Design OF DECK SLAB

BEFORE WE EXPLAIN EMPIRICAL DESIGN LET'S SOLVE THIS EXAMPLE BY

APPROXIMATE TO COMPARE RESULTS

DECK THICKNESS
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CONCRETE DECK SLAB (9.7.1.1) = 175 mm
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CONCRETE DECK SLABTO CONTROL DEFLECTIONS
FOR CONTINUOUS SPAN ( 2.5.2.6.3-1)
USE SLAB THICKNESS (hs =190mm ) FOR STRUCTURAL THICKNESS
ALLOWENCE FOR SCARIFICAL THICKNESS = 15 mm

THICKNESS FOR DEAD WEIGHT OF DECK SLAB = 205 mm

THICKNESS OF OVERHANG = 230 mm

WEIGHT OF COMPONENTS
TABLE (3.5.1-1)

WEIGHT OF COMPONENTS IN 1 mm WIDTH

𝟗 𝟐
CONCRETE BARRIER Pb = 𝑷𝒃 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟗
∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟓 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

FUTURE WEARING SURFACE FWS 𝑭𝑾𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟗

∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

SLAB 205 mm THICK Ws 𝑾𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟗

∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟎𝟓 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝟗 𝟑
OVERHANG 230mm THICK Wo 𝑾𝒐 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟑𝟎 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

FROM (Table A4-1) AASHTO LRFD ( SEC 4 APPENDIX)

Maximum Live Load Moments Per Unit Width, N-mm/mm.

L= 2440 TAKE IT AS L=2500

Distance from CL of Girder to Design Section for Negative Moment = 175 , TAKE IT AS 150 mm

(+VE ) MOMENT FOR ALL REGIONS = 26310 N.mm/mm

(-VE ) MOMENT FOR ALL REGIONS = 22250 N.mm/mm

FOR DEAD LOAD WE'LL CALCULATE AS FOLLOW :-

𝑾𝑳𝟐
𝑴=
where:
𝑪
M = dead load positive or negative moment in the deck for a unit width strip (N-mm/mm)
w = dead load per unit area of the deck (kg/m2)
L= girder spacing (mm) =2440 mm
c = constant, typically taken as 10 or 12

UNFACTORED SELF WEIGHT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MOMENT

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟑∗𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟐
𝑴 𝑽𝑬& 𝑽𝑬 𝑺𝑬𝑳𝑭 𝑾𝑬𝑰𝑮𝑯𝑻 = = 2875.6 N.mm/mm
𝟏𝟎

UNFACTORED FWS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MOMENT

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟔∗𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟐
𝑴 𝑽𝑬& 𝑽𝑬 𝑭𝑾𝑺 =
𝟏𝟎
= 988.3 N.mm/mm

DESIG FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN THE DECK

FACTORED LOAD

LIVE LOAD

MAXIMUM FACTORED POSITIVE MOMENT = 1.75*26310 = 46042.5 N.mm/mm

DECK WEIGHT MOMENT

1.25*2875.6 = 3594.5 N.mm/mm

FWS MOMENT

1.25*988.3 = 1235.375 N.mm/mm

 DEADLOAD+LIVE LOAD FACTORED POSITIVE MOMENT ( STRENGTH I)

𝑴𝑫𝑳 𝑳𝑳 = 46042.5+3594.5+1235.375 = 50872.375 N.mm/mm

Resistance factor for flexure at the strength limit state, ɸ = 0.90 (S5.5.4.2.1)

ASSUME d = 157 mm

𝑀𝑢
𝑘 = 𝑘 = 2.293 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜑∗𝑏∗𝑑

𝒇𝒄
𝜌 = 0.85 ∗ 𝒇
∗ 1− 1− . ∗𝒇𝒄
𝜌 = 0.00575

Required As 𝐴 =𝜌∗𝑑 𝐴 = 0.903 𝑚𝑚2/𝑚𝑚

BAR Y16 , BAR Y16 AREA = 200 mm2 SPACING=200/0.903 = 221 mm

ASHTOO (5.10.3.2)
MAX SPACING IS THE LESS OF ( 1.5 * h OR 450 mm) h=190 mm

1.5*190 =285 mm SPACING = 200 mm

 FOR TRANSVERSE BOTTOM BAR USE Y16@200 mm

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement

T=TENSILE FORCE IN THE TENSILE REINFORCEMENT = 200*420 = 84000 N

𝑇
𝑎= 𝑎= = 17.65 mm
0.85 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐′ . ∗ ∗

b HERE IS THE SPACING

𝑎
𝐶= fc'=28 Mpa THEN , β1 = 0.85
𝛽
𝛽

.
𝐶=
.
= 20.76

=20.76/157 = 0.132 < 0.42 ok......... (5.7.3.3.1)

 Moment capacity Mn=As*Fy(d-a/2) = 62233.5 N.mm/mm OK

Check for cracking under service limit state (S5.7.3.4)

∗𝜸𝒆
- 2*dc γe exposure factor
∗𝒇𝒔𝒔
= 1.00 for Class 1 exposure condition
= 0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition
𝒅𝒄
𝜷𝒔
𝟎.𝟕(𝒉 𝒅𝒄) dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from
extreme tension fiber to center of the flexural
reinforcement located closest thereto (mm)

fss = tensile stress in steel reinforcement at

the service limit state (MPa)

h = overall thickness or depth of the component

(mm)

assume fss = 0.6*fy =0.6*420=250 Mpa

γe=0.75 dc=33 mm h=205 mm

βs = 1.274

∗𝟎.𝟕𝟓
- 2*33 = 223 mm ….OK
𝟏.𝟐𝟕𝟒∗𝟐𝟓𝟎
Stresses under service loads (S5.7.1)

Modular ratio for 28 MPa concrete n=8

Assume stresses and strains vary linearly

Dead load service load moment == 2875.6 +988.3 = 3863.9 N.mm/mm

Live load service load moment= 26310 N.mm/mm

Dead load + live load service load positive moment = 30173.9 N.mm/mm

Assume the neutral axis is at a distance “y” from the compression face of the section
Assume the section width equals the reinforcement spacing = 200 mm

The transformed steel area = (steel area)(modular ratio) = 200(8) = 1600 mm2

1600(157 – y) = 200y(y/2) y = 43 mm

𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝑰𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟓𝟕 − 𝟒𝟑 +
𝟑
 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝟏𝟓𝟕
𝟑

𝑰𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟒

fs:- stress in steel

𝑴𝑪 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟑.𝟗∗𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟏𝟒
𝒇𝒔 = ∗𝒏 𝒇𝒔 = ∗ 𝟖 =210.92 MPa
𝑰 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟔.𝟔𝟕

fs < fss ( allowable stress = 250 Mpa ) OK

DESIG FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT AT INTERIOR GIRDERS

FACTORED LOAD

LIVE LOAD

MAXIMUM FACTORED NEGATIVE MOMENT = 1.75*22250 = 38937.5 N.mm/mm

DECK WEIGHT MOMENT

1.25*2875.6 = 3594.5 N.mm/mm

FWS MOMENT

1.25*988.3 = 1235.375 N.mm/mm

 DEADLOAD+LIVE LOAD FACTORED NEGAITIVE MOMENT ( STRENGTH I)

𝑴𝑫𝑳 𝑳𝑳 = 46042.5+3594.5+1235.375 = 43768.375 N.mm/mm

d = distance from compression face to centroid of tension reinforcement (mm)

d= total thickness – top cover – ½ bar diameter =205-65-8 = 132 mm

𝒌 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝆 = 0.0071 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐/𝒎𝒎

BAR Y16 , BAR Y16 AREA = 200 mm2 SPACING=200/0.936 = 213 mm

ASHTOO (5.10.3.2)
MAX SPACING IS THE LESS OF ( 1.5 * h OR 450 mm) h=190 mm

1.5*190 =285 mm SPACING = 200 mm

FOR TRANSVERSE TOP BAR USE Y16@200 mm

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement

T=TENSILE FORCE IN THE TENSILE REINFORCEMENT = 200*420 = 84000 N

 𝑇
𝑎= 𝑎= = 17.65 mm
0.85 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐′ . ∗ ∗

b HERE IS THE SPACING

𝑎
𝐶= fc'=28 Mpa THEN , β1 = 0.85
𝛽
𝛽

.
𝐶=
.
= 20.76

=20.76/132 = 0.157 < 0.42 ok......... (5.7.3.3.1)

Check for cracking under service limit state (S5.7.3.4

𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟑𝟕𝟑
𝑰𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟑𝟐 − 𝟑𝟕 +
𝟑

𝑰𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟒

𝑴𝑪 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟑.𝟗∗𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟗𝟓
𝒇𝒔 = ∗𝒏 𝒇𝒔 = ∗ 𝟖 =223 MPa < 250 MPa
𝑰 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟔.𝟔𝟕
fs :- Applied stress

fs < fss ( allowable stress = 250 Mpa ) OK

 ∗𝜸𝒆 dc = clear cover + ½ bar diameter
- 2*dc
∗𝒇𝒔𝒔 dc=50 + ½ (16) = 58

𝒅𝒄
𝜷𝒔
𝟎.𝟕(𝒉 𝒅𝒄) βs = 1.564

∗𝟏
- 2*58 = 236mm OK
𝟏.𝟓𝟔𝟒∗𝟐𝟐𝟑

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
Bottom distribution reinforcement S=2440
 USE 67% OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

TANSVERSEN REIN = Y16@178 mm = 1.12 mm2/mm

REQUIRED LONGITUDINAL REIN = .67*1.12 = 0.75mm2/mm

USE BAR Y16 , BAR DIA = 16 mm , BAR AREA = 200 mm 2

REQUIRED SPACING = 200/0.75 = 267 mm

USE Y16@250mm SPACING

TOP distribution reinforcement

There are no specific requirements to determine this reinforcement. Many jurisdictions
use #13 bars at 305 mm spacing for the top longitudinal reinforcement