhibit weak associations. The use of
standard weights is the next differentiating feature. Neurons
at layer m-1 act as inputs or parameters to neurons at the next
layer in NN.Furthermore, neurons in layer m can be
considered as outputs, as illustrated in this image. The
weight of each input determines the outcome. Layer n
neurons all have similar weights and biases. All neurons
within a given layer collaborate to generate a feature map.
As a consequence, the network's variable count is
lowered.Pooling, or down-sampling, is employed as a final
feature. The characteristics of a rectangle are blended into a
single feature as a result of pooling. Using the pooling
strategy, it is feasible to avoid overfitting.
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9707-7

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The gathered data from Kaggle is processed in this
work for automatic fault identification. To do this work we
join hands with DL models like ANN, and CNN. The result
obtained by both models is discussed in this chapter.
A. ANN result
The ANN model is trained and validated using
80% and 20% of power fault detection data. The accuracy
and loss are used to evaluate the quality of the model. Figure
8 exposed below is the resulting plot obtained by the ANN
model. The figure is composed of two images, the image
present on the left side is the output value of accuracy on
each epoch during training and validating. Similarly , the
right image is the output of loss values. Both plots are
analysed. The accuracy value of ANN starts from 0.73in the
training phase and increases gradually as the epoch
increases. When the epoch reaches 50, the value of accuracy
increases to 0.76 then the previous accuracy rate at epoch
zero, at epoch 100 it again increases to 0.77, at epoch 150,
rises to 0.78, and after this epoch the accuracy becomes
saturated. The validation plot almost follows the same
pattern asthe training phase. The loss value of ANN starts
from 0.58 and decreases gradually as the epoch increases.
When the epoch reaches 50, the value of the loss is reduced
to 0.50 then the previous loss rate at epoch zero, at epoch
100 it again decreasesto 0.47, and at epoch 150, again fallsto
0.46, after this epoch the loss becomesflattened at 0.45.

Fig. 8. ANN model validation

approaches 50, the accuracy rate climbs to 0.8 from the

B. CNN result
The CNN model was also trained and verified using
80% and 20% of power fault diagnosis data, respectively.
The accuracy and loss are being used to assess the model's
performance. The CNN model's result plot is shown in figure
9 below. The graphic is made up of two images; the image
on the left side represents the accuracy output value at every
epoch throughout training and validation. Likewise, the right
image is the result of lost values. Both graphs are examined.
CNN accuracy begins at 0.3 during the training phase and
gradually increases as the epoch advances. When the epoch
previous accuracy rate at epoch zero; at epoch 100, it rises to
0.81, and at epoch 150, it rises to 0.82. After this epoch, the
accuracy becomes saturated at 0.84. The validation plot
almost exactly matches the trend of the training phase.
CNN's loss value begins at 1.8 and rapidly drops as the
epoch grows. When the epoch approaches 50, the value of
loss lowers to 0.4 from the previous loss rate at epoch zero;
at epoch 100, it falls 0.3 again; at epoch 150, it falls 0.25
again; and after this epoch, the loss becomes flattened at 0.2.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)
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Fig. 9. CNN model validation

T ransmission Line," 2021 56th International Universities Power

IV. CONCLUSION
Finding transmission issues when checking
transmission precision is a complex operation. Man -made
forces can cause this situation by using concurrent
overvoltage in the power distribution line. Numerous
operations in the field of power engineering are increasingly
being undertaken to utilize learning methodologies. This
research focuses on fault identification and categorizationin a
3𝜙 transmission line system. In the research method,
3𝜙voltages and currents are employed as featuresof network
models. The data processing and cleaning were done. Each
of these fault patterns can be detected using an ANN or a
CNN. The performance of the two networks is then
compared using numerical simulations. ANN and CNN have
accuracy rates of 78 and 82 percent, respectively. In terms of
performance, the comparison demonstrates that the CNN
outperforms the ANN. Fault in the electrical power
platform's transmission lines must be identified, classified
correctly, and repaired as soon as possible. To eliminate
shortages, the power transmission safety mechanism can also
be utilized to trigger additional relays inside the power grid.
The suggested fault diagnosis system offers an efficient,
trustworthy, fast, and secure relaying capability.
Engineering Conference (UPEC), pp. 1-6, 2021
[7]. H. Hassani, R. Razavi-Far, M. Saif, J. Zarei and F. Blaabjerg,
"Intelligent Decision Support and Fusion Models for Fault Detection
and Location in Power Grids," in IEEE T ransactions on Emerging
T opics in Computational Intelligence, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 530-543, June
2022.
[8]. J. K, K. P, B. T V, and J. A. Kovilpillai J, "Electrical Faults-Detection
and Classification using Machine Learning," 2022 International
Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS), pp.
1289-1295, 2022.
[9]. H. Yang, "T ransmission Line Fault Detection Based on Multi-layer
Perceptron," 2022 International Conference on Big Data, Information
and Computer Network (BDICN), pp. 778-781, 2022
[10]. Z. Shi, Q. Zhao, L. Su, Y. Su, and N. Yan, "Equipment Anomaly
Detection in Power Grids Using DL," 2021 International Conference
on Intelligent Computing, Automation and Systems (ICICAS), pp.
271-275, 2021

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