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Nouns
Nouns
A noun is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set
of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states
of existence, or ideas.
A noun can function as:
The subject of a verb: Tom arrived;
The object of a verb: I saw Tom;
The object of a preposition: I spoke to Tom;
A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom’s book.
There are four kinds of noun in English:
Common nouns (საზოგადო):
Proper nouns (საკუთარი): France, Madrid, Tom;
Abstract noun (აბსტრაქტული) : beauty, joy, charity;
Collective noun s(კრებითი) : crowd, flock, team, group;
Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can, in principle at least, be
observed by at least one of the senses (for
instance, chair, apple, Janet or atom). Abstract nouns, on the other hand,
refer to abstract objects; that is, ideas or concepts (such
as justice or hatred). In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding
a suffix (-ness, -ity, -ion) to adjectives or verbs. Examples
are happiness (from the adjective happy), circulation (from the
verb circulate) and serenity (from the adjective serene).
საზოგადო არსებითი სახელი აღნიშნავს მრავალ ერთნაირ საგანს: sea-
ზღვა, man-კაცი;
საკუთარი არსებითი სახელი აღნიშნავს ერთ რომელიმე საგანს ან პირს:
საკუთარია ადამიანების, ქვეყნების, ქალაქების და ა.შ. სახელები.
კრებითია ის არსებითი სახელი, რომელიც აღნიშნავს საგანთა კრებულს,
როგორც ერთ მთლიანს: Flock- ფარა, people-ხალხი
კონკრეტულია ის არსებითი სახელი, რომელსაც ვეხებით, ვხედავთ
და ა.შ.
აბსტრაქტულია ის არსებითი სახელი რომელსაც ნივთიერების სახე არ
გააჩნია და გამოხატავს საგნის მდგომარეობას, თვისებას, მოქმედებას.
მაგალითად love- სიყვარული, youth- ახალგაზრდობა.
არსებითი სახელი შეიძლება იყოს მარტივი(Simple),
ნაწარმოები(derivative) და შედგენილი( compaund).
მარტივი არსებითი სახელებია: window-ფანჯარა, desk-მერხი;
ნაწარმოები არსებითი სახელებია: Friendship-მეგობრობა, worker-მუშა
შედგენილი არსებითი სახელები შედგება ორი ან მეტი ფუძისგან:
dining-room -სასადილო ოთახი.
EXAMPLES
There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.
He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.
Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?
He did not have much sugar left.
Measure 1 cup of water, 300g of flour, and 1 teaspoon of salt.
How much rice do you want?
Some nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in English.
They must follow the rules for uncountable nouns. The most common ones
are:
accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, furniture, information,
luggage, news, progress, traffic, travel, trouble, weather, work
EXAMPLES
დაიმახსოვრეთ:
Countable uncountable
A climate weather
A job work
A man man; mankind
A snowflake snow
A sunbeam sunlight; sunshine
An advertisement advertising
We can sometimes use countable noun phrases to talk about an individual example of
the thing an uncountable noun refers to.
uncountable Countable
baggage/
a suitcase, a bag, a rucksack
luggage
poetry a poem
Some nouns can be used either countably or uncountably, but with different meanings.
Compare
EXAMPLES
How many sugars do you want in your tea? (How many spoonfuls/lumps of sugar?)
B:
Abstract nouns
Some abstract nouns can be used uncountably or countably. The uncountable use
has a more general meaning. The countable use has a more particular meaning.
Nouns of this type include: education, experience, hatred, help, knowledge, life, love,
sleep, time, understanding.
Compare
Good education is the best investment in The first daughter had a very expensive
Britain’s future. education at a private school in France.
(education in general) (the time one person spent at school)
They have a quiz every week, with questions The job requires a knowledge of statistics
about general knowledge. and basic computing.
(all knowledge/knowledge in general) (a specific type of knowledge)
Time passes more and more quickly as you We had a great time in Ibiza. We didn’t
grow older. want to come home.
(time in general) (a specific period of time)
Words used with countable nouns: a/an, few, a few, many, a large number
of, each, every, several;
Words used with uncountable nouns: little, a little, much, a great deal of, a
large amount of.
Little and few
These two words have more negative meanings. They mean “not much/
many” or “not as much/many as desired or expected.”
E.g. Sue has made little progress since the beginning of term;
There were very few people at the concert;
A little and a few
These have more positive meaning. They mean “some” or “more than
expected”
E.g. I have managed to save a little money to buy Tom a present.
I have still got a few eggs- enough to make an omelette.
Plenty of
This means “a lot of” or “more than enough”
E.g. Don’t hurry- we’ve got plenty of time.