განუსაზღვრელი ნაცვალსახელები

Indefinite Pronouns

განუსაზღვრელი ნაცვალსახელებია:
Some, any, every და მათი დერივატივები: Somebody, someone, something, anybody,
anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, each, both, all, either, other, another,
others, the other, the others, აგრეთვე many, much, few, little.

 განუსაზღვრელი ნაცვალსახელები ორ ჯგუფად იყოფა. პირველ კატეგორიაში

შემავალ ნაცვალსახელებს განეკუთვნება ის ნაცვალსახელები, რომლებიც არ
მიუთითებენ რაიმე გარკვეულ პირზე ან საგანზე.

ამ კატეგორიას შემდეგი ნაცვალსახელები მიეკუთვნება:

 anybody  anyone
 anything  everybody
 everyone  everything
 nobody  none
 no one  nothing
 somebody  someone
 something

 განუსაზღვრელი ნაცვალსახელების მეორე კატეგორიას განეკუთვნება ის

ნაცვალსახელები, რომლებიც მიუთითებენ გარკვეულ პირზე ან საგანზე.
ამ კატეგორიაში შემავალი ნაცვალსახელებია:

 all  another
 any  both
 each  either
 few  many
 neither  one
 some  several
  განუსაზღვრელი ნაცვალსახელი შესაძლოა იყოს მხოლობით ან მრავლობით
რიცხვში. მრავლობით რიცხვში მდგარ განუსაზღვრელ ნაცვალსახელს ზმნაც
მრავლობით რიცხვში შეეწყობა. მხოლობით რიცხვში მდგარს კი მხოლობით
რიცხვში.
განუსაზღვრელი ნაცვალსახელები, რომლ;ებიც ბოლოვდებიან შემდეგი
სიტყვებით:-one - ით ან body- ით ყოველთვის მხოლობით რიცხვში დგანან.

 მხოლობით რიცხვში მდგარ არსებით სახელებთან ვიყენებთ შემდეგ

განუსაზღვრელ ნაცვალსახელებს:

 Another  Anybody

 Anyone  Anything

 Each  Either

 Everybody  Everyone

 Everything  Neither

 Nobody  No one

 Nothing  One

 Somebody  Something

 Someone

მაგ:

 There are three groups of participants, and each has its own requirements.

 Someone special is about to arrive.

 მრავლობით რიცხვში მდგომ არსებით სახელებთან ვიყენებთ შემდეგ

განუსაზღვრელ ნაცვალსახელებს:

Both Few

Many Several

მაგ:
  During the first few years, I could not understand a word of Spanish.
 Several of the Bananas are not ripe.
 There were many people in the shop.
 Both students arrived.

 ზოგი განუსაზღვრელობითი ნაცვალსახელები შეიძლება იყოს მხოლობით ან

მრავლობით რიცხვში. რიცხვს ის არსებითი სახელი განსაზღვრავს, რომელსაც
ის აღნიშნავს. ამ ტიპის განუსაზღვრელ ნაცვალსახელებს მიეკუთვნება:

all, any, either, none, some, more, most

მაგ:

 Most of the work is finished.
 Most of the books are out of date.

ამ შემთხვევაში work მოითხოვს ზმნას მხოლობით რიცხვში, ხოლო books

შეეწყობა ზმნა მრავლობით რიცხვში.

Indefinite Pronouns

Singular Plural Singular or Plural

another both all

anyone few any

each many more

everyone others most

everybody several none

everything some

much

nobody

nothing

other
someone

anybody

anything

either

little

neither

no one

one

somebody

something

მაგ:

 All are welcome to attend the concert.

 Mary gave the book to another.
 I don't have any.
 Does anybody have a clue?
 Anyone can play that game.
 Peter didn't see anything suspicious.
 Each brought a dish to pass.
 Everybody left town for the weekend.
 Everyone enjoyed the movie.
 Everything is taken care of.
 Few visited that park.
 Many called for information.
 Jennifer told nobody her secret.
 None came forward to claim the prize.
 One could see the mountains from miles away.
 Several signed the card.
 The room is too gloomy for some.
 Somebody called the store.
 Joe gave the form to someone
Some (ვიღაც, რაღაც, ცოტა) მტკიცებით წინადადებაში იხმარება. იგი შეიძლება იყოს
როგორც ზედსართაული, ისე არსებითული ნაცვალსახელი. თუ Some ზედსართაული
ნაცვალსახელი, მას შეიძლება მოჰყვეს როგორც თვლადი, ისე არათვლადი არსებითი
სახელი.
 უარყოფითი ნაცვალსახელები
Negative Pronouns

უარყოფითი ნაცვალსახელებია:

no, nobody, nothing, no one, neither, none,

 No უარყოფით მნიშვნელობას ატარებს, მაგრამ თითქმის იმასვე ნიშნავს,

რასაც not ან not any.
 No იხმარება , როგორც თვლად, ასევე არათვლად სახელებთან. No უფრო
ძლიერია, ვიდრე not any.
 No მხოლოდ ზედსართაული ნაცვალსახელია. არსებითულის ფუნქციით კი
ნაცვალსახელი None იხმარება.

მაგ:
1. No food or drinks allowed in the office.
2. Do you like classic or green tea? – None.

Nobody, no-one somebody-someone-ის უარყოფითი ფორმაა და ნიშნავს არავინ:

მაგ:
1. Nobody wanted to help him.
2. It was obvious that no one shared his point of view

Nothing something –ის უარყოფითი ფორმაა და ნისნავს არაფერს.

მაგ:
1. You have nothing to worry about.

Neither არის either-ის უარყოფითი ფორმა., ეხება მხოლოდ ორს და ნიშნავს ორიდან
არც ერთი. იგი გვხვდებაროგორც ზედსართაული , ისე არსებითული ნაცვალსახელის
ფუნქციით.
მაგ:
1. Neither of them wanted to talk to her.
 ემფატური ნაცვალსახელები
Emphatic Pronouns

ემფატური ნაცვალსახელები აძლიერებენ არსებით სახელებსა და

ნაცვალსახელების ( ქვემდებარის ფუნქციაში) მნიშვნელობას და
შეესატყვისებიან ქართულ ნაცვალსახელებს.

„თვით“ „თვითონ“

Singular
მხოლობითი
Myself - მე თვითონ
Yourself- თქვენ თვითონ ( როცა ლაპარაკია ერთ პირზე)
Himself - მან თვითონ ( მამრობითი)
Herself- მან თვითონ ( მდედრობითი)
Itself- მან თვითონ (საშუალო)

Plural
მრავლობითი
Ourselves - ჩვენ თვითონ
Yourselves -თქვენ თვითონ ( როცა ლაპარაკია
რამდენიმე პირის შესახებ)
Themselves -მათ თვითონ
მაგ:

o He himself done it. - მან თვითონ გააკეთა ეს.

o He done it himself.- მან გააკეთა ის თვითონ.

ემფატური ნაცვალსახელი დაისმის ის სიტყვის შემდეგ, რიმელსაც ხაზს

უსვამს, ამ წინადადების ბოლოს.
 უკუქცევითი ნაცვალსახელები
Reflexive Pronouns

უკუქცევითი ნაცვალსახელები გვიჩვენებენ, რომ მოქმედების ობიექტი

თვითონ ქვემდებარეა. უკუქცევითი ნაცვალსახელები ცვლიან არსებით
სახელებს, როცა ისინი დამატების ფუნქციას ასრულებენ და დგანან ზმნის
შემდეგ.

მაგ:
 She asked herself.
 They like to amuse themselves.

ისეთი ზმნების შემდეგ როგორიცაა: To wash, to dress, to comb, to worry,

to hide და სხვ. უკუქცევითი ნაცვალსახელები ხშირად არ იხმარება.

მაგ:

 They shave before breakfast

 Wash before eating
 But: behave yourself

ისეთი წინდებულების წინ როგორიცაა: round, behind, under იხმარება არა

უკუქცევითი, არამედ პირის ნაცვალასახელები.

მაგ:
 Children closed the door behind them.
 ურთიერთობითი ნაცვალსახელები
Reciprocal Pronouns

Each other One Another

Each other- გამოხატავს დამოკიდებულებას ორ ადამიანს შორის:

მათ უყვართ ერთმანეთი ( მოიაზრება ორი ადამიანი)

მაგ: They loved each other

One Another- გამოხატავს დამოკიდებულებას ორზე მეტ ადამიანს შორის:

მაგ: The children interrupted one another.

Homework

Indefinite Pronouns

Task I: Complete the sentences below with the correct indefinite pronoun.

Example: I have _____ to go.

a) nowhere  b) nobody - The answer is: a) nowhere

1. _____ you can do, I can do better.

a) Anybody b) Anything

2. I have _____ important to tell you.

a) somebody  b) something

3. Can _____ reliably predict an earthquake?

a) anyone  b) anywhere

4. We're bored because there's _____ to do.

a) anything  b) nothing

5. I thought I had heard voices, but _____ was there.

a) nobody  b) somebody

6. Here's fifty dollars. You can buy _____ you want.

a) anyone  b) anything

7. We don't want _____ telling us what we should do.

a) anybody  b) nobody

8. _____ tastes as good as Cola Rola. It's the best drink in the house!
a) Anything  b) Nothing

9. No one is really sure how the universe and _____ in it was created.
a) everything  b) nothing

10. Are you taking her _____ special tonight, like an expensive restaurant?
a) anywhere  b) everywhere

Key: 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. a
Task II: Complete the sentences with the correct indefinite pronoun.

1. That house is empty, _____________________________ lives there

2. Peter has a bad memory. He can\'t remember _____________________________

3. Be quiet! don't say _____________________________

4. I heard a knock on the door but when I opened it there was _______________________ there

5. I didn't eat _____________________________ . I wasn't hungry

6. I don't know about the meeting . _____________________________ told me

7. I don't know _____________________________ about car engines

8. The museum is free. It doesn't cost _____________________________ to go in

9. What are you doing this evening? _____________________________ , Why?

10. He spoke very fast. I didn't understand _____________________________

Key: 1. no one 2. Anything 3. Anything 4. no one 5. Anything 6. no one

7. Anything 8. Anything 9. Nothing 10. anything

Task III: Put in something, someone, somewhere or anything, anyone, anywhere into the

gaps.

1. I've got -------------in my eye.

2. There is ------------at the door.

3. We haven't heard --------about Peter. Is he ill?

4. Do you live ----------near Mandy?

5. ------------wants to see you.

6. Has -------------seen my bag?

7. My teacher asked me ----------------

8. Can I have -------------to drink?

9. Don't worry. ------------ can tell you where the post-office in this town is.
 10. I don't know ----------------about it.

KEY:

1. something 
2. someone 
3. anything 
4. anywhere 
5. Someone 
6.  anyone 
7. something.
8. something 
9. Anyone 
10. anything 

Task IV: Answer each question, replacing the bold word(s) with the indefinite pronoun that
has the OPPOSITE MEANING (choose from none, nobody, nothing, or neither): 

Ex: Are any of these students from Canada? No, none of these students are from Canada. 

1. Did somebody knock on the door? No, ------------------knocked on the door. 

2. Did either of the solutions work? No, -------------------of the solutions worked. 

3. Does anybody here speak English? No, ----------------- here speaks English. 

4. Are any of your sisters married? No, ------------------- of my sisters are married. 

5. Did something happen? No, ------------------- happened. 

6. Does either of your brothers live with you? No, -----------of my brothers lives with me. 

7. Do any of your friends smoke? No, -------------- of my friends smoke. 

8. Did you see anything? No, I saw -------------------------

KEY:

1.nobody 2. Neither 3. Nobody 4. None 5. Nothing 6. Neither 7. None 8. nothing

Task V: Choose the correct alternative to complete the text.

I got home yesterday and I noticed 1. (something / nothing) was wrong. The door was open
but I couldn’t see 2. (nothing / anything) because it was very dark. I didn’t know if I should
call 3. (nowhere / somebody) or if I should go inside. I decided to call the police. I tried to
find my cell phone but it wasn’t 4. (anything / anywhere) in my bag, then I remembered it
was in the car. When I opened the car’s door 5. (somebody / somewhere) turned a light on in
the living room. When I got my cell phone to call the police, it rang. I answered and it was
my husband. I said: “I think 6. (nobody / somebody) is robbing our home!”. And he told me:
“That’s impossible. There isn’t 7. (anybody / anywhere) robbing our home!” and I ask: “How
do you know that?” He answered: “Because I’m here in the living room calling you. There is
8. (anything / nothing) wrong here. By the way, why are you so late?” Well, I didn’t answer
that question but he had to explain why he had left the door open.

Key: 1. something 2. anything 3. somebody 4. anywhere 5. somebody 6. Somebody

7. anybody 8. nothing
Reflexive pronouns

Task VI: Instructions: Choose the correct answer in the following sentences.

Personal pronouns (you, him, her, us, etc.), and reflexive and intensive pronouns (myself,
herself, ourselves, etc.). 

1. Hello. I think we've met before, haven't ------------------?

2. We don't have to help them; they've found a solution ---------------------

3. He had to give -------------------his personal details on the visa application form. 

4. He had to give his personal details ----------------

5. My brother and --------------------are both interested in economics. 

6. They've bought -------------------the new iPad for her birthday. 

7. Our graduation party was brilliant. Everybody really enjoyed -------------------

8. He studied architecture so he designed his house ---------------------

9. Shop assistant: 'Who's next, please?

   Customer: ' ----------------------I'm first in the queue.' 

10. I ignored him and told -----------------------not to listen to him in the future. 

Key: 1. We 2. themselves 3. them 4. to them 5. I 6. her 7. themselves

8. Himself 9. Me 10. myself
Task VII: Fill in these sentences with myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves or themselves.

1. Every morning I wash -----------------and clean my teeth.

2. Jane is a baby, she is too small to eat by --------------------------

3. Peter is very lazy. He always copies his friend´s homework and never does it by ----------

4. The children can decorate the Christmas tree by ----------------

5. Julie is always looking at -----------------in the mirror.

6. If you can´t do this exercise by  ---------------, ask the teacher for help.

7. The cat cleans -----------------with its tongue.

8. Don´t help us, Dad! I and Jim can paint the car all by -------------------

9. You are five years old, Danny. You have to comb your hair by  --------------now.

10. Hi, Martin! Hi, Rebeca! Please, come in and make --------------------at home.

Key : 1. myself 2. Herself 3. himself 4. Themselves 5. herself 6.

Yourself 7. itself 8. ourselves 9. yourself 10. yourselves
Reciprocal pronouns

Task VIII: Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence. Use
'each other' or 'one another'.

1. 1. The dog looked at the cat and the cat looked at the dog.
The animals ---------------------------------------------------
2. Romeo loved Juliet and Juliet loved Romeo.
Romeo ----------------------------------------------------------
3. You didn't talk to Jack and he didn't talk to you.
You -------------------------------------------------------------
4. I gave him a present and he gave me a present.
We ---------------------------------------------------------------
5. Last night I met my girlfriend's parents and she met mine.
My girlfriend and I -------------------------------------- last night.
6. My brother used to borrow my clothes and I used to borrow his.
My brother and I used to --------------------------------------------

Key:

1. The animals looked at each other looked at one another .

2. Romeo and Juliet loved each other and Juliet loved one another .
3. You didn't talk to each other didn't talk to one another and Jack didn't talk to each
other and Jack didn't talk to one another .
4. We gave each other presents gave one another presents gave presents to each other
gave presents to one another .
5. My girlfriend and I met each other's parents met one another's parents last night.
6. My brother and I used to borrow each other's clothes | one another's clothes .
Task IX: Put in a suitable reciprocal pronoun. 'each other' or 'one another'.

1. Sue and I decided to get ourselves some new clothes.

2. Don't worry about me. I can look after myself.
3. Ann decorated the whole house herself.
4. Look at yourself Peter and think about your behaviour.
5. Her parents always blame themselves for their children's mistakes.
6. She liked the flat itself but not the location.
7. John burnt himself when he was frying meat on a pan.
8. Ok, now you guys have to tell me something about yourselves.
9. Jane has to go to that meeting herself.
10. We didn't want our father to pay for us so we paid for ourselves.

Key:
1. ourselves
2. myself.
3. herself.
4. yourself
5. themselves
6. itself
7. himself
8. yourselves.
9. herself.
10. ourselves.
TEST

1. I don't have ......... to do today.

(a)  nothing

(b)  anything

(c)  everything

(d)  any

2. Are there ......... dogs in the house?

(a)  something

(b)  nothing

(c)  any

(d)  anybody

3. There is ......... I need to do tomorrow afternoon.

(a) any

(b) anything

(c) yet

(d) something

4. If there is ......... you need you can call me, okay?

(a)  anything

(b)  any

(c)  nothing

(d)  everything

5. My mom asked me how I was, and I said ......... was fine.

(a)  anything
 (b)  something

(c)  any

(d)  everything

5 - (Doorbell rings) 'There's _____ at the door.'

 anyone
 someone
 no one

6 - Does _____ know the answer?

 anyone
 someone
 Either could be used here.

7 - I spoke to _____ about it yesterday.

 anyone
 someone
 Either could be used here.

8 - There wasn't _____ there at all.

 anyone
 someone
 no one

9 - Do you think that _____ will be there?

 anyone
 someone
 Either could be used here.

10 - Which can be used in questions?

 anyone
  someone
 Either.

11 - Which can used with a negative verb?

 anyone
 no one

12 ____ believed them.

 Anyone
 No one

13 - Would ____ like some more tea?

 anyone
 someone

14 _____ has left their umbrella behind.

 Anyone
 Someone
 Either could be used here.

15- Shouldn't we ask _____ for help?

 anyone
 someone
 Either could be used here.

16- I was very upset because ____ remembered to call me.

 anyone
 no one

17 - Doesn't ____ care?

 anyone
 no one
  Either could be used here.

18 - You should have told ____ about it.

 anyone
 someone
 Either could be used here.

19. I can’t find my mobile phone ........................................ .

o anybody

o anywhere

o somewhere

o nowhere

20. The glass is empty. ........................................ drank my orange juice.

a. Somewhere

b. Nobody

c. Somebody

d. Anybody

21. Do you know ........................................ who has got red hair?

a. anybody

b. somebody

c. nobody

d. something

22. ........................................ is wrong with my mobile because I can ’t hear

you.
 a. Something

b. Anything

c. Nothing

d. Somebody

23. All my friends are ill. ........................................ is healthy.

a. Anybody

b. Somebody

c. Nothing

d. Nobody

24. The music is too loud. I can’t hear ........................................ .

a. somewhere

b. something

c. anything

d. nothing

25. ........................................ is looking at us. It’s Sarah.

a. Nobody

b. No one

c. Anybody

d. Somebody

26. This room is empty. ........................................ is left.

a. Anything
 b. Nothing

c. Something

d. Nowhere

27. Rolling Stones is a very popular band. ........................................ knows it.

a. Everyone

b. Everything

c. Someone

d. Anyone

28. I didn’t do ........................................ wrong.

a. anything

b. anyone

c. something

d. nothing

29. Pat and Tim are in the middle of the desert and they
have ........................................ to hide.

a. nowhere

b. anywhere

c. somwone

d. anybody

30. A rubber is ........................................ in that drawer.

a. anywhere
 b. nowhere

c. somewhere

d. something

31. Don’t worry. ........................................ will be fine.

a. Anybody

b. No one

c. Everything

d. Nobody

32. We don’t know where is our favourite book. We’ve

searched ........................................ .

a. anywhere

b. everywhere

c. nowhere

d. anybody

33. The fridge is empty. Mary has eaten ........................................ .

a. something

b. everywhere

c. everyone

d. everything

34. You can’t go ........................................ . You’re grounded.

a. anybody
 b. somewhere

c. nowhere

d. anywhere

35. Kate was born ........................................ in Africa.

a. someone

b. anyone

c. anywhere

d. somewhere

36. It was pitch-dark in the attic. I could see ........................................ .

a. nothing

b. anything

c. anybody

d. somebody

37. We are alone. ........................................ is here.

a. Anyone

b. No one

c. Anybody

d. Someone

38. Fast food can be bought almost ........................................ .

a. nowhere

b. everything
 c. everywhere

d. anywhere

39. In an H2 molecule, __________ hydrogen nucleus shares two electrons.

any

every

each

some

 40. After __________ minutes this impression passes and vision becomes
more distinct.

some

each

every

any

 41. __________ political scientists become politicians or journalists.

some

any

each

every
42. __________ microprocessor has its own instruction set.

any

each

every

some

 43. The city hosts a hot-air balloon festival __________ September.

any

some

each

every

 44. A versatile material, compost benefits virtually __________ soil type.

each

any

some

every

 45. They can scan the bar code in __________ direction.

Any

each
every

some

 46. The two guerrilla groups have never cooperated in __________ meaningful way.

some

each

every

any