Physical Education Reviewer competitive, teachers about being

introduce fair play; competitive and

MODULE 1 PART 1 winning medals
ensuring teams are
equally balanced, and trophies.
Physical Education and Sport (PES)
whether that is by
in school is the main societal institution
age, sex, and/or
for the development of physical skills and
the provision of physical activity in ability.
children and young people. For many PE is compulsory in In sports, the best
children, school is the main environment schools and classes players are
for being physically active, through either can be vast, this can selected for the
PES programs or after-school activities. cause problems for club’s first team
(Richard Bailey, 2006 Journal of School the teacher when and those with less
Health) applying rules and skill will be placed
instructions, in a lower
Differences between Physical especially given that performing side.
Education and Sports a proportion of
Physical Education. VS. Sports children do not want Sport is voluntary
Physical Education Sport is an athletic to partake and may and the number of
(PE) is “Training in activity requiring be unruly. participants can
the development of skill or physical vary from club to
and care for the prowess and often The chosen activity club, but the size of
human body; stresses of a competitive for a particular PE group/team can be
athletics; includes nature, as racing, lesson is usually adapted to suit the
hygiene.” baseball, tennis, decided by the requirements of a
http://www.wordweb golf, bowling, teacher and can vary match.
online.com/en/PHYSI wrestling, boxing, from lesson to
CA LEDUCATION. hunting, fishing, etc. lesson. This decision
(http://dictionary.ref can also depend on
erence.com/browse/ the environmental
spor t). conditions and
“It is a taught course The most important equipment available
taken during primary aspect of sport is to that school.
and secondary having fun with the
education that added bonus of
encourages maintaining a good
psychomotor learning fitness level. The
in a play or term ‘sport’ comes
movement from the old French
exploration setting.” deport which
http://en.wikipedia.or means ‘leisure’.
g/wiki/Physical_educa http://en.wikipedia.
ti on. org/wiki/Sport.
The Changing Face of Physical
Although PE can be Sport is more Education
 Games and Play
Old PE Looks like New PE Looks like
this this Play- may not be serious, free
 Large groups,  Small groups; activity standing outside ordinary
limited adequate life, may be intense depending on
equipment equipment for participants, absorbing, no
 Athletes are active
leaders
material interest, has its own
participation boundaries and/ or limitations, can
 Skill related
 All students form through social groups and
 Teacher
have engaged in freely, fun, and lacking
directed
opportunities of restrictions.
 Emphasis on
competition for success
 Health related
 Grades based Games- somewhat more
 Teacher as
on attendance, organized than play and has
coach/guide
dress, skill, playful elements but explicit rules,
 Emphasis on
level, fitness
cooperation
boundaries which can be flexible,
scores
 Grades based
the sequence of actions are
on self- essentially repeatable. Generally,
improvement, rules are agreed upon by
self- participants prior to beginning,
evaluation; usually implying winners and
peer
assessment, losers, can range from simple
skill rubrics diversions to competitions with
significant outcomes governed by
rules.

Sport- is a athletic activity

requiring skill or physical prowess
and often of a competitive nature.
Hence a sport can be a game, but
a game is not necessarily a sport.
Differences among Sport,

MODULE 1 PART 2
Ancient and Modern Olympics

 Historical Foundations

Ancient China
 Early period of education included physical activity, but it did not
last as China took on an Isolationist policy.
 Early versions of soccer, wrestling and archery were evident in
their history.
 Kung Fu was a program of exercises devoted to prevention of
disease through physical activity.
 Dance was popular both for ritual and recreation.

Homeric Greeks
 This era was named after the Greek poet HOMER. He wrote the
Iliad and Odyssey which included the earliest records of athletic
competitions.
 The overall aim of PE was to develop the man of action. Every
citizen was a soldier and physical fitness was a necessity.
 Children acquired their education by imitating the adults, pay
attention to the feast or funeral games, listening to the exciting tales of
the gods, memorizing the great epics, and absorbing the wisdom of the
council meetings.

Spartan Greeks
 Their objective is to contribute to a strong and powerful army.
 Until the age of seven the mother was responsible
for the training of the child.
• Birth – examined by the elders if weak or healthy.
(If weak, throw in Mt. Taygetus and let die; if not it will
be trained.)
• 3 – 4 years old – taught to value their role as
obedient soldiers, girls learned about their responsibility to
bear healthy children. Girls participate in state-of-the-art
Gymnastics and other activities like horseback riding,
wrestling, and swimming.
 • 7 years old – began their military training in barracks with
jumping and running for body conditioning.
• Other activities: swimming, hunting, wrestling, boxing,
playing ball, horseback riding, discus, and javelin throw.
• 20 years old – engaged in intensive military training and
actual warfare.
• 30 years old – qualified for citizenship and were expected to marry. They trained
youth in the public barracks.

Athens Greeks
 They focus on intellect and educational system rather than power. They believe in music
as “soul” and gymnastics as “body”.
 Father determined the child's physical fitness-free
education for children whose fathers killed in
fighting's for Athens.
 Girls remained at home until they marry. No
physical or intellectual education only household arts.
 They did not participate in social and political life
with men.
 Paidotribes – first physical education teacher in
palaestra.
 Gymnasiarch – chief official at the gymnasium.

 4 Special festivals in name for 4 Gods:

• Olympia – in honor of Zeus, the supreme God. Held in western Peloponnesus
district.
• Pythia – in honor of Apollo, the God of light and truth. Held in north of the
Corinthian Gulf.
• Nemea – in honor of Zeus, held at Argolis near Cleonae.
• Isthmia – in honor of Poseidon, the God of the sea. Held at Isthmus of Corith.
• Olive branches – are awarded for the victor/winner of the event.

Roman Empire (27 BC to 476 AD)

 Colosseum became the favorite site for

gladiatorial contests.
 Roman culture used the concept of “sport”
as a means to entertainment to the point
where they used captured slaves as the
competitors or “Gladiators.”
 Gladiators fight for freedom or money
 Ancient Olympics

 Started 776 BC in the Homeric period, led to establishment of regular celebration

 Warrior athletes were expected to perfect their skills.
 Pan-Hellenic Festivals
 Choral and musical events
 Aquatic displays
 The games were solely for men.
 Held every four years in Olympia, in honor of Zeus.

REQUIREMENTS TO BE ELIGIBLE IN OLYMPICS:

 Athletes should be greek-born.
 Had to train for 10 months before the contests (the last month should be in Olympia and
under the guidance of the judges.).
 Athletes were required to take an oath of fair play.
 Open to men from all social classes.
 Victors received a simple wreath of olive branches to symbolize their highly respected
victory.

Games
 Herean Games – Maiden competing in a foot race.
 Stade Race – a foot race, and the only event in the first Olympic games.
 Hand to hand combat events: boxing, wrestling and pancratium.
 Chariot race – two wheeled vehicles pulled by four horses.
 Pentathlon – constitute of discus throw, javelin throw, long jump, stade race and
wrestling.
 The winner in the pentathlon was recognized as the best-all-around athlete
Modern Olympics

On April 6, 1896, the first

modern Olympic Games are
held in Athens, Greece, with
athletes from 14 countries
participating.

At the first modern Olympics,

241 male athletes (and no
women) representing 14
nations competed in 43 events.
America’s James Connolly
became the first modern
Olympic champion when he
won the triple
jump on the opening day of the Games.

Are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions
in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of
competitions.

The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200
nations participating.
The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games
alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart.
 MODULE 2
Sports

CONTENTS

A. What is a Sport?
 Importance and Benefits of sport
B. Classification of Sports
 Individual Sports
 Dual Sports
 Team Sports
C. Other categories in sports
 Outdoor and indoor sports
 Water sports
 Air sports
 Extreme sports
D. Technical and Tactical Skills in playing sports
 Choosing a sport

What is a Sport?

Is an activity that requires physical actions and skills where individuals or teams compete under
a set of rules.

Sport is defined as an activity involving physical

exertion and skill in which an individual or team
compete against another or others for entertainment

Importance and Benefits of Sport

 Sport develops a sense of friendliness among

the children and develop their team spirit.
 Sport helps children to develop mental and physical toughness.
 Sport shapes their body and make it strong and active.
 Playing sports help in strengthening the immune system, maintaining physical
coordination, enhancing body strength and improving mental power.
 Playing sports on regular basis helps in character and health building of any person.
 Students have to participate in school sports to increase confidence, mental alertness,
and self-esteem.
  Sports are important in schools because it helps to teach various skills to students like
leadership, patience, patience, team efforts, and social skills.

Classification of Sports

 are played by one participant on Ex. Boxing, Bowling, golf,

Individual Sports each competing side.
 in individual sports, athletes
compete by themselves.
 foster a higher amount of
discipline, self-confidence, focus,
and passion
 are played by two competing
Dual Sports pairs.
 dual sport (not to be confused
with team sports) is played by
partners (two people) against
another set of partners or a
number of sets of partners.
wrestling, fencing, martial
arts, tennis, ice skating,
skiing, chess, swimming
etc.
Ex. Table tennis doubles,
Badminton doubles, etc.
Note: Most of individual
sports are also played in
dual sports.

 are played by three or more Ex. Floorball, Ultimate,

Team Sports players. Dodgeball, basketball,
 A team sport is any sport which volleyball, handball,
involves participants working baseball, football, etc.
together as they seek to achieve
a shared objective.
 It depends on the collective
effort of all its players

Other Categories in Sports

Outdoor and Indoor Sports – Outdoor sports played in zones such as in the backyard, in vacant
spaces, in the field or basically you can view the sky above. Indoor sports played inside a
gymnasium, in a part of building or in designed facility.
Water Sports – sports thar are carried out in the water.

Air Sports - Air sports are not a single game but quite a vast sporting domain containing
different aerial activities. Games which combine to make up the 'Air sports' include Air Racing,
Aerobatics, Aeromodelling, Hang gliding, Human powered aircraft, Parachuting, Paragliding and
Skydiving etc.

Aerobatics

Paragliding
Extreme Sports – extreme sport or also called free sport, action sport or adventure sport is a
popular term for certain activities which people perceive involve danger. Athletes who are
involved in extreme sports compete not only against other athletes but also against
environmental obstacles and challenges. Ex. Parachuting, rock climbing, wind surfing, bungee
jumping, etc.
Technical and Tactical Skills in playing sports

Technical Skills -These are basic or fundamental skills needed to play the game.

Examples of Technical Skills:

 In basketball (dribbling, passing, and shooting)
 In volleyball (ball reception, attacking/spiking, and setting)

Tactical Skills -These are the decision-making skills or strategies used in different situations
during the game

A basic example is the use of quick pass and movement against a taller but slower opponent in
basketball -The use of tactical decision during a game is called game sense

Five Steps in Teaching Tactical skills

1. Distinguishing the important decision

2. Establishing essential knowledge for athletes
3. Recognizing the signals in situations
4. Giving appropriate tactical options
5. Planning a Practice

Game Planning a Practice Game

1. Preparation/Planning
• Date, time, and duration of training/practice
• Objectives/Goals
• Equipment needed during training/practice
2. Training Proper
• Warm-up/Stretching
• Teaching new skills/practice of previously taught skills
• Scrimmage/Practice game
• Cool down and assessment

Choosing a Sport

Some of the considerations that will guide an individual in their

choice of sports include:

1. Weather extremities (hot or cold) for an outdoor

sports activity.

2. Enjoyment derived from the activity.

3. Previous activities tried and enjoyed.

4. Financial capacity or budget. Activities like skating,

golf, and scuba diving require financial investment on
equipment and actual activity.
 5. State of health and level of fitness. Demand of physical activity may be
excessive for the body, having a conditioning is recommended.

6. Other alternative activities that will give

motivation.