Republic of the Philippines

PROVINCE OF BUKIDNON
Municipality of Don Carlos

Don Carlos Polytechnic College

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Purok 2, Poblacion Norte, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Email: doncals_1507@yahoo.com

Name: Vicente Yecyec Sazil Jr MODULE WEEK NO. 3-4

Course & Year: BSED-SCIENCE 2A Subject Code: BIO 3- Microbiology & Parasitology

Module number 3: Biochemical Principle

Exercise:

1. Determine the number of protons and neutrons of the following elements;

a. Na b. Cl c. Fe d. N e. O

a.) Na
Protons: 11
Neutrons:12
b.) Cl
Protons:17
Neurons:18
c.) Fe
Protons:26
Neutrons:30
d.) N
Protons:7
Neutrons:7
e.) O
Protons:8
Neutrons:8
2. Draw the atomic structure of Sodium and Chlorine.

3. Find the molecular mass of the following:

a. C4 H10

C=12.01
 H= 1.01

Solution:
(12.01)4=48.04
(1.01)10=10.1
(48.04+10.1)
Ans: 58.14

b. CH2O

C=12.01
H=1.01
O=16.00

Solution:

12.01
(1.01)2=2.02
16.00
(12.01+2.02+16.00)
Ans: 30.03

Assessment:

1. What is the difference between an acid and a base?

Acids are those substances that are having deficiency of electrons. Bases are those
substances that can donate lone pair of electrons. Acid and base are chemistry terms which
refer to different potentialities of chemical substances. An acid, in chemistry, is usually a liquid,
that contains hydrogen and has a pH value of less than seven. The hydrogen can be replaced
by a metal to form a salt. The pH value of a base is always more than 7 and it usually
combines with an acid to form a salt. A pH value is a scale to define the acidity or alkalinity of a
substance. Furthermore, according to Arrhenius, a substance can be said to be acidic if they
ionize or break-off in an aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H+ ions); this type of
classification of acids can work for aqueous solutions. A base is a chemical species that
donates electrons, accepts protons or releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solutions.
There are certain characteristics displayed by the base that can be used to identify them.

2. What is the pH scale?

pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being
neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.
 pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.
In addition, pH quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid
solutions. The term, widely used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy, translates the values of
the concentration of the hydrogen ion which ordinarily ranges between about 1 and 10−14
gram-equivalents per liter into numbers between 0 and 14.

3. What does a pH of less than 7 mean?

The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from
0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic.

4. What pH stand for?

The letters pH stand for Potential of Hydrogen.

Reflection:

Give your opinion in this statement “Water is the medium in which most biochemical
reactions take place”

Water is the medium in which most biochemical reactions take place; it is a highly efficient
solvent, indeed more substances will dissolve in water than in any other sol-vent. Substances held
together by ionic bonds tend to dissociate into anions and cations in water, because as individual
solute molecules become surrounded by molecules of water, hydration shells are formed, in which
the negatively charged parts of the solute attract the positive region of the water molecule, and the
positive parts the negative region. The attractive forces that allow the solute to dissolve are called
hydrophilic forces, and substances which are water-soluble are hydrophilic (water-loving).Other polar
substances such as sugars and proteins are also soluble in water by forming hydrophilic interactions.

Module Number 4: Bio macromolecules

Exercise
1. Give the functions of the following bio macromolecules in human body.

a. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are a vital energy source for the cell,
provide structural support to many organisms, and can be found on the surface of the
cell as receptors or for cell recognition. Alongside fat and protein, carbohydrates are one
of the three macronutrients in our diet with their main function being to provide energy to
the body. They occur in many different forms, like sugars and dietary fiber, and in many
different foods, such as whole grains, fruit and vegetables.

b. Proteins

Protein has many roles in your body. It helps repair and build your body’s tissues, allows
metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. In addition to
providing your body with a structural framework, proteins also maintain proper pH and
fluid balance.

c. Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A
major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic
information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make
proteins.

d. Lipids

Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in
the form of lipids called fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for
plants and animals.

2. Can you name the 20 common amino acids from their neutral structure.
Below are the 20 common amino acid;

1.Proline 11. Glutamic Acid

2.Glutamine 12.Lysine
3.Penylalanine 13. Aspartic Acid
4.Serine 14.Tyrosine
5.Tryptophan 15.Leucine
6.Glycine 16.Asparagine
7.Histidine 17.Cystine
8.Threonine 18.Isoleucine
9.Arginine 19.Alanine
10.Leucine 20.Methionine
 3. Name the triple letter abbreviation of each of the 20 essential amino acids.

ABBREVIATION
AMINO ACID

Alanine Ala
Arginine Arg
Asparagine Asn
Aspartic Acid Asp
Glutamine Gln
Glycine Gly
Histidine His
Isoleucine Ile
Leucine Leu
Lysine Lys
Methionine Met
Phenylalanine Phe
Proline Pro
Serine Ser
Threonine Thr
Tryptophan Trp
Tyrosine Tyr
Valine Val

Assessment

1. Draw and label the DNA structure

Reflection

What is the most important thing you’ve learned in studying bio macromolecules?
Biological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic
molecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids (found in DNA and RNA). Biological macromolecules are large cellular
components abundantly obtained naturally and are responsible for varieties of essential functions for
the growth and survival of living organisms. There are four important classes of biological
macromolecules, viz., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Gigantic molecules, called
macromolecules, populate a cell and provide it with important functions for life. For example,
macromolecules provide structural support, a source of stored fuel, the ability to store and retrieve
genetic information, and the ability to speed biochemical reactions. Nucleic acids are the most
important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry
instructions for the functioning of the cell.

Module Number 5: Cell Structure and Organisation

Exercise
 1. Give the functions of the following;
a. Prokaryotes- the small size of prokaryotes allows ions and organic molecules that
enter them quickly spread to other parts of the cell. Similarly, any wastes produced
within a prokaryotic cell can quickly move out. However, larger eukaryotic cells have
evolved different structural adaptions to enhance cellular transport.

b. Eukaryotes- have a true nucleus, which means the cell’s DNA is surrounded by the
membrane. Therefore, the nucleus houses the cells DNA and directs the synthesis
of proteins and ribosomes, the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

c. Ribosomes-a micro-machine for making proteins. Ribosomes are composed of

special proteins and nucleic acids. The translation of importation and the linking of
Amino Acids are the heart of the protein production process.

2. Identify the different bacterial shape found below;

a. Rod shaped

b. spherical

c. curved

d. pairs
e. chains

f. chains

g. sheets

h. packets

i. irregular aggregates

Assessment

1. Draw and label the structure of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

 Reflection

Cite some application of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

Prokaryotic cells

- Lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria or any other membrane bound

organelle. In prokaryotic cell, all the intracellular component’s such DNA, RNA, proteins
and metabolites are located together on the cytoplasm rather than to separate cellular
compartment
- -are those which are devoid of double membranous cell organelles. Bacteria,
cyanobacteria, mycoplasmas and archaebacterial are the typical representatives of
prokaryotic cells. Some examples of prokaryotic cells are follows:

1. Azotobacterial vinelandii

2. Bacillus anthracis

3. Clostridium tetani

4. Corynebacterium diphtheriae

5. Diplocococcus pneumoniae

6. Anabaena azollae

7. Aulosira fertillssima

8. Microcystis aeruginosa

9. Nostoc muscorum

10. Oscilatoria renius

Eukaryotic

- Include plants and animals. The domain eukaryote is include as having prokaryotes.
 - -cells are those which contain double membranopus cell organelles such nucleus,
mitochondrion chloroplast, endoplasmic. Reticulum and Golgi bodies. Some example of
eukaryotic cells are as follows.

1.Chlorella vulgaris

2. Chamydomonas elegans

3. Euglena viridis

4. Giardia intestinalis

5. Lieshmania donovanii

6. Navicular tripuncctata

7. Patamecium aurelia

8. Plasmodium vivax

9. Saccharomyces cerevisaia

10. Trichomonas vaginalis

Module Number 6: Biomacromolecules

 Exercise

Exercise

1. Prokaryotic cells have a much simpler structure than eukaryotes, lacking internal eukaryotes
and a true nucleus.

2. Most bacterial cells are rod-shaped (bacillus), spherical (coccus) or curved (vibrio).

3. Many bacterial commonly carry extrachromosomal pieces of DNA called Plasmids, which are
able to identify independently of the bacterial chromosome.

4. Protein synthesis takes place at ribosomes.

5. The main components of cell membrane are Fatty-acid-based lipids and proteins.

6. Gram-positive cells walls contain a higher percentage of peptidoglycan than those of

gram-negative cells.

7. Many bacteria have long hair-like structures called flagellum projecting from the cell wall.
These are used for movement.

8. The DNA eukaryotes is organized into chromosomes and associated with proteins called
chromatin.

9. In eukaryotic cells, extra nuclear DNA is also found in mitochondria and chloroplast.

10. Eukaryotic ribosomes may be found associated with the bound to the endoplastic retilum or
free in the cytoplasm.

11. The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and prepares newly synthesized substances.

12. Electron transport chain are the site of energy generation in eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotic
cells, some of these reactions take place at the Mitochondria or cell membrane.

13. The photosynthetic membranes of chloroplast are called thylakoid membrane.

14. The cell walls of algae are mostly made up of glycoproteins and polysaccharides such as
carrageenan and agar.

15. The structure of eukaryotic flagella is more complex than that of prokaryotes comprising an
arrangement 9+2 microtubule arrangement and driven by ATP of made of Tubulin.

Assessment
1. Draw the following structural organelles;

A. Mitochondrial structure
B. Chloroplast structure
C. Development of Meiosis and Mitosis

Reflection
What might be the cause and effect of improper cell division. As a student, would it be
necessary for you to learn about cell division? Why

In prokaryotes, DNA synthesis can take place uninterrupted between cell divisions, and new
cycles of DNA synthesis can begin before previous cycles have finished, in contrast, eukaryotes
duplicate their DNA exactly one during a discrete period between cell divisions. This period is called
the S for synthetic phase it is preceded by a period called G meaning first gap and followed by a
period called G during which nuclear DNA synthesis does not occur.

In four periods G, S, G, and M for mitosis can make up the cell divisions. The cell cycle
characteristically lasts between 10 and 20 hours in rapidly proliferating adult cells cells, but it can be
arrested for weeks or months in quiescent cells or for a lifetime in neurons of the brain. Prolonged
arrest of this type usually occurs the G phase and is sometimes referred to 0g. in contrast, some
embryonic cells such as fruit flies can complete entire cycles and divide only 11 minutes. In these
exceptional phase and cases 1g and 2g are indictable, and mitosis alternates with DNA synthesis., in
addition, the duration of he s phase varies dramatically.

We need to study cells because its basic unit of structure in all livings things that contain
hereditary importation passed on during cell division. By learning cells and how they function you can
learn about all types of living things. Its uses techniques and importations from cell biology to
genetically modify crops to produce alternative characteristics. Since cells are in all living things they
provide information about life because cells are from others cells, scientists can study cells to learn
about growth, reproduction and other functions that living things form