LECTURE ON

EEE 1107: Basic Electrical Engineering

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Thevenin’s Theorem
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Any two-terminal, linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source and a series resistor.
Steps to follow:
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the
Thévenin equivalent circuit is to be found

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Thevenin’s Theorem

2. Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to zero

3. Calculate ETh by first returning all sources to their original position

and finding the open-circuit voltage between the marked terminals

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Thevenin’s Theorem

4. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed replaced between the
terminals of the equivalent circuit.

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Norton’s Theorem
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Any two-terminal, linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source and a parallel resistor.
Steps to follow:
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the
Norton’s equivalent circuit is to be found

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Norton’s Theorem

2. Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero

3. Calculate IN by first returning all sources to their original position

and finding the short-current voltage between the marked terminals
Since R2 is shorted,

Therefore,

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Norton’s Theorem

4. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed replaced between the
terminals of the equivalent circuit.

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Thevenin’s Theorem

Solution:
To find RN we set the independent voltage source equal to zero
and connect a voltage source of vo =1V( or any unspecified
voltage) to the terminals.

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Norton’s Theorem

The resistor 4Ω and the 10-V voltage source are in

parallel. Hence,

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion
Circuit configurations are often encountered in which the resistors do not appear to be in series or parallel as shown in
the following Figure-1. Under these conditions, it may be necessary to convert the circuit from one form to another to
solve for any unknown quantities if mesh or nodal analysis is not applied. Two circuit configurations that often account
for these difficulties are the wye-(Y) and delta-(∆) configurations as shown in Figure-2.

Figure-1

Figure-2

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion
The purpose of this conversion is to find the expression of R1, R2 and R3 in terms of RA, RB and RC And vice-
versa that will ensure that the resistance between any two terminals of the Y configuration will be the same
with the ∆ configuration.

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion
If RA, RB and RC are solved in terms of R1, R2 and R3 then

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion-Example

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion-Example

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Y-∆ Conversion-Example

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Measuring Instruments
The maximum current that the d’Arsonval movement can read independently is equal to the current sensitivity of the
movement. However, higher currents can be measured if additional circuitry is introduced.

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Measuring Instruments: Ammeter

In general

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Measuring Instruments: Ammeter

Multirange Ammeter

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Measuring Instruments: Voltmeter

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Measuring Instruments: Voltmeter

In general

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Measuring Instruments: Voltmeter

Multirange Voltmeter

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits
PERMIABILITY
Materials in which flux lines can readily be set up are said to be magnetic and to have high permeability. The
permeability(µ) of a material, therefore, is a measure of the ease with which magnetic flux lines can be established in
the material. It is similar in many respects to conductivity in electric circuits. The permeability of free space µ0(vacuum)
is

Diamagnetic <µ0<Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic≥ 100µ0

The ratio of the permeability of a material to that of free space is called its relative permeability; that is, =

REUCTANCE
The reluctance of a material to the setting up of magnetic flux lines in the material is determined by the following
equation:

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits
MAGNETIZING FORCE

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits

Ohm's Law: For magnetic circuits, the effect desired is the flux. The cause is the magnetomotive force (mmf), which
is the external force (or “pressure”) F required to set up the magnetic flux lines within the magnetic material. The
opposition to the setting up of the flux Φ is the reluctance R. Therefore, Ohm's law for magnetic circuit can be
expressed as

where,

The magnetomotive force per unit length is called the magnetizing force(H). In equation form,

or

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits
Ampere's Circuital Law:
If we apply the “cause” analogy to Kirchhoff’s voltage law ( 0), we obtain the following:

which, in words, states that the algebraic sum of the rises and drops of the mmf around a closed loop of a magnetic
circuit is equal to zero and equation (11.9) is referred to as Ampère’s circuital law. When it is applied to magnetic
circuits, sources of mmf are expressed by the equation:

The equation for the mmf drop across a portion of a magnetic circuit can be found by applying the relationships listed
in Table 11.1; that is, for electric circuits, V=IR and for magnetic circuit

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits
A more practical equation for the mmf drop is

Applying Ampère’s circuital law for Fig 11.27, we have

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits
HYSTERESIS

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits
KCL for Magnetic Circuit

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits

11.30(a) 11.30(b)
MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET
 Magnetic Circuits

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits
Example 11.4: Determine the current I required to establish the indicated flux in the core.

Solution:

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET

 Magnetic Circuits

MD. ALAMGIR HOSSAIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE, KUET