Sarbovoumotto Boi

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:47 PM]
3.3 Bmjvgx ivó« ebvg ag©xh়ivó« (Islamic State Vs. Religious State/Theocratic State)
Bmjv‡gi Av`‡k© cwiPvwjZ ivó«‡KB Bmjvgx ivó« e‡j| A‡b‡K G ivó«‡K 'ûKygv‡Z
Bjvwnh়vÕ- Avjøvni kvmbeë¯’v bv‡g AvL¨vhw়Z K‡ib| ‡h iv‡ó«i AvBb iPbv, kvmbKvh© I
wePvieë¯’v KyiAvb I mybœvn Øviv P~W়vš—fv‡e wbh়wš¿Z nh়, ZviB bvg Bmjvgx ivó«|
Bmjvg c«PwjZ A‡_© ‡Kvb a‡g©i bvg bh়| Bmjvg KZK Abyôvb I wek¦vm me©¯^ ag©gZ gvÎ
bh়| GRb¨B Bmjvgx ivó«‡K ag©xh়ivó« ejv P‡j bv| Bmjvg GKgvÎ c~Y©v½ Rxeb weavb|
ivó«xh়ch©vh‡়hZ wKQy c«h‡়vRb ‡mme welh‡়I Bmjvg AvBb-Kvbyb `vb K‡i| ‡h ivó«
Bmjvg‡K AvB‡bi g~j Drm wn‡m‡e M«nY K‡i‡Q, Zv‡KB Bmjvgx ivó« e‡j AvL¨v ‡`h়v
hvh়|
Bmjv‡g c«‡Z¨KwU gvbyl‡K Avjøvni Ljxdv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nh়| c«‡Z¨KwU gvbyl Zvi
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avjøvni Kv‡Q `vh়x _v‡K| Avjøvn Ges gvby‡li ‡fZ‡i ‡Kvb ga¨¯’Zv ev
‡gvjøvZ‡š¿i ¯’vb c«K…Z Bmjvgx mgv‡R _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Bmjv‡gi Ava¨vZ¥¨ we`¨v m¤^‡Ü
wk¶v ‡èvi Rb¨ Av‡jg _vK‡Z cv‡ib, Zvuiv gvby‡li Rb¨ c«v_©bvI Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‘ Zvuiv
Avjøvni Kv‡Q we‡klfv‡e mycvwik Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv ev a‡g©i PvweKvwV Zvu‡ì nv‡Z _v‡K-
Giƒc fve ‡cvlY Kiv Bmjvgx Rxeb `k©‡bi ‡Nvi we‡ivax|
"Zvui (Avjøvni) AbygwZ QvW়v ‡KD Zvui Kv‡Q mycvwik Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|Ó 1
10 m~iv BDbym : 4
186 * Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v
ÒAvjøvn ‡Zvgv‡ì‡K ‡d‡ikZv ev bex‡ì ‡Lv`v wn‡m‡e g‡b Kievi

Av‡`k ‡`bwb|Ó2 cieZ©x wL«÷vb‡ì ‡cŠËwjKZv I ‡gvjøvZ‡š¿i Bmjvg K‡Vvifv‡e mgv‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Q I A_©‰bwZK ‡kvl‡Yi ‡Nvi wb›`v K‡i‡Q|
ÒZviv (wL«÷v‡biv) Zv‡ì ‡gvjøv I cv`«x‡ì Avi ‡gixi ‡Q‡j Cmv‡K ‡Lv`v e‡j g‡b K‡i, wKš‘
‡KejgvÎ GK Avjøvn‡KB Dcvmbv Ki‡Z ejv nh‡়wQj|
"‡n gywgbiv, ‡gvjøv I cy‡ivwnZ‡ì ‡fZ‡i Ggb A‡b‡K Av‡Q hviv gvby‡li abm¤ú` M«vm K‡i I
Zv‡ì‡K Avjøvni c_ ‡_‡K fywjh‡়iv‡L| hviv ‡mvbv iƒcv gRy` iv‡L I Avjøvni c‡_ A_©vr
fv‡jv Kv‡R LiP K‡i bv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q K‡Vvi kvw¯—i K_v ‡NvlYv K‡iv|Ó4
c«K…Z Bmjvgx iv‡ó« DuPy-wbPy, kvmK-kvwmZ mevB GKB AvB‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nh়|
GLv‡b Kv‡ivi ‡Kvb we‡kl AwaKvi ‡bB| Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I Bmjvgx bxwZi Dci c«wZwôZ
wLjvd‡Z c«‡Z¨KwU gvbyl‡K Avjøvni Ljxdv ev c«wZwbwa wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nh়| ‡mRb¨
Bmjvgx ivó«‡K cy‡ivwnZZš¿ ejv hvh়bv| cy‡ivwnZZš¿ ej‡Z ‡mB ivó«‡K eySvh়‡h iv‡ó«
KZK¸‡jv cy‡ivwnZ ev ‡gvjøv wb‡Ri B”QvgZ ag©xh়AvBb ev Avjøvni B”Qv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i I
wb‡R‡ì ‡¯^”QvPvwiZvi Dci Z_vKw_Z ag©xh়ivó« ev ‡Lv`vi kvmb c«wZôv K‡i| AvBb
Øviv cwiPvwjZ nevi d‡j G ivó«‡K AvBbvbyM ivó« ev Nomocracy. Theistic or Theocratic ejv
‡h‡Z cv‡i| C. Ryder Smith 3 Sidgwick-Gi ‡`h়v Theocracy ev cy‡ivwnZZ‡š¿i msÁv ‡_‡KB
GK_v ¯úó eySv hvh়| "A state is Theocratic if it claims to be governed by Gods
or Goddesses."
"Theocracy is a social organisation in which the persons who assume a special intimacy with
heaven, a special acquaintance with the Divine will, are organised in a
2.
8.
Q.
3: m~iv Av‡j Bgivb : 80
4. 9: m~iv AvZ ZvIev : 31
5.9 m~iv AvZ ZvIev : 34
The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Theocracy' Vol - Vil. P. 87-89 by C. Ryder Smith.
Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v I 187
professional body specially devoted to their religious calling and for the most part distinct and
separate from the ordinary secular government; then in proportion as this separate body acquires
power in secular affairs, the Government tends have distinctly and to a preponderantly theocratic
character, and when this ecclesiastical body obtained supreme control, we have theocracy
complete."
ag©xh়ivó« K_vwU BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm n‡Z ‡bh়v nh‡়‡Q| ‡nvwj‡ivgvb Ggcvh়vi (cweÎ
‡ivgK mvg«vR¨) bv‡g ‡h ivó«eë¯’v ga¨hy‡M c«PwjZ wQj Zv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z "w_D‡µmx'
(Theocracy) ejv nh়| G w_D‡µmxB n‡”Q ag©xh়ivó«| ‡mLv‡b ag©xh়‡bZv I
cy‡ivwnZ‡ìB nv‡Z ivó« cwiPvjbvi AwaKvi wQj| wMR©v‡K ‡K›`« K‡i cv`«xMY ivR¨ kvmb
KiZ| cv`«x‡ì wbKU ivó« cwiPvjbvi Dc‡hvMx Avjøvni ‡Kvb weavb wQj bv| Zv‡ì B”QvB
AvB‡bi gh©v`v jvf KiZ| Zv‡ì wm×v‡š—i wecixZ ‡Kvb gZvgZ hyw³c~Y© n‡jI Zv
M«nY‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nZ bv| a‡g©i ‡`vnvB w`h‡়Zviv ‡¯^”QvPvwiZv KiZ| ZvB
w_D‡µmx ej‡Z BD‡ivcevmx hv ey‡S _v‡K, Bmjvgx ivó« Zv n‡Z m¤ú~Y© ¯^Zš¿ wRwbm|
BD‡ivcxh়w_D‡µmx‡Z wbw`©ó GK`j ag©hvRK (Priest class) wL«w÷h়c«fyi bv‡g wb‡R‡ì
gbMW়v AvBb Rvwi K‡i _v‡K Ges Kvh©Z wb‡R‡ìB c«fyZ¡ mvaviY bvMwiK‡ì Dci ¯’vcb
K‡i| G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’v‡K 'kh়Zvbx ûKygvZ' ejvB AwaKZi hyw³hy³| KyiAvb I mybœvni
b¨vh়‡Kvb ¯úó weav‡bi kvmb Kvh‡়g wQj bv e‡j ‡m ivó«‡K ag©hvRK‡ì kvmb ejv ‡h‡Z
cv‡i| mKj welh‡়P~W়vš— wm×vš— GKgvÎ Zv‡ìB nv‡Z wQ‡jv|
Bmjvgx ivó« G ai‡bi ag©xh়ivó« bh়| GUv ‡Kvb GK we‡kl ‡k«Yxi ev ‡Mv‡Îi ivRZ¡I bh়|
Bmjvg ‡h ivó«eë¯’vi K_v e‡j Zvi cwiPvjbvi fvi ‡Kvb ag©xh়`‡ji Dci b¨¯— nh়bv, Zv ‡`‡ki
mvaviY gymjgvb‡ì nv‡ZB Awc©Z nh‡়_v‡K| Z‡e RbmvaviY GUv‡K wb‡R‡ì gwR©gZ bv
Pvwjh‡়Pvjvh়Avjøvni wKZve I gnvbex (mv) Gi mybœvn Abymv‡i| mvBh‡়` Aveyj
6. Sidgwick, The Development of European Polity, P. 219.
188 : Bmjv‡bi ivó«eë¯’v
Av'jv gI`~`x (in) G ai‡bi kvmbeë¯’v I c×wZ‡K Avjøvni MYZvwš¿K ivó« e‡jv AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z gnvb Avjøvni D”PZi I wbi¼yk KZ©…‡Z¡i (Paramountcy) Aaxb gymjgvb‡ì‡K
mxgve× c«fy‡Z¡i AwaKvi (Limited popular sovereignty) `vb Kiv nh‡়‡Q| G‡Z AvBb wefvM I
kvmb wefvM (Executives) gymwjg Rbmvavi‡Yi ‡fv‡UB wbe©vwPZ n‡e, gymwjgivB GUv‡K
c`PÿZI Ki‡Z cvi‡e, GQvW়v kvmb k…•Ljv ¯’vc‡bi hveZxh়e¨vcvi Ges ‡hme
welh়m¤ú‡K© Avjøvni kixh়Z ¯úó weavb ‡`h়wb gymjgvb‡ì mw¤§wjZ gZvgZ (Bmjv‡gi
cwifvlvh়hv‡K ejv nh়BRgv) Abymv‡iB AvBb c«Yh়b Kiv n‡e| Avjøvni AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v,
ev¯—e c«h‡়vM I bxwZ wba©viYI we‡kl ‡Kvb ‡k«Yx ev Ask ev ‡Mv‡Îi BLwZh়vify³ bh়|
Bmjvgx iv‡ó« ivó« cwiPvjK I RbmvaviY GKB KyiAvb Ges mybœvni Aaxb| ‡h ‡Kvb welh‡়i
P~W়vš— wm×vš— KyiAvb I mybœvn Abyhvh়x n‡Z n‡e| myZivs ag©xh়iv‡ó«i mv‡_
Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i ‡gŠwjK cv_©K¨ ih‡়‡Q|
c«K…Z Bmjvgx ivó« I mgv‡R ‡gvjøv‡ì ev ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev ‡k«Yx we‡k‡li, Z_vKw_Z
ag©xh়gyw³`vZvi (Redeemer) ‡Kvb we‡kl AwaKvi _v‡K bv | G mgv‡R Kv‡ivi Hk¦wiK
AwaKvi ev Divine right ‡bB| c«‡Z¨KwU gvbylB Avjøvni Ljxdv| Zvui Kv‡Q G AvB‡bi ‡Pv‡L
mevB mgvb|
Bmjv‡gi g‡Z Bmjvgx ivó« I mgvR ej‡Z ‡m ivó« I mgvR‡K eySvh়bv ‡hLv‡b a‡g©i bv‡g
‡gvjøv kvmb c«wZwôZ nh়| a‡g©i bvg Ki‡jB ev Z_vKw_Z 'ag©xh়' ‡bZvi Aw¯—Z¡ _vK‡jB
Bmjvgx mgvR n‡e bv| kvmb cwiPvjbv mve©Rbxb ag©xh়bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i Kiv
nh়wKbv ‡mUvB Avmj K_v| AviI cwi®‹vi fvlvh়ej‡Z ‡M‡j, Z_vKw_Z ag©xh়‡bZvi mv‡_
ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK welh‡়i wgjb NUv‡jB Bmjvgx mgvR MW‡়D‡V bv|
ag©xh়bxwZi mv‡_B mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi cvi¯úwiK M«wš’ ms‡hvM NUv‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB
Bmjvgx bxwZi mv‡_ mgv‡Ri mnR m‡¤§jb NU‡jB Bmjvgx mgvR cvIh়v hv‡e, Z_vKw_Z
ag©xh়‡bZvi nv‡Z kvmb hvIh়vB Bmjvgx mgvR I iv‡ó«i iƒc wbY©h‡়i gvcKvwV bh়|
PvP© ev ‡gvjøvZš¿ I mvgvwRK welh়wgwkh‡়‡d‡j e‡jB Bmjvgx ivó« ag©xh়ivó« bh়,
Bmjvgx bxwZ I mgv‡Ri wgjbB Bmjvgx ivó« I mgv‡Ri gvcKvwV|
Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v 189
3.4 d¨vwmev`x I Bmjvg (Fascist State and Islam j
BZvwj‡Z 1919 wL«÷vã ‡_‡K 1945 wL«÷vã Aewa ‡ewb‡Uv gy‡mvwwj (1883-1942) Fascismo
bv‡g ‡h gZv`k© I Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ c«Pjb K‡ib Zvi Bs‡iwR c«wZkã n‡jv d¨vwmRg
(Fashism)| gy‡mvwwj wj‡L‡Qb, 'd¨vwmev` n‡jv GKvav‡i Kg© I wPš—v|' e¯—yZ d¨vwmev`
wQ ci¯úiwe‡ivax `y'wU g‡bvfve-ZË&ewegyL Kg©evw`Zv I ‡n‡Mjxh়Awawe`¨v mgš^h়|
Kg©ev‡ì Drm wQj Dwbk kZ‡Ki wmwÛK¨vwj÷ we‡kl ‡K gy‡mvwjwbi ¸i“ SS© mj© Gi
gZv`k©| me© Gi wQj wnsmvk«h়x g‡bvfw½, h‡v fvO‡bi gva¨‡g MV‡bi c‡_ G‡Mv‡bvi K_v
ejv nh়| 1922 wL«÷v‡ãi 28‡k A‡±vei gy‡mvwjwb ¶gZvh়Avmvi ci, Zvui d¨vwm÷ cvwU©
(Fascis Party) BZvjx‡Z GKgvÎ ivR‰bwZK msMVb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z cvh়, BZvjx GKwU
d¨vwmev`x iv‡ó« cwiYZ nh়| gy‡mvwjwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAll within the state; none outside the
state, none against the state" "mK‡jB iv‡ó«i wfZ‡i, ‡KDB iv‡ó«i evB‡i ev wei“‡× bh়|'
‡h mgv‡R AvB‡bi ‡Kvb evjvB ‡bB, kvm‡Ki Lvg‡Lh়vwj nvefve I gwR©gvwdK mgvR
cwiPvwjZ nh়, ‡mB mgvR‡KB mvaviY fvlvh়‰¯îvPvix-d¨vwmev`x mgvR ejv hvh়|
eZ©gvb `ywbh়vh়myweavev`‡KB bxwZ wn‡m‡e M«nY Kivi d‡j MYZvwš¿K Av`‡k©i
mve©Rbxb iƒcvh়Y nh়wb| we‡kl K‡i c«_g gnvhy‡×i ci Rvg©vbx ‡n‡i
hvIh়vh়MYZvwš¿K iv‡ó«i wei“‡× we‡`«vn weKU AvKvi aviY K‡i| BZvjx wgÎc‡¶ _vK‡jI
‡hme my‡hvM myweav Zv‡K ‡Mvcb Pyw³‡Z ‡èvi K_v wQ‡jv Zv ‡`h়v nh়wb| G Ae¯’vi
c«wZwµh়v wn‡m‡e d¨vwmev`x ivó« Rvg©vbx‡Z I BZvjx‡Z wnUjvi I gy‡mvwjbxi ‡bZ…
‡Z¡i gvidZ d¨vwmev` AvZ¥c«Kvk Kij| ivó«, mgv‡Ri c«‡Z¨KwU e¨vcv‡i n¯—‡¶c Ki‡Z jvMj,
e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv wemR©b ‡`h়v n‡jv| ‡bZvi Lvg‡Lh়vjx B”QvB n‡jv AvBb I wePvi|
c«K…Zc‡¶ ‡bZvi I Zvi `‡ji myweavB n‡jv ‰bwZK gvb`‡Êi Pig j¶¨| ivó« I mgv‡Ri wfZ‡i hLb
‡Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv, ‡h mgvR ‡Kvb gvbweK I mywePvig~jK AvBb I wePvi c×wZ Øviv
cwiPvwjZ nh়bv, ZLbB Zv‡K d¨vwmev`x mgvR I ivó« ejv nh়| d¨vwmev` GK wbK…ó ai‡bi
GKbvh়KZš¿ e¨ZxZ Avi wKQyB bh়| d¨vwmev` e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax| mg¯— iKg
MYZvwš¿K msMVb, MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi I a¨vb-aviYvi cwicš’x| DM« RvZxh়Zvev` I
hy×ev`‡K d¨vwmev`
190: Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v
c«k«h়‡`h়Ges mvg«vRëv`‡K Avn&evb Rvbvh়| d¨vwmev` gvbeZvwe‡ivax Ges wek¦kvwš

—i kÎy| gvby‡li myL, kvw¯— I mg…w×i cwie‡Z© d¨vwmev` Ø›`y, Kjn I k¼U‡K ¯^vMZ
Rvbvh়| c«K…Z wePv‡i d¨vwmev`‡K ‡Kvb `vk©wbK Z‡Ë&ei gh©v`v ‡`h়v hvh়bv| Gi
‡cQ‡b ‡Kvb fvev`k© ‡bB| ZvB gy‡mvwjbxi cZ‡bi ci BZvjx‡Z d¨vwmev‡ì cZb n‡Z wej¤^
nh়wb| e¯—yZ BwZnv‡mi A‡gvN wbh়‡g MYZvwš¿K I wbh়gZvwš¿K kw³i Kv‡Q
d¨vwmev`x `vbe ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨| ‡¯úb, Rvg©vbx, Pxb I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ
‡`‡ki BwZnvm G mZ¨‡K c«gvY K‡i‡Q | d¨vwmev‡ì DM« RvZxh়Zvev`x Djøvm,
mvg«vRëv`x wefxwlKv Ges mš¿vmev`x ‰¯îvPvi BwZnv‡mi wKQy Aïf gyn~‡Z©i NUbv
gvÎ| G KL‡bvB ¯’vh়x n‡Z cv‡i bv| MYZvwš¿K Bmjvgx Av`‡k© Abyc«vwYZ Ges ZvInx`x
fveavivh়cwiPvwjZ gvbe‡Mvôxi nv‡Z d¨vwmev`xiv civ¯— n‡e- GK_v Ab¯^xKvh©|
Bmjvgx mgv‡R, Bmjvgx bxwZB mgv‡Ri c«‡Z¨KwU welh়m¤^‡Ü gZ c«Kvk K‡i| wKš‘ G
mgv‡R Av`k© ev ag© M«nY m¤ú~Y© e¨w³MZ e¨vcvi| ‡mRb¨ d¨vwmev‡ì ‡Kvb wPý G
mgv‡R _v‡K bv| ‡Rvi K‡i Kv‡ivi Dci ‡Kvb ag© Pvwch‡়‡`h়v nh়bv| ‡mRb¨ Agymwjg ev
hvi ‡Kvb ag©B ‡bB, Zvi c‡¶ ag© ev Av`k©I GKUv e¨w³MZ e¨vcvi, ‡h ag© I Av`k© Zvui cQ›`
nh়wZwb ‡mB ag© ev Av`k© M«nY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ whwb ‡¯^”Qvh়Bmjvg M«nY Ki‡jb
Zvu‡K e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Dfh়w`‡KB Bmjvgx Av`‡k©i iƒcvh়Y Ki‡Z n‡e| me gvby‡li
g½‡ji Rb¨ myôy mgvR MVb KivI gymjgv‡bi Rb¨ GKUv Aek¨ KZ©e¨| c«K…Z Bmjvgx mgv‡R
Agymwjg‡K mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi ‡_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nh়bv| ‡mRb¨
c«K…Z Bmjvgx mgv‡R ivó« I mgvR GKc‡` wg‡k hvh়bv| iv‡ó«i c‡¶ Agymwjg‡K cy‡ivcywi
wbh়š¿Y Kiv ‡Zv `~‡ii K_v GUv Kiv Bmjvgx bxwZi ‡Nvi we‡ivax| iv‡ó«i gZ evwn¨K GKwU
mgvRh‡š¿i c‡¶ gymjgvb‡ì gvbwmK Ae¯’v wbh়š¿Y Kiv m¤¢e bh়| ‡m‡¶‡Î Bmjvgx Av`k©
I CgvbB LvuwU gymjgv‡bi gb cwiPvwjZ Ki‡e| Bmjvg Pvh়gvbyl Zvui Av`k© m¤ú‡K© mr
‡nvK| ‡m gy‡L GK K_v ej‡e Avi KvR Ab¨fv‡e Pj‡e Bmjvg GUv gvb‡Z cv‡i bv| gvbeZvev‡`
wek¦vmx wPš—vbvh়K, ‡h ‡Kvb gybvwdK, gymwjg Gi PvB‡Z ‡k«ô| KviY ‡h e¨w³
gybvwdK, ‡m c«K…Z gymwjg bh়| gvbeev`x wPš—vbvh়K nh়Z LvuwU gymwjg bb Zey
gybvwd‡Ki PvB‡Z Zvi ¯’vb A‡bK Dc‡i| _vgvm‡cBb
Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v • 191

(Thomas Paine)-Gi wb‡gœv³ e³e¨wUi m‡½ Bmjvgx `…wófw½i Avðh©RbK wgj ih‡়‡Q
"But it is necessary to the happiness of man that he be mentally faithful to himself. Infidelity
does not consist in believing or in disbelieving. It consists in professing to believe what he does
not believe."9
3.5 ivRZš¿ I Bmjvg (Monarchy and Islam ) ‡h ivó«xh়eë¯’vh়ivRvB iv‡ó«i c«avb Ges ivRv
nIh়vi e¨vcviUv
‡m ivó«xh়eë¯’v‡KB ejv nh়ivRZš¿ |
eZ©gvb we‡k¦i eû ‡`‡k ivRZš¿ Pvjy ih‡়‡Q| ivRZvwš¿K eë¯’vh়‡Kvb ivResk, ‡Kvb we‡kl
cwievi ev ‡Mvôxi nv‡Z ¶gZv Kyw¶MZ _v‡K| GKRb ivRvi g…Zÿ ev we`vh‡়i ci cieZ©x
ivRv D³ esk, cwievi ev ‡Mvôx ‡_‡KB g‡bvbxZ nb G‡¶‡Î ‡hvM¨Zvi c«kœwU ‡MŠY welh়|
hw` Ab¨ ‡Kvb e¨w³ Zvi ‡Ph‡়‡hvMÏ nh়ZeyI Zv‡K ivó«c«avb wn‡m‡e wbh‡়vM bv K‡i
ivRcwiev‡ii ev ivRes‡ki GKRb‡KB ivó«bvh়K Kiv nh়| Avi ‡m ivR¨ I ivRes‡ki gwR©
‡gvZv‡eKB ivó«eë¯’v cwiPvwjZ nh়|
ivRZ‡š¿ ivRv ev ivYx DËivwaKvi m~‡Î ¶gZv jvf K‡ib Ges ¶gZv c«h‡়vM ‡¶‡Î Aeva
¯^vaxbZv ‡fvM K‡ib| wZwb Zvi Aaxb¯’ Kg©KZ©v A_ev ivRes‡ki AwfRvZ‡ì
mnvh়Zvh়ivó«xh়¶gZv cwiPvjbv K‡ib G eë¯’vh়RbM‡Yi AskM«n‡Yi my‡hvM AZ¨š—
mxwgZ|
ivRZš¿‡K Kh‡়KwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvh়| ‡hgb-

1. wbi¼yk ivRZš¿ (Absolute Monarchy) : G ai‡bi ivRZ‡š¿ ivRv ïay ivó« ivó«c«avbB bb eis
m‡e©v”P c«kvmKI e‡Ub| wZwbB `Ê gy‡Êi KZ©v| 2. ‰¯îvPvix ivRZš¿ (Tyranical
Monarchy)
3. wbh়gZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ (Constitutional Monarchy) : ivRv ev ivYx ivó«c«avb n‡jI c«K…Z

kvmb ¶gZv b¨¯— _v‡K RbmvaviY KZ©…K wbe©vwPZ cvj©v‡g›U I gš¿xgÊjxi nv‡Z| Rvcvb,
myB‡Wb, ‡WbgvK©, hy³iv‡Rï
7. The Age of Reason. Thinkers Library 1947. P 2
1923 Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v
kvmbeë¯’v nj Gi c«K…ó D`vniY| iv‡ó«i Pig ¶gZv DËivwaKvi m~‡Î ivRv ev ivYxi nv‡Z b¨¯
— _v‡K AvBbMZfv‡e| Avm‡j wZwb bvg gvÎ ivó«c«avb | c«K…Z ¶gZv cwiPvwjZ
nh়gš¿xmfv KZ©…K| A‡÷«wjh়v, KvbvWv c«f…wZ ‡`‡k hy³iv‡Rï ivRv ev ivYx
ivó«c«avb n‡jI, Kvh©Z Gme ‡`k kvm‡b ivRv ev ivYxi ej‡Z ‡M‡j ‡Kvb ¶gZv GLwZh়vi ‡bB|
4. Rbg½jKi ivRZš¿ (Benevolent Monarchy) : ‡mŠ`x Avie, KvZvi, Igvb, Kyh‡়Z, RW©v‡bi
ivRZš¿ G ai‡bi ivRZ‡š¿i D`vniY|
ivRZ‡š¿i Aviwe cwifvlv n‡”Q gyjywKh়vZ| BwZnv‡mi aviv cwiµgvh়gnvbex (mv)

c«wZwôZ Bmjvgx ivó« GK ch©vh‡়G‡m gyjywKh়vZ ev ivRZ‡š¿ cwiYZ nh়| Avi Gi
D˜MvZv wQ‡jb DgvBh়v ivRZ‡š¿i c«wZôvZv nhiZ Avgxi gyh়vweh়v Be‡b Avey
mywdh়vb (iv) (661-680)| gnvbex (mv) ivó«kvmb I ivó«bxwZi ‡h `k©b ev¯—evhw়Z K‡i
DËim~ix Ljxdv‡ì Rb¨ Pjvi c_ KÈKgy³ K‡i hvb ZviB bvg wLjvdZ| GwU wbg©g mZ¨ ‡h,
gnvbex (mv)-Gi wZ‡ivav‡bi ci wZb `k‡KiI Kg mgh‡়i g‡a¨ wLjvdZ wfwËK kvmbeë¯’v
a~wjmvr nh‡়hvh়Avi GKwU mycwiKwíZ lW়h‡š¿i djk&i“wZ‡Z Zvi ¯’vb M«nY K‡i
gyjywKh়vZ ev ivRZš¿ kixh়vn ¶gZv Rei `Lj Kiv ev eskvbyµwgK kvmb‡K c«Z¨vL¨vb K‡i|
Bmjvg ivRZš¿ ev ivRZvwš¿K kvmb ev ‰¯îkvmb mg_©b K‡i bv| Avevi ‡Kvb e¨w³ kw³i
c«h‡়vM K‡i gvby‡li Dci Zvi KZ©…Z¡ c«wZwôZ Ki‡e GUvI mg_©b K‡i bv| Bmjvgx iv‡ó«
Ggb e¨w³iB kvmK nIh়v Aby‡gvw`Z, hvui c«wZ kvwmZ‡ì mg_©b ih‡়‡Q| ‡hvM¨Zv, mZZv
I ZvKIh়vi wfwË‡Z whwb Dchy³, Zv‡KB kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi `vhw়Z¡ c«`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avi mKj‡KB Zvi c«wZ AvbyMZ¨ c«Kvk Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K ivRes‡ki ‡jvK n‡Z n‡e Ggb ‡Kvb
kZ© ‡bB| Bmjvgx iv‡ó« ‡hvM¨Zvi wfwË‡ZB kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi `vhw়Z¡ Awc©Z nh়|
GLv‡b esk gh©v`v ‡Kvb welh়bh়| gnvbex (mv) e‡jb, 'hw` bvK KvUv nvekx ‡Mvjvg Zvi
‡hvM¨Zvi wfwË‡Z kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi `vhw়Z¡c«vß nb, ZeyI ‡Zvgiv ‡Kvb esk gh©v`vi
c«kœ bv K‡i Zvi AvbyMZ¨ Ki‡e|' Bmjv‡gi ivR‰bwZK c×wZ I ivó«kvmb eë¯’v ivRZ‡š¿i
‡Qh‡়A‡bK DbœZ Ges Kj¨vYKi| ivRZš¿ ‡Kvbfv‡eB M«nY‡hvM¨ bh়‡Kbbv
Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v : 193
Bmjv‡g ev`kvnxZš¿ ev Avgxi kvnxi ‡Kvb ¯’vb ‡bB, eskvbyµwgKfv‡e DËivwaKvi

wbe©vP‡biI ‡Kvb AeKvk ‡bB|8 Bmjvg e¨w³MZ KZ©…Z¡‡K N…Yv K‡i Ges BKev‡ji
fvlvh়Bmjvg e¨w³MZ KZ©…Z¡ev‡ì we‡ivax (Inimical to human individuality)>
3.6 GKbvh়KZš¿ I Bmjvg (Dictatorship and Islam )
3.6.1 f~wgKv
Introduction ivó« weÁv‡bi A½‡b ‡h mKj cyi‡bv ivR‰bwZK gZev` Av‡jvwPZ nh‡়_v‡K
Zb¥‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q GKbvh়KZš¿ (Dictatorship)| c«vPxb M«xm I ‡iv‡g ‡h ‰¯îZvwš¿K
‡¯^”QvPvix kvmbeë¯’v c«PwjZ wQj Zvi g‡a¨ GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i Avfvm cvIh়v hvh়| we‡kl
K‡i wesk kZvãx‡Z c«_g wek¦hy‡×i ci BD‡iv‡ci Kh‡়KwU ‡`‡k ‡hgb- BZvjx, Rvg©vbx,
‡¯ú‡b h_vµ‡g ‡ewb‡Uv gy‡mvwjbx (1883-1945), wnUjvi (1889-1945) I d«v‡¼vi ‡bZ…
‡Z¡ GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i Avwef©ve N‡U| GKbvh়KZ‡š¿ GKRb kvm‡Ki nv‡Z iv‡ó«i
me©gh়¶gZv b¨¯— _v‡K| iv‡ó«i ‡e`xg~‡j e¨w³‡K DrmwM©Z n‡Z nh়|
3.6.2 GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i msÁv Definition of Dictatorship
j¨vwUb kã Dictator (me©gh়¶gZvi AwaKvix) ‡_‡K GKbvh়KZ¡ (Dictatorship) K_vwUi

DrcwË| ‡Kvb kvmK e¨w³ ev ‡Mvôxwe‡kl hLb kvwm‡Zi gZvg‡Zi avi bv ‡a‡i GK”QÎfv‡e
kvmbKvR Pvwjh‡়hvh়, ZLb Zvui ev Zvu‡ì kvmb‡K e‡j GKbvh়KZ¡|
hLb ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³ mgwó iv‡ó«i ¶gZv Kivh়Ë K‡i Ac«wZnZ ‰¯îvPvix ¶gZv c«h‡়vM
K‡i ZLb Zv‡K GKbvh়KZš¿ e‡j| GKbvh়‡Ki wb‡`©‡kB iv‡ó«i B”Qv-Awb”Qv ev¯—
evhw়Z nh‡়_v‡K| ivó« weÁvbx wbDg¨vb Zvui 'Domocratic and Authoritarian State' M«‡š’
e‡jb, 'GKRb e¨w³ ev Kh‡়KRb e¨w³i GKwU ‡Mvôx hLb ivó«xh়¶gZv `Lj K‡i Ges
8. MW‡d« GBP R¨vb‡mb, wgwjU¨v›U Bmjvg, wbDBh়K©, nvicvi GÛ ‡iv, 1979, c…. 173|
9. Rvwgj DwÏb AvngÀbals concept to Islamic Polity. cvwK¯—vb cvewj‡KkÝ, c…. 21

Aev‡a GK‡PwUh়v ¶gZv c«h‡়vM K‡i ZLb Zv‡K GKbvh়KZš¿ e‡j|' ('By dictatorship we
understand the rule of a person or group of persons who arrogate to themselves and monopolise
power in the state, exercising it with out restraint.) Aw÷b ‡iYx (Austin Ranney) i gZvbymv‡i,
GKbvh়KZš¿ nj Ggb GK kvmbeë¯’v ‡hLv‡b c«kvmwbK P~W়vš— ¶gZv ‡K›`«xf~Z
nh়GKRb e¨w³i ev evQvB Kiv Kh‡়KR‡bi nv‡Z|' (Political scientist the term dictatorship to
denote a form of government in ... ... now use which the ultimate ruling power is held and
exercised by one man or a small elite.) iRvi BmµyU‡bi g‡Z, 'GKbvh়KZš¿ Ggb GK kvmb
eë¯’v ‡hLv‡b GK e¨w³ ev ‡Mvôx mKj ivR‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I mKj RbM‡Yi wbKU
‡_‡K AvbyMZ¨ Av`vh়K‡i|' ivó«weÁvbx ‡dv‡W©i g‡Z, Dictatorship is the assumption of
extra legal authority by the state of the state.
‡ivgvb c«RvZ‡š¿i mgh়‡_‡K GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i DrcwË| G mgh়Ri“wi Ae¯’vh়
wbi¼yk ¶gZvmn mvZ eQ‡ii Rb¨ GKRb wW‡±Ui wbh‡়v‡Mi ¶gZv ‡ivgvb
wm‡bU‡K c«`vb Kiv nh়| eZ©gvb `ywbh়vh়wewfbœ ai‡bi GKbvh়KZ¡ Kvh‡়g
Av‡Q| ‡hgb- ey‡R©vh়v GKbvh়KZ¡, me©nviv GKbvh়KZ¡, mvgwiK GKbvh়KZ¡
BZ¨vw`| ejvevûj¨, GKbvh়KZ¡ me©`vB e¨w³ ev ‡Mvôx we‡k‡li GK”QÎ
¯^v‡_© c«wZc‡¶i Ici mvwe©K wb‡®úlY Pvwch‡়‡`h়|
3.3.3 GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i ‰ewkó¨mg~n Features of Dictatorship

Aa¨vcK dvBbvi Zvui 'Theory and Practice of Modern Government' M«‡š’ GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i
PviwU ‰ewk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ‡hgb-
1. c«PviYvi e¨vcK c«h‡়vM
2. GK`jxh়kvmbeë¯’v
3. bvggvÎ I wbh়wš¿Z AvBbmfv
4. ¶gZvi e¨vcK ‡K›`«xKiY
A‡Uv ÷¨vgvi (Otto Stammer) GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i 5wU ‰ewk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ‡hgb-
1. ‰¯îvPvix I GK‡PwUh়v ¶gZvi c«fve
2. mvsweavwbK eë¯’vi Aejywß
3. bvMwiK‡ì ‡cŠi I Ab¨vb¨ AwaKv‡ii Aejywß
4. wm×vš— M«nY c«wµh়vh়Av‡eMZvWw়Z Ab¨vb¨ g‡bvfv‡ei c«vavb¨

5. mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK wbh়š¿‡Yi ‰¯îvPvix c×wZ
GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i Ab¨vb¨ Kh‡়KwU ‰ewkó¨-
1. me©vZ¥K ivó«
2. ivó« I miKvi Awfbœ
3. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax
4. mvg«vRëv`x I hy×ev`x bxwZ
5. we‡ivax‡ì `gb/KÉ‡iva
6. `vhw়Z¡nxbZv
7. GK ivó« GK ‡bZv
8. ivó« nj kw³i c«ZxK
9. AvBb-wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv ¶yY&Y
10. ¸ßPi evwnbx

11. GKK Av`‡k©i c«Pvi
12. miKvix bxwZ I cwiKíbv K‡Vvifv‡e c«h‡়vM
13. wg_¨v c«Pvi
14. mKj ‡¶‡Î ‡Mvcbxh়Zv i¶v
15. mewKQy‡ZB miKvix wbh়š¿Y
3.6.4 GKbvh়KZš¿ I Bmjvg
Dictatorship and Islam
Bmjv‡gi ivR‰bwZK c×wZ GKbvh়KZvwš¿K bh়| GKwU mwVK Bmjvgx ivó« KL‡bvB
GKbvh়KZvwš¿K ev ‰¯îZvwš¿K n‡Z cv‡i bv| GKgvÎ ‡m ivó«‡KB Bmjvgx ivó« ejv
nh়ivó« Avjøvni mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ ‡`h়, Avjøvn I
Zvui ivm~‡ji kixh়Z‡K ‡k«ô AvBb Ges AvB‡bi c«avb I c«_g Drm e‡j ‡g‡b ‡bh়Ges Avjøvni
wba©vwiZ mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i KvR Kivi ¯^xK…Z nh়| Bmjvgx iv‡ó« KZ©…
Z¡kxj‡ì KZ©…Z¡ jv‡fi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ nh়Avjøvni weav‡bi cybi“¾xeb Ges Zvui B”Qv
Abyhvh়x Amr e…wËi webvm I mse…wËi weKvk mvab| GB iv‡ó«i ¶gZv I KZ©…Z¡ ‡Kvb
mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv I KZ©…Z¡ bh়eis GUv n‡”Q Avjøvni KZ©…‡Z¡i c«wZwbwaZ¡ I Zvui
AvgvbZ|
Bmjvgx iv‡ó« mr I ‡hvM¨ e¨w³‡ì wbh‡়‡h gRwj‡m k~iv ev cvj©v‡g›U MwVZ nh়Zv‡ì
mv‡_ cigv‡k©i gva¨‡g ivó«xh়Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nh়| KyiAv‡b wb‡`©k ‡`h়v nh‡়‡Q,
'‡n bex, Avcwb wm×vš— ‡bh়vi c~‡e© Zv‡ì mv‡_ civgk© Ki“b| AZtci civg‡k©i wfwË‡Z
hLb ‡Kvb wm×vš— M«nY Ki‡eb, ZLb Zv ev¯—evh়‡bi e¨vcv‡i Avjøvni Dci fimv Ki“b| 10
GRb¨ Bmjvgx ivó«bxwZ MYgyLx Ges Rbmgw_©Z| Ab¨ K_vh়Bmjvgx Av`‡k© c«wZwôZ
ivó« eë¯’vh়‡Kvb ‰¯îvPvix kvm‡Ki ¯’vb ‡bB|
3.7 ag©wbi‡c¶ ivó« I Bmjvg (Secular State and Islam )
‡mKÿjvi ivó«`k©b
Secular Political Thought
‡mKÿjvi ivó«`k©‡biB Av‡iK bvg ‡mKyjvwiRg| ‡mKyjvwiRg (Secularism) gvbeZvi Rb¨ GK

Awfkvc| GwU gvbeZv weaŸsmx KvjbvwMbx, hvi welv³ wel c«wZwµh়vh়we`» AvR mviv
c…w_ex| ‡ek wKQyw`b Av‡Mi K_v| BD‡ivcxh়wMR©v AwacwZ‡ì a‡g©i bv‡g Aa‡g©i
c«Pjb, a‡g©i ‡`vnvB w`h‡়hyjyg-wbh©vZb, wbcxW়‡b AwZô nh‡়D‡VwQj mgM«
wek¦evmx| a‡g©i ‡`vnvB w`h‡়wb‡iU ‰eÁvwbK mZ¨ A¯^xKvi Kiv nh়| Pv‡P©i wb‡`©k
Agvb¨ K‡i weÁvb PP©v Kivi Kvi‡Y A‡bK weÁvbx Pig hyjyg wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nb| Zv‡ì G
mKj AcK‡g©i `yM©Ü AveR©bvi Dc‡i Rb¥ nh়gvbeZvi AvRb¥ kÎy Secularism-Gi| g~jZ
ag©hvRK‡ì AevwÃZ hyjy‡gi nvZ ‡_‡K cwiÎvY jvf I Zv‡ì a‡g©i bv‡g Aavwg©K
Abykvm‡bi LW়M n¯—‡K wbwl&µh়Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ G gZev‡ì D™¢e nh়| G gZev‡ì
iƒc‡iLv A‡bKUv Ace¨vL¨v I weåvwš—i Kyh়vkvh়Av”Qbœ|
10.3: m~iv Av‡j Bgivb 169|
‡mKyjvwiR‡gi msÁv (Definition of Secularism) : ‡mKyjvwiR‡gi evsjv c«wZkã

ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`| ‡mKyjvwiRg (Secularism) j¨vwUb kã Secularis ‡_‡K D™¢~Z| Gi A_© n‡”Q
‰elhw়K (Worldly), A¯’vh়x (Temporal), c«vPxb (Oldage) BZ¨vw`| ‡mKÿjvi k‡ãi A_©
n‡”Q Bn‡jŠwKK, BnRvMwZKZv, cvw_©e, ciKvj wegyLZv, AvwLivZ wegyLZv BZ¨vw`|
wL«÷vb MxR©vi ‡Kvb Lv‡`gv hw` ‰eivMëv`x LvbKvnx Rxeb cwiZ¨vM K‡i, mvsmvwiK
‰elhw়K Rxe‡b c«‡ek K‡i _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K ‡mKÿjvi e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nh়| AvwfavwbK
w`K w`h‡়‡mKyjvwiRg n‡”Q ‰elhw়KZvev`, Bn‡jvwKKZvev`, BnRvMwZKZvev`|
Awfav‡bi fvlvh়‡mKÿjvi ev BnRvMwZKZv gv‡b-
* hv ag©xh়ev Ava¨vwZ¥Kfv‡e cweÎ e‡j we‡ewPZ bh়|
* hv a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bh়| * hv ‡KvbI ag©wek¦v‡mi Aš—f©y³ bh়|
* Ggb mvgvwRK ev ivR‰bwZK `k©b, hv ag©wek¦vm‡K bvKP K‡i ‡`h়| Ab¨K_vh়hviv

‡Kvb a‡g©i Aš—M©Z bh়, ‡KvbI a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤ú…³ bh়, ‡KvbI a‡g© wek¦vmx bh়Ges
cweÎZv I Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi we‡ivax ZvivB ‡mKÿjvi ev BnRvMwZK ॥11
wKš‘ Gi cvwifvwlK A_© Av‡iv e¨vcK I we¯—…Z| cvwifvwlK A‡_© ‡mKyjvwiRg ev
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` n‡”Q Ggb GKwU gZev`, wPš—vaviv I wek¦vm, hv cvi‡jŠwKK a¨vb aviYv I
a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤úK©nxbfv‡e mgvR, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ I ivó« cwiPvjbvi K_v e‡j|
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` n‡jv GKwU mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK `k©b hv mKj ag© wek¦vm‡K bvKP
K‡i ‡`h়| i‍¨vbWg nvDm Ae `¨v Bswjk j¨vs¸h‡়R-G ‡mKÿjvi ev ag©wbi‡c¶Zv-Gi
msÁvh়ejv nh‡়‡Q, hv ag© ev Ava¨vwZ¥Kfv‡e cweÎ e‡j we‡ewPZ bh় ( Not regarded as
religious or spiritually sacred ); hv a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bh় (Not pertaining to connected
with religion); hv ‡Kvb ag© wek¦v‡mi Aš—M©Z bh় (Not belonging to a religious order)| Avi
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì msÁvh়ejv nh‡়‡Q, GwU n‡jv GKwU ivR‰bwZK ev mvgvwRK `k©b
hv mKj ag© wek¦vm‡K bvKP K‡i ‡`h়11. Wt gvndyR cvi‡fR, ‡mwgbvi ¯§viK M«š’ 2008,
evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK ‡m›Uvi, b‡f¤î
2008, c…. 289|
(Rejects all forms of religious faith)| GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWh়v we«UvwbKvi msÁvI Abyiƒc|

A_©vr hviv ‡Kvb a‡g©i Aš—M©Z bh়, ‡Kvb a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤ú…³ bh়, ‡Kvb a‡g©
wek¦vmx bh়Ges Ava¨vwZ¥KZv, Revew`wnZv I cweÎZvi we‡ivax Zv‡ì‡KB ejv
nh়ag©wbi‡c¶|
‡P¤^vim wWKkbvixi g‡Z ‡mKyjvwiRg n‡”Q, ÒThe belief that the state morals, education
should be independent of religionÓ A_©vr Òag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` n‡”Q Ggb GK wek¦vm hvi g‡Z
ivó«, ‰bwZK wk¶v BZ¨vw` mewKQy ag©gy³ _vK‡e|Ó
GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWh়v Av‡gwiKvbvi g‡Z, 'ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` GKwU ‰bwZK eë¯’v, hv ‡Kej

c«vK…wZK ‰bwZKZvi g~jbxwZi Dci c«wZwôZ Ges Anxi m~‡Î c«vß ag© ev inmëv`gy³|'
(Secularism is an ethical system founded on the principles of natural morality and independent of
revealed religions or supernaturalism)>
A·‡dvW© GWfvÝW jvb©vim wWKkbvixi g‡Z, mgvR, msMVb, wk¶v c«f…wZ welh‡়ag©
mswkøó n‡Z cv‡ibv Ggb wek¦vmB nj ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`|' (Secularism is the belief that religion
should not be involved in the organisation of society, education etc.)>
R¨vKe ‡nvwjh়K (Jacob Holyoake 1817-1906)-Gi g‡Z, ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` GKwU KZ©e¨ cvjb
c×wZ- hv cvw_©e Rxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó| ‡Kej gvbexh়we‡ePbvi Dci c«wZwôZ Ges hviv
ag©ZË&e‡K Awbw`©ó, Awek¦vm¨ g‡b K‡i Zv‡ì Rb¨ c«YxZ| (Secularism is a code of duty
pertaining to this life founded on considerations purely human and intended mainly for those
who find theology indefinite, unreliable or unbelieveable. ) 14
Oxford Dictionary-Gi g‡Z, "Secularism means the doctrine that morality should be based solely
on regard to the wellbeing of mankind in the present life to be
12. Encyclopaedia American. 24Zg LÛ, c…. 510| 13. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary.
14. RR© R¨vKe ‡nvwjh়K, English Eecularism A Confession of Belief. wkKv‡Mv, D×…Z,
‡mwgbvi ¯§viK M«š’ 2008, weAvBwm, c…. 219|
exclusion of all considerations drawn from belief in God or in future state. A_©vr
Òag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` n‡”Q Ggb GK gZev`, hv g‡b K‡i Avjøvn wek¦vm ev ciKvj wek¦vm wbf©i
mg¯— we‡ePbv ‡_‡K gy³ ‡_‡K gvbe RvwZi eZ©gvb Kj¨vY wPš—vi Dci wfwË K‡i
‰bwZKZv MW‡়DV‡e |Ó
c«vP¨we` W. w¯§_-Gi g‡Z, ÒThe Secular state is a state which guarantees of religion, deals with
individuals as citizen irrespective of his religion is not constitutionally connected to a particular
religion nor does it seek either to promote or interrfere with religion."
A_©vr Òag©wbi‡c¶ ivó« ej‡Z eySvh়, Ggb GKwU ivó«‡K, hv ag©xh়¯^vaxbZv `vb K‡i,
e¨w³‡K ag© wbwe©‡k‡l bvMwiK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Ges kvmbZvwš¿Kfv‡e ivó« ‡Kvb
a‡g©i mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K bv| a‡g©i DbœwZI Pvh়bv, n¯—‡¶cI K‡i bv| 15
'Secularism is a code of duty pertaining to life founded on considerations purely human and
intended mainly for those who find theology indefinite or inadequate, unreliable or
unbelieveable. Its essential principles are three: the improvement of this life by material means.
That science is the available providence of men. That it is good to do good. Whether there is
other good or not, the good of present life is good and it is good to Seek that good,' A_©vr
'ag©wbi‡c¶Zv ‡Kej gvby‡li Bn‡jŠwKK `vhw়Z¡ msµvš— ¸Yvejx Ges hviv ag©ZË&e‡K
Ac~Y©, A¯úó, Av¯’v ¯’vc‡bi A‡hvM¨ Ges Awek¦vm¨ g‡b K‡i ag©wbi‡c¶Zv Zv‡ì Rb¨| Gi g~j
Dcv`vb wZbwU : GK. Bn‡jŠwKK Rxe‡bi Dbœh়b ‡Kej e¯—yi gva¨‡gB nIh়v m¤¢e| `yB.
weÁvbB gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU c«vwßmva¨ Ck¦i| wZb. ‡h ‡Kvb fv‡jv KvRB fv‡jv| Ab¨ ‡Kvb
fv‡jv _vKyK ev bv _vKyK eZ©gvb Rxe‡bi Rb¨ hv fv‡jv Zvi mÜvbB ‡k«h়| 16
15. D. E. Smith. India as a Secular State, Princeton University Press. Newyork.
16. English Secularism. c~. 35, D×…Z| Bmjvgx ivRbxwZ msKjb, evsjv‡`k cvewj‡KkÝ wjt
c«KvwkZ, Rvbyh়vix 2008, c…. 52-53|
e¯—yZ Secularism ej‡Z eySvh়Ggb GK gZev`, hv cvi‡jŠwKK a¨vb aviYv I a‡g©i mv‡_
m¤úK©nxbfv‡e mgvR I ivó« cwiPvjbvi K_v e‡j| ag© _vK‡e e¨w³i GKvš— e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b|
iv‡ó«i bxwZ wba©viY I cwiPvjbvh়‡Kvbfv‡eB ag©‡K we‡ePbv n‡e bv| gymwjg we‡k¦
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv gv‡b Bmjvggy³ kvmb| Bmjvg‡K e¨w³i GKvš— Rxe‡b mxgve× ‡i‡L mgvR I
ivó«‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv| Bmjvg ‡_‡K ivó« I ivRbxwZ‡K m¤ú~Y© c…_K Kiv|
‡KD ‡KD g‡b K‡ib ‡h, hw` ‡bnvh‡়Z ‡KD c«h‡়vRb g‡b K‡i Zvn‡j e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bB a‡g©i
Abykxj‡bi AbygwZ ih‡়‡Q| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Ab¨ ‡hme w`K ih‡়‡Q ‡hgb : cwievi, mgvR,
A_©bxwZ, wk¶v, eëmvh়, ivó« c«f…wZ AvwObvh়a‡g©i Abyc«‡ek Kvg¨ bh়| Z‡e n¨vu,
‡KD gvb‡Z PvB‡j Zvi AbygwZ ih‡়‡Q| GwU n‡”Q wKQy msL¨K weØvb‡ì `…wó‡Z
Secularism-Gi e¨vL¨v| Gme we×vb‡ì g‡Z ‡mKyjvwiRg Avjøvn‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i bv, Z‡e
`xb‡K `ywbh়v ‡_‡K c…_K g‡b K‡i| G e¨vL¨vwU Avm‡j fyj| Bmjv‡gi Rb¨ GUvB ‡ewk
gvivZ¥K| ‡Kbbv Gi gva¨‡g gymwjg MY gvbyl‡K c«ZvwiZ Kiv nh়| ‡Kbbv G gZev‡ì j¶¨
n‡”Q gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mKj ‡¶Î ‡_‡K ag©‡K wPiZ‡i gy‡Q ‡djv| gvbyl‡K ag©‡Ølx, ag©Z¨vMx
evbv‡bv; GgbwK e¨w³MZ Rxeb‡KI ag© ‡_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i ivLvB n‡”Q G gZev‡ì g~j
D‡Ïk¨| G Av‡jv‡K Secularism-Gi A_© n‡”Q ag©nxbZv| Rxe‡bi ‡Kvb ‡Kvb ‡¶‡Î ag© cvjb
bh়|
evsjv fvlvh়Secularism-Gi Abyev` Kiv nh‡়_v‡K 'ag©wbi‡c¶Zv"| G Øviv eySv‡bv nh়‡h,

hvi ag© Zvi Kv‡Q, ciag© mwnòyZv Gi D‡Ïk¨| Avm‡j Bmjvg we‡Ølx‡ì Øviv gymjgvbiv
AvRxeb c«ZvwiZ nh‡়‡Q| GgbwK ïaygvÎ wewfbœ cwifvlv‡KB cwieZ©b ev weK…Z K‡i
Zv‡ì‡K ‡avKv ‡`h়v nh়wb eis A‡bK cwifvlvi Abyev‡ì ‡¶‡ÎI gymjgvb‡ì‡KI lW়h‡š¿i
N~wY©cv‡K wb‡¶c K‡i D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Ac‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nh‡়‡Q| Secularism Gi Abyev`
'ag©wbi‡c¶Zv' nIh়vUvI g~jZ G ai‡bi lW়h‡š¿i c«vgvY¨ `jxj| GLv‡b 'wbi' c«Z¨h়‡hvM Kiv
nh‡়‡Q hvi A_© '‡bB'| Ab¨ K_vh়A‡c¶v ‡bB hvi| GLv‡b 'A‡c¶v'-Gi ‡h A_©¸‡jv evsjv
GKv‡Wgxi evsjv Awfav‡b ¯’vb ‡ch‡়‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ me‡Ph‡়M«nY‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b nh়'fimv' ev
'wbf©iZv| Zvn‡j a‡g©i Dc‡i wbf©iZv bv _vKvi bvgB n‡”Q ag©wbi‡c¶Zv| ‡Kvb ‡Kvb
Awfav‡b 'wbi‡c¶Zv'-Gi A_© n‡”Q c¶cvZk~b¨ ev D`vmxb| myZivs ‡Kvb

a‡g©i c¶cvZ bv Kiv I ‡Kvb a‡g©i e¨vcv‡i D`vmxbZv n‡”Q 'ag©wbi‡c¶Zv' hv g~jZ
ag©nxbZviB Avi GK bvg| myZivs ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi A_© hvi ag© Zvi Kv‡Q GK_v ‡gv‡UI wVK
bh়| Gi A_© ag©nxbZv ej‡j gymjgvbiv GUv‡K M«nY bv K‡i eis Gi gy‡L _y _y wb‡¶c Ki‡e
‡mRb¨ AZ¨š— PvjvwK K‡i PgK`vi ‡gvW়‡K Ggb GKwU kã Gi Rb¨ Ph়b Kiv nh‡়‡Q hv‡Z
wKQyUv n‡jI A_©MZ w`K ‡_‡K wfbœ e¨vL¨v ‡`h়vi my‡hvM ih‡়‡Q| Avi GwU GRb¨ ‡h
hv‡Z gymjgvb‡ì‡K AÜKv‡i ‡i‡L weåvš— K‡i Zv‡ì a‡g©i mv‡_ mvsNwl©K G
ag©nxbZv‡K ‡Mjv‡bv hvh়, GwU ZviB GKwU mywbcyY lW়hš¿| myZivs Secularism-Gi
Abyev` 'ag©wbi‡c¶ev`' nIh়vUv g~jZ gymjgvb‡ì‡K G kãwUi ev¯—e A_© ‡_‡K AvW়v‡j
ivLviB Acc«h়vm, hv‡Z Gi M«nY‡hvM¨Zv n«vm bv cvh়| D‡jøL¨ ‡h, G kãwU‡K hLb
Aviwe‡Z Abyev` Kiv nh‡়‡Q ZLb wKš‘ G welh়wU‡K AZ¨š— mZK©Zvi mv‡_ ‡Lh়vj
ivLv nh‡়‡Q ‡hLv‡b mvgvb¨ weåvwš—i ‡Kvb my‡hvM ‡bB| Secularism-Gi Aviwe‡Z Abyev`
n‡”Q 'Avj jvw`wbh়vn' A_©vr ag©nxbZv|
GgbwK ÒThe Oxford Study DictionaryÓ‡ZI Secular-Gi A_© Kiv nh‡়‡Q Not involving or
belonging to religion, hvi A_© GKK_vh়a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤úK©nxbZv, ag©nxbZv BZ¨vw`|
myZivs Secularism-Gi Abyev` 'ag©wbi‡c¶Zv' e‡j G‡K 'hvi ag© Zvi Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v
w`h‡়Pvwjh‡়w`h‡়‡Nvjv cvwb‡Z gvQ wkKv‡ii e¨_© ‡Póv| G welh‡়mZK© _vKv AZ¨š
— c«h‡়vRb| ZvB ag©wb‡c¶Zvi A_© n‡”Q 'ag©nxbZv'| ‡Kvb ‡Kvb ivó«wPš—vwe`
‡mKyjvwiRg‡K ag©nxbZv ej‡Z bvivR| ‡Kvb we‡kl a‡g©i wfwË‡Z ivó«xh়c«kvm‡bi g~j
wfwË c«wZôv ev c«kvmb cwiPvjbv bv K‡i mKj ag©vej¤^xi mgvb AwaKvi c«wZôv‡KB ‡KD
‡KD ‡mKyjvwiRg A‡_© M«nY K‡ib| Ab¨ K_vh়mKj a‡g©i Aw¯—Z¡B mgfv‡e ¯^xK…Z
‡`kmg~nB Zv‡ì g‡Z ag©wbi‡c¶ ‡`k e‡j ¯^xK…Z|
G c«m‡½ W. nvmvby¾vgvb ‡PŠayix wj‡L‡Qb, Òag©wbi‡c¶Zv ‡Kej wKQy LvivcB bh়,

GwU mZ¨-weaŸsmx Bewjmx KvjK~U| ag©wbi‡c¶Zv gv‡b ag©nxbZv| ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K
mvgvb¨Zg QvW়‡`h়vUvI GKRb Cgvb`vi gymwj‡gi c‡¶ Am¤¢e| Avi wbðh়B ‡Kvb gymwjg
ag©wbi‡c¶ bh়, Avi ‡h ag©wbi‡c¶ ‡m gymwjg bh়, ‡Lv`v‡`«vnx| ‡Kbbv Avjøvn iveŸyj
Avjvgxb GKgvÎ mZ¨, c~Y©v½, g‡bvbxZ `xb wn‡m‡e Bmjvg‡K M«nY I c«mvi Kivi
‡NvlYv ‡`h়vi ci Avi ‡Kvb gvbe iwPZ `xb, ag© wewfbœ a‡g©i mn‡hv‡M KK‡Uj ev mZ¨-
wg_¨vi, nK-evwZ‡ji, b~i-hyjy‡gi mnve¯’vbiƒcx eë¯’v¯îƒc ag©wbi‡c¶Zv m¤ú~Y© ¸givnx I
Bewjmx Kvievi| `xb ev Rxebeë¯’v Z_v Bmjv‡gi c«‡kœ ‡Kvb Av‡cvl, QvW়‡bB; wg_¨vi
mv‡_ mnve¯’vb ‡bB, `xb‡K e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b Ave× ivLvi welh়I ‡bB| mgM« Rxe‡b `xb
c«wZôvi j¶¨, mvabv I msM«vgB ‡Kej M«nY‡hvM¨| 17 Kv‡RB ‡Kvb gywgb
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvh়wek¦vm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ‰mh়` Avjx Avnmvb wj‡L‡Qb, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv
GKwU Am`vPi‡bi gZ| ‡Kbbv ‡`Lv ‡M‡Q hviv ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi ‡`vnvB ‡`b Zviv g~jZ
ag©we‡ivax 18
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv A_© 'hvi ag© Zvi Kv‡Q bh়|' ïb‡Z eW়B AevK jv‡M hLb ‡Kvb gymjgvb Avj
KyiAv‡bi Avh়vZ D×…wZ w`h‡়e‡jb- eyLvix kix‡d Av‡Q- ÒjvKyg `xbyKyg Awjh়v`xb|Ó
A_©vr hvi ag© Zvi Kv‡Q| GLv‡b KyiAvb-nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ bv Ki‡Z cvivi ‡¶‡Î Áv‡bi
‰`b¨Zvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi A‡_©i weK…wZ g~jZ Zv‡ì g~L©ZviB ¯úó c«gvY enb
K‡i |19 ag©wbi‡c¶Zv gv‡b gvbyl‡K ag©nxb K‡i ivLv| 20
3.7.3 ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` ev ‡mKÿjvi ivó«`k©‡bi g~j K_v Fundamental ideas of Secularism
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` ev ‡mKyjvi ivó«`k©‡bi g~j K_v n‡”Q-
→ ivó« ev ivRbxwZi mv‡_ ag© mshy³ _vK‡e bv| ivRbxwZ ‡_‡K ag©‡K wew”Qbœ _vK‡Z
n‡e| BnRvMwZK ev cvw_©e Rxeb cwiPvjbvi mKj ‡¶‡Î a‡g©i m¤ú…³Zv A¯^xKvi Kiv nh়
17. W. nvmvby¾vgvb ‡PŠayix, GK m`¨ gyw³c«vß Avbw›`Z wen‡½i mÂvwjZ Wvbvi wb¯îY,
Avey Rvdi Gi Bmjv‡gi kÎy wgÎ kxl©K M«‡š’i c«Kvkbv Abyôvb Dcj‡¶ c«KvwkZ mÿ‡fwbi, 24
RyjvB, 1999|
18. ‰mh়` Avjx Avnmvb, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv Ges Avwg Avgvi mv¶¨, wS‡O dyj, XvKv 2003, c….
33| 19. W. Av. Q. g. ZwiKyj Bmjvg, ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi gy‡Lv‡k ag©‡`«vwnZv, ‰`wbK msM«vg,
5 Ryb, 2000
20. Wt ‡Lv›`Kvi ‡gvkviid ‡nv‡mb, 29 Rvbyh়vix, 2009 cëb¯’ fvmvbx wgjbvh়Z‡bi

Av‡jvPbv mfvh়c«avb AwZw_i e³…Zv, ‰`wbK msM«vg, 30 Rvbyh়vix, 2009, c…. 12|
→ ag© _vK‡e e¨w³i GKvš— e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b| GwU e¨w³i wbR¯^ e¨vcvi| ag©xh়Kg©KvÛ‡K
e¨w³MZ ch©vh‡়mxgve× ivLv‡Z n‡e|
iv‡ó«i bxwZ wba©viY I cwiPvjbvh়‡Kvbfv‡eB ag©‡K we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e bv| G gZev` Ck¦i ev
ciKvjxb Rxe‡bi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| GwU BnKvjxb Rxeb cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z gZev`|
BnKvjxb welh‡়a‡g©i ‡Kvb ¯’vb ‡bB, ciRMZ welh‡়I ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì ‡Kvb e³e¨ ‡bB|
‡Kej e¯—yMZ Dcvh‡়gvbe mgv‡Ri DbœwZi c«‡Póv Pvjv‡bv| gvbe Kj¨v‡Y ïaygvÎ e¯—yMZ
Dcvh়-DcKiYB me©vwaK ¸i“Z¡c~Y©- G‡¶‡Î ‡Kvb A`…k¨ kw³i ev m«óvi ‡Kvb f~wgKv ‡bB
Ges m«óvi mvnv‡hïI ‡Kvb c«h‡়vRb ‡bB| → gymwjg we‡k¦ ag©wbi‡c¶Zv gv‡b Bmjvggy³
kvmb| Bmjvg‡K e¨w³i
GKvš— Rxe‡b mxgve× ‡i‡L mgvR I ivó«‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv|

→ Bmjvg ‡_‡K ivó« I ivRbxwZ‡K m¤ú~Y© c…_K Kiv| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi
mv‡_ m¤úK©nxbfv‡e ‡`k, mgvR, ivó«, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ BZ¨vw`‡K
cwiPvjbv Kivi gZev`| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`xiv Bmjvg ‡_‡K Rxeb, ivRbxZ, mgvRbxwZ, cvwievwiK
c«_v, A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ mKj wKQy‡KB c…_K Ki‡Z Pvh়| GUv Zv‡ì GK ‡KŠkjx
nvwZh়vi|
→ ag©wbi‡c¶Zv gv‡b n‡”Q ivó«, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ Z_v mgvR mswkøó mewKQy‡K
ag©nxb Kiv, Bmjvggy³ Kiv| Bmjvg‡K aŸsm Kivi Rb¨B ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì mKj c«Kvi
Ac‡Póv| Bmjv‡gi g~j Av`k©, ‡PZbv Ges ‡c«iYv gvbyl‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z Pvh়ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`|
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv gv‡b Kvh©Z ivó«xh়fv‡e ag©nxbZv| g~jZ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì ‡Kvb Av`k©

‡bB| ‡bB ‡Kvb wfwË| G gZev‡ì Abymvixiv Bmjv‡gi g~j Av`k©, ‡PZbv Ges k«xU ‡_‡K
gvbyl‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z Pvh়
3.7.4 ‡mKyjvwiR‡gi bxwZgvjv I ‰ewkó¨ Characteristics and Rules of Secularism
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì KwZch়bxwZgvjv I ‰ewkó¨ ih‡়‡Q| c«avb c«avb bxwZgvjv I

‰ewkó¨¸‡jv wbgœiƒc :
1| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` Ggb GK D`vi bxwZi cwiPvh়K hvi g‡a¨ d«h‡়‡Wi
204
‡hŠb`k©b, Kvj© gvK©‡mi mgvRZš¿, cwðgv cyuwRev`, fveev` GmeB GKvKvi nh‡়hvh়|
2| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì Acwinvh© ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q, ‡KejgvÎ e¯—yMZ Dcvh়-Dcv`v‡bi gva¨‡g
gvby‡li DbœwZi c«‡Póv| G gZev` Abyhvh়x GKgvÎ e¯—yMZ Dcvh়-Dcv`v‡bi gva¨‡g gvbyl
Zvi evwÃZ D‡Ïk¨ c~Y©v½fv‡e AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì c«e³vM‡Yi g‡Z, c«vK…wZK weÁvb ‡hgb : c`v_©weÁvb,

imvh়bkv¯¿ BZ¨vwì gZB gvby‡li AvPiY I mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ ‡h bxwZgvjv I AvBb-
Kvby‡bi c«h‡়vRb Zv GKgvÎ cix¶v wbix¶v I AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g iPbv Kiv m¤¢e| Gi Rb¨ ‡Kvb
ag©wek¦vm, bex-ivm~j, c«Z¨v‡`k BZ¨vwì c«h‡়vRb ‡bB|
4| ZË&eMZfv‡e D`vicš’x ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`xMY RMZ‡K `y'fvM K‡ib- GKwU e¯—yMZ RMr

ev c«vK…wZK RMr hvi g‡a¨ e¨w³, mgvR, ivó« BZ¨vw` Aš—f©y³| Avi GKwU n‡”Q,
Ava¨vwZ¥K RMr ev AwZc«vK…wZK RMr hv e¨w³i GKvš— wbR¯^| Zv‡ì g‡Z Ava¨vwZ¥K
ev AwZc«vK…wZK RMr GKwU A‡Áh়RMZI e‡U| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì g‡Z, c«_gwU‡Z
a‡g©i c«‡ek wbwl× Ges G RM‡Z gvbeeyw× cix¶v wbix¶v ev AwfÁZvB GKgvÎ c_ wb‡`©kK|
Avi wØZxh়RMrwU‡ZB ag© wePiY Kivi AwaKvi ‡c‡Z cv‡i- Ab¨ ‡Kv_vI bh়|
5| ZË&eMZfv‡e ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` bvw¯—KZv ev Avw¯—KZv ‡KvbUvB bh়| wKš‘

HwZnvwmKfv‡e ag©wbi‡c¶Zv bvw¯—KZvi mv‡_ IZ‡c«vZfv‡e RWw়Z| nwjh়‡Ki ‡bZ…
Z¡vaxb MªycwU mivmwi bvw¯—KZvi K_v bv ej‡jI ‡e«Wjv‡di ‡bZ…Z¡vaxb Aci kw³kvjx
Mªyc GKB mv‡_ bvw¯—KZvi c«Pvi Ki‡Zb Ges Zv‡ì g‡Z, ag© wek¦v‡mi mivmwi
we‡ivwaZv bv K‡i ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì c«wZôv m¤¢e bh়|
6| ‰bwZKZvi wfwË ag© wek¦vm bh়eis hyw³eyw×i Dci wbf©ikxj| A_©‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨
wbf©i bh়eis eyw× I c«Ávi Afve ‡_‡K m…wó| nwjh়‡Ki g‡Z, weÁvb ‡hfv‡e ¯^v¯’¨ wewa
wk¶v ‡`h়, Z`&iƒc ‰bwZK wk¶vI w`‡Z m¶g|

3.7.5 ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì DrcwË I weKvk Orgin and Development of Secularism
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` c«vPxb GKwU gZev`| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì fveaviv wL«÷c~e© cÂg kZ‡Ki

mwd÷‡ì wPš—vavivi 21 g‡a¨ cwijw¶Z nh়| m‡µwU‡mi (wL«÷c~e© 469-399) wPš—
vaviv‡ZI G fveavivi c«fve j¶¨ Kiv hvh়| ev¯—‡e ‡ivgvb I M«xK mgvR c«avbZ wQj
ag©wbi‡c¶ hvi fveaviv ‡i‡bmvui gva¨‡g BD‡ivcxh়mgvReë¯’vh়Abyc«weó nh়|
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì AvaywbK fveavivi c«v_wgK D‡b¥l N‡U ga¨hy‡Mi ‡klw`‡K cwðg

BD‡iv‡c| G‡¶‡Î ¯‹jvw÷K I bwgbwj÷ `vk©wbK‡ì wPš—vaviv ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì c«v_wgK
‡¶Î ‰Zwi K‡i| jy_vi wKs-Gi wL«÷vb c«‡U÷v›U ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb (hv ag©‡K e¨w³MZ
welh়e‡j AvL¨vhw়Z K‡i), BZvjxi g¨vwKh়v‡fjxi ‰bwZKZvgy³ ‡_‡K ivó« cwiPvjbvi
gZev` Ges divmx wec‡ei d‡j ivó« ‡_‡K ag©‡K c…_K Kivi Av‡›`vjb ‡Rvi`vi nh‡়D‡V|
19 kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS‡Z G‡m GKwU ¯^Zš¿ I we‡kl gZev` wn‡m‡e ag© wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì
Afÿ`h়N‡U| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì g~j c«e³v wQ‡jb we«‡U‡bi RR© ‡RKe ‡nvwjh়K (1817-
1904)| wZwb ag©xh়cwi‡e‡k jvwjZ cvwjZ n‡jI cieZ©x mgh‡়mgvR I gvby‡li c«wZ c«PwjZ
Pv‡P©i mnvbyf~wZi Afve ‡`‡L Zwb Pv‡P©i c«wZ wegyL nh‡়hvb Ges ‡kl ch©š— 1841
mv‡j cy‡ivcywifv‡e ag© I ‡Lv`v wek¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| wZwb AvRxeb ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì c«Pvi
I c«wZôvi Rb¨ msM«vg K‡i ‡M‡Qb| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì c«Pvi I c«wZôvi ‡¶‡Î nwjh়‡Ki hviv
mn‡hvMx wQ‡jb Zvu‡ì g‡a¨ Pvj©m e&‡ৰ Wjvd (1833-1891), Pvj©m mvD_Ih‡়j, ‡_vgvm
Kcvi, Pvj©m Ih়vUm, wW. WweI dy‡Ui (1850-1915) bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ |
Zv‡ì Av‡›`vjb ïi“ nh়1864 mv‡j| ‡m mgh়bvw¯—KZvev`x Av‡›`vjb bv‡g Avi GKwU
Av‡›`vjb PjwQj| ‡m Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj Rbgb ‡_‡K
21. ‡mvwd÷ (Sophist) `vk©wbKMY ivó«, miKvi I Abyiƒc welh়vw` m¤ú‡K© Zvu‡ì
mywPwš—Z gZvgZ c«Kvk K‡ib| ‡mvwd÷ `vk©wbK‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kh‡়KR‡bi bvg
n‡jv MwR©h়vm (Gorgias), ‡c«v‡Uv‡Mvivm (Protagoras), M«vwm‡gKvm (Thrasimachus),
wnwàh়vm (Hippias), ‡c«vwWKvm ( Prodicus) c«gyL|
‡Lv`v wek¦vm‡K wPiZ‡i gy‡Q ‡djv| ZviB cvkvcvwk ïi“ nh‡়wQj Kvj© gvK©m 22 (1818-
1883) I G‡½jm (1820-1895)-Gi KwgDwbR‡gi Av‡›`vjb| ‡mUvI GK ai‡bi bvw¯—KZvev`x
Av‡›`vjb wQj|
Z`vbxš—b BD‡iv‡ci RbMY hZB ag©wegyL ‡nvK bv ‡Kb bvw¯—KZvi mivmwi c«PviYv
Zviv ‡g‡b wb‡Z cvij bv| GgbwK A‡bK cwÊZ e¨w³ ch©š— m«óvi Aw¯—‡Z¡i A¯^xK…wZi
e¨vcK c«PviYv‡K mgv‡Ri c‡¶ AZ¨š— ¶wZKi g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Zv‡ì hyw³ wQj, Ávb-
weÁv‡bi c«mvi ev Pv‡P©i wei“‡× msM«v‡gi Rb¨ ‡Lv`vi Aw¯—Z¡ A¯^xKvi Kivi c«h‡়vRb
‡bB|
‡nvwjh়K I Zvi m½xiv g~jZ ‡mB mgh়Kvi bvw¯—KZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi weKí A_P mnag©x
GKwU Av‡›`vjb MW‡়‡Zvjvi ‡Rvi c«‡Póv ïi“ K‡ib|
1851 mv‡j me©c«_g Zv‡ì Av‡›`vjbwU‡K eySv‡bvi Rb¨ ‡mKyjvwiRg cwifvlvwUi c«h‡়vM
ïi“ nh়| G kãwU GRb¨B c«h‡়vM Kiv nh‡়wQj hv‡Z K‡i ‡jv‡Kiv G Av‡›`vjbwU‡K bvw¯
—KZvev`x Av‡›`vjb g‡b bv K‡i| ‡Kbbv hviv G Av‡›`vj‡b ‡bZ…Z¡ w`w”Q‡jb Zviv
c«vh়mevB we‡kl K‡i ‡e«Wjvd I Zvi mn‡hvMx Pvj©m Ih়vi, wW. WweI dyU c«gyL mevB
KÆi bvw¯—K wQ‡jb| GgbwK ‡e«Wjvd I Zvi mn‡hvMxiv G Av‡›`vjb‡K bvw¯—KZvev`x
Av‡›`vjb e‡j c«Pvi Ki‡ZI KywÉZ n‡Zb bv| ‡e«Wjv‡di g‡Z, ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì Av‡›`vjb‡K
mdj Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B bvw¯—KZvi aviYvI c«Pvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvi g‡Z, bvw¯—KZvev` QvW়v
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Aek¨ ‡RKe ‡nvwjh়K bvw¯—KZvev`
GWw়h‡়hvIh়vi ‡Póv Ki‡Zb| Aek¨ Gi KviYI wQj| Z`vbxš—b wL«w÷h়BD‡iv‡c Ggb
A‡b‡KB wQ‡jb hviv a‡g©i wbMW়‡_‡K gyw³ Pvw”Q‡jb| mgvR I iv‡ó«i ‡¶‡Î a‡g©i n¯—
‡¶c Zviv ‡g‡b wb‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| wKš‘ Hme ‡jvK Avevi mivmwi bvw¯—K n‡ZI ivwR wQ‡jb
bv| e¨w³i mxwgZ cwim‡i a‡g©i Dc‡hvwMZv Zviv A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z PvB‡Zb bv | RR© ‡RKe
‡nvwjh়K hLb ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡ib- ZLb wZwb Pvw”Q‡jb Ggb me ‡jvK‡ì
Av‡›`vj‡b kixK Ki‡Z, hviv Pv‡P©i c«wZ exZk«× A_P bvw¯—K bh়| Av‡›`vjb‡K ‡Rvi`vi
Kivi Rb¨ PvP©we‡ivax
22. Kvj© gvK©m GKRb Bû`x wQ‡jb| c&i“wkh়vi ivBbj¨vÛ c«‡`‡k wU«fm bvgK ¯’v‡b GK
Pigcš’x Bû`x cwiev‡i wZwb Rb¥M«nY K‡ib|
me©‡k«Yxi ‡jvK‡ì Zviv e¨w³Rxe‡b Avw¯—K ‡nvK, bvw¯—K ‡nvK, avwg©K ev Aavwg©K
‡nvK bv ‡Kb Zv‡ì mn‡hvwMZv c«h‡়vRb| ZvB ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì Av‡›`vjb hv‡Z bvw¯—
KZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ bv nh়‡mRb¨ wZwb mwe‡kl ‡Póv Ki‡Zb| Zviv c«Pvi Ki‡Zb ‡h,
Zv‡ì Av‡›`vjb Avw¯—KZvI bh়, bvw¯—KZvI bh়| hwÌ Zviv Rvb‡Zb ‡h, Avw¯—KZvI
bh়, bvw¯—KZvI bh়, Ggb ai‡bi Ae¯’vi ev¯—eZv ‡bB| ZeyI Zviv ev¯—e Kvi‡YB c«Kv‡k¨
Avw¯—KZv c«‡kœB Pyc _vKv‡K ‡k«h়g‡b Ki‡Zb|
hZw`b ch©š— ‡nvwjh়K Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j ‡bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb ZZw`b ch©š— ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`
mivmwi bvw¯—KZvev`x Av‡›`vjbiƒ‡c c«mvi jvf K‡iwb| wKš‘ c~e©eZ©x Ges 19 kZ‡Ki
mË‡ii `k‡Ki wewfbœ `vk©wb‡Ki (‡hgb : g¨vwKh়v‡fjx, _gvm nem, gvu‡ev`v, BDÊ
¸wmh়vm, RR© ‡ReK ‡nvwjh়K (1817-1906), ‡e«Wjvd, gvK©m, G‡½jm, fj‡Uh়vi c«gyL)
bvw¯—KZvev`x, e¯—yev`x mgvRZvwš¿K BZ¨vw` ag©we‡ivax wPš—vaviv e¨vcKfv‡e c«mvi
jvf K‡i| cwðgv RM‡Z Pv‡P©i c«fve I n¯—‡¶cgy³ kvmb c«wZôvi j‡¶¨ ‡mKyjvi ivó«`k©b
MW‡়D‡V| g‡b ivLv c«h‡়vRb, PvP© ‡h wL«÷ a‡g©i c«wZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, ‡m wL«÷ ag©
‡MvW়v ‡_‡K ‡Kvb ¯^Zš¿ ivó«xh়`k©‡bi c«e³v wQj bv| ‡m ag© ivó« cwiPvjbvi ‡Kvb
bxwZ, wewa-weavb c«Yh়b K‡iwb| ZvB c«_g ‡_‡KB iv‡ó«i mv‡_ mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z wL«÷
ag© weKwkZ nh‡়‡Q| ‡MvW়v ‡_‡KB GLv‡b m«óv I iv‡ó«i (wmRv‡ii) c…_K c…_K ev
‰ØZ AvbyM‡Zï wk¶v ‡`h়v nh‡়wQj :
"Render therefore unto Caesar the thing that are Caesars and unto God the things that are Gods."
PZy_© kZ‡K mg«vU Kb‡÷bUvB‡bi wL«÷ ag© M«n‡Yi d‡j wL«÷ ag© ‡ivgvb mvg«v‡Rï
'ivó«xh়' a‡g© cwiYZ nh়| cÂg kZ‡K c«_g M¨vjvwmh়vm `yÕZ‡jvh়vi Z‡Ë&ei gva¨‡g
Ava¨vwZ¥K ag©xh়KZ©…Z¡ I cvw_©e, ‰elhw়K, ivó«xh়KZ©…‡Z¡i g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨
weav‡bi eë¯’v K‡ib| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z ga¨hy‡M ‡cv‡ci ïay ag©xh়KZ©…Z¡ bh়, eis ivR
‰bwZK KZ©…Z¡ ‡eW‡়hvh়| d‡j ivó« Kvh©Z ‡cvc iv‡ó« cwiYZ nh়| c«wZwôZ
nh়wbi¼yk ‡cv‡ci kvmb| A_P g~j wL«÷ a‡g© ev wL«÷vb ag©M«‡š’ Gi ‡Kvb AeKvk wQj
bv, wQj bv ‡Kvb bxwZgvjv, wewa-weavb| ‡cv‡ci kvmb mgv‡Ri AM«MwZ, Ávb-weÁvb PP©v
I
gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvi c_ i“× K‡i w`h‡়wQj| ivó« ‡_‡K ag©‡K c…_K Kivi gva¨‡g cwðgv RMr
g~jZ ‡cv‡ci ‡¯^”QvPv‡ii nvZ ‡_‡K i¶v ‡ch‡়‡Q| ‡h‡nZy g~j wL«÷ a‡g© Ggb ‡Kvb
bxwZgvjv I wewaweavb wQj bv, hv w`h‡়ivó« cwiPvjbv m¤¢e| ZvB wL«÷ a‡g©i c‡¶
‡mKÿjvi ivó«eë¯’v ‡g‡b ‡bh়v QvW়v ‡Kvb weKí wQj bv|
wKš‘ Bmjv‡gi ‡¶‡Î cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú~Y© wecixZ, Bmjvg ivó« cwiPvjbvi mywbw`©ó ZË&e I
bxwZgvjv w`h‡়‡Q| 'wLjvdZ' ZË&e n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi g~j ivó«ZË&e| hvi g~jK_v, mg¯— KZ©…
Z¡, mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i gvwjK n‡”Q Avjøvn| RbMY Zvi c«wZwbwa wn‡m‡e g~j mve©‡fŠg kw³i
B”Qvi c«Kvkiƒ‡c KyiAvb-mybœvni wfwË‡Z mgvR I ivó« cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| GKRb gymjgvb
‡mB e¨w³, ‡h Bmjv‡g wek¦vmx I Bmjv‡gi AbyeZ©x| GKRb gymjgvb ‡hgb e¨w³Rxe‡b
Bmjv‡gi AbyeZ©x n‡e, ‡Zgwb Zv‡K mvgvwRK, ivó«xh়Rxe‡bI Bmjv‡gi AbyeZ©x n‡Z n‡e|
Kv‡RB Bmjvgx Z‡Ë&e ivRbxwZ I Bmjvg‡K c…_K Kivi ‡Kvb my‡hvM ‡bB| A_©vr GKRb
gymjgvb ev gymwjg mgvR bxwZMZ ev ZË&eMZfv‡e ‡mKÿjvi ev ag©wbi‡c¶ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
gymwjg we‡k¦ ivó« I ivRbxwZ eiveiB Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ m¤ú…³ wQj| Bmjv‡gi c«_g hy‡M ivó«
wQj mvwe©Kfv‡e BmjvgwfwËK| AvBb-Kvbyb, bxwZwbh়g mewKQyiB g~j Drm wQj
KyiAvb-mybœvn| cieZ©x‡Z µgvš^h‡়ivó« I Bmjv‡gi eÜb `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K| ZeyI A‡bK
wePÿwZ m‡Ë&eI AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ivó« cwiPvjbvi wfwË wQj Bmjvg| KyiAvb-mybœvn wQj
AvB‡bi g~j Drm| ‰¯îvPvix wbcxW়K kvmK‡KI Zv‡ì kvm‡bi ‰eaZvi Rb¨ Bmjvgx
ivó«xh়wfwË‡K ‡g‡b wb‡Z nZ| 1924 mv‡ji 3 gvP© Bmjvgx wLjvd‡Zi AvbyôvwbK wejywß
ch©š— Kg‡ewk G Ae¯’v weivR KiwQj| cwðgv Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi we¯—vi I Avf¨š—ixY
Ae¶h‡়i Kvi‡Y gymwjg we‡k¦ ‡mKyjvi fveavivi c«mvi N‡U|
‡gv¯—dv Kvgvj AvZvZyK© (1881-1938)-Gi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ ‡mKyjvi ZywK© ivó« MV‡bi

ga¨w`h‡়gymwjg we‡k¦ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ‡mKÿjvi ivó« MVb c«wµh়v ïi“ nh়| Avi cieZ©x
`kK¸‡jv‡Z gymwjg we‡k¦i wewfbœ ‡`k c«Z¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e ‡mKyjvi iv‡ó« cwiYZ nh়|
3.7.6 ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì wewfbœ iƒc Various Types of Secularism
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` GKwU Kydix gZev`| ¯^Zš¿ gZev` wn‡m‡e ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` GKwU wbw`©ó
‡c«w¶‡Z ïi“ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ‡`‡k wewfbœfv‡e Gi Abykxjb n‡”Q| ZË&eMZfv‡eI Zv‡K
wewfbœfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡”Q| Gi wewfbœ ai‡bi g‡a¨ c«avbZ PviwU aibB we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ :
1| D`vi‰bwZK ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` : D`vi‰bwZK ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` a‡g©i
c«wZ D‡c¶v bxwZ M«nY K‡i| a‡g©i e¨vcv‡i G gZev` c«Kvk¨fv‡e gvigy‡Lv bh়| e¨w³i wbR¯^
cwigÊ‡j a‡g©i Abykxjb D`vi‰bwZK ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`xiv ¯^xKvi K‡i _v‡Kb| Zv‡ì g~j
AvcwË mgvR I ivó«xh়Rxe‡bi mv‡_ a‡g©i ‡Kvb c«Kvi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kivi e¨vcv‡i|
e¨w³Rxe‡b ‡KD avwg©K n‡j Zv‡Z
AvcwË Kivi ‡Zgb wKQy ‡bB| e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b ‡h ‡Kvb a‡g© wek¦vm e¨w³i
AwaKviI e‡U| Z‡e G wek¦vm hv‡Z mgvR I iv‡ó« c«wZdwjZ bv nh়‡mw`‡K
j¶¨ ivL‡jB Pj‡e| cvðvZ¨ RM‡Zi MYZvwš¿K ‡`k¸‡jv‡K G ai‡bi
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi Aw¯—Z¡ ih‡়‡Q|
2| Pigcš’x ev gvigy‡Lv ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` : ‡h ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`x wPš—vaviv a‡g©i wei“‡×

PigbxwZ Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K ZvB Pigcš’x ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`| Òag©B Awb‡ói g~j, ‡kvl‡Yi
nvwZh়vi, RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Avwdg¯îƒc, ZvB ag©‡K ïay mgvR I ivó«xh়Rxeb ‡_‡K bh়e¨w³i
gb gMR ‡_‡KI DrLvZ Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó Pigcš’x ag©wb‡c¶Zvev` a‡g©i c«wZ DwjøwLZ gvigy‡Lv
g‡bvfveB ‡cvlY K‡i _v‡K| mgvRZvwš¿K gZev` KwgDwbRgB c«avbZ G ai‡bi ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi
c«e³v| ZË&eMZfv‡eB a‡g©i wei“‡× jW়vB‡K G gZev` HwZnvwmK `vhw়Z¡ g‡b K‡i|
B`vwbs Aek¨ ‡KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y a‡g©i c«wZ c«Kv‡k¨ hy×vs‡`nx g‡bvfve wKQyUv K‡g
G‡m‡Q| Z‡e ZË&eMZ Ae¯’v‡bi ‡Zgb GKUv cwieZ©b nh়wb|
3| mv¤ú«`vhw়K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv : we‡kl ‡Kvb m¤ú«`vh়ev ‡Kvb a‡g©i wfwË‡Z m…ó
m¤ú«`vh‡়i ¯^v_© I myweavi c«wZ AwaK gvÎvh়¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Ki‡jI ‡h a‡g©i wfwË‡Z
m¤ú«`vh়wU MwVZ Zvi c«wZ ‡gv‡UB ¸i“Z¡ bv ‡`h়v‡K
mv¤ú«`vhw়K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv ejv nh়| mv¤ú«`vhw়K ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi g~j K_v n‡jv

mv¤ú«`vhw়K ¯^v_© ‡`Lv n‡e wVKB wKš‘ ‡h a‡g©i wfwË‡Z m¤ú«`vh়wU MwVZ, ‡m
a‡g©i wfwË‡Z m¤ú«`vh়wU cybM©Vb Ki‡Z c«¯—yZ bv nIh়v| ‡hgb : e…wUk Avgj ‡_‡K
AvR ch©š— G‡`‡k Ggb A‡b‡KB ih‡়‡Qb hviv gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ weMwjZ c«vY, gymwjg
BwZnvm HwZ‡nï c«wZ Zv‡ì gv‡S gv‡S c«ej Drmvn| wKš‘ mgvRRxe‡b Bmjv‡gi c«wZôv‡K
Zviv GWw়h‡়hvb ev A¯^xKvi K‡ib| GgbwK Zv‡ì ‡KD ‡KD gymjgvb‡ì ¯^v‡_©B bvwK
ivRbxwZi mv‡_ cweÎ ag©‡K RWw়Z Kiv DwPZ n‡e bv- G ZË&eI c«Pvi K‡i _v‡Kb| Zviv
g~jZ mv¤ú«`vhw়K g‡bve…wË Øviv Av”Qbœ| mv‡_ mv‡_ Zviv ag©wbi‡c¶ZviI mg_©K| G
`y'h‡়i A™¢yZ mgš^h‡়B MW‡়D‡V‡Q mv¤ú«`vhw়K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv| Bûw` m¤ú«`vh‡়i
ag©wbi‡c¶ZvI Ggwb Avi GKwU D`vniY|
4| QÙv‡ekx ag©wbi‡c¶Zv : Avi GK ai‡bi ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi Aw¯—Z¡ ih‡়‡Q| gymwjg

‡`k¸‡jv‡Z, Zv n‡”Q QÙv‡ekx ag©wbi‡c¶Zv| Gi Zvrch© n‡”Q, c«Kv‡k¨ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi K_v
ejv n‡e bv, wKš‘ Kv‡R K‡g© me welh‡়B ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi c«vavb¨ jvf Ki‡e| ïay K_v ev
c«Pv‡ii mgh়a‡g©i bvgUv eënvi Kiv n‡e| A_ev ‡Kv_vI ‡Kv_vI a‡g©i QÙvei‡Y
ag©wbi‡c¶ZviB kvmb Pj‡e| KviY Rbg‡Zi fh‡়¶gZvi ¯^v‡_© ¶gZvmxbiv I ivRbxwZKMY
RbMY‡K weåvwš— Kivi Rb¨ G fÊvgxi Avk«h়‡bb| Zviv c«Kv‡k¨ Zv‡ì g‡bi K_v ej‡Z mvnm
cvb bv| ZvB Bmjv‡gi bvg eënvi K‡ib ïay ‡avKv ‡`h়vi Rb¨| Zviv a‡g©i eëmvh়K‡ib, a‡g©i
bvg fvw½h‡়ivRbxwZ K‡ib| ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡j g¨vwKh়v‡fjxi civgk©µ‡g ag©‡K
eënvi K‡ib| Giv KL‡bv mv¤ú«`vhw়KZv‡KI Kv‡R jvMvh়| G ai‡bi fÊvgxc~Y©
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡KB QÙv‡ekx ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` ejv nh়|
3.7.7 Bmjvg I ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì cv_©K¨ Islam vs Secularism
Bmjvg I ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì g‡a¨ ih‡়‡Q AvKvk cvZvj cv_©K¨| `ywUi `yB c«vš—
mxgvh়Ae¯’vb| Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì `~iZg ‡Kvb m¤úK© _vKvI m¤¢e bh়|
Dfh়gZev‡ì cv_©K¨mg~n wbgœiƒc :
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` (Secularism)
1| gvby‡li ‰Zwi gZev`| Ab¨K_vh়gvbe iwPZ |
Man-made in origin. 2| G c…w_ex‡Kw›`«K| BnRMZgyLx| m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cvw_©e| This-

worldly orientation.
3| hyw³, Kvh©KviY, ch©‡e¶Y Ges cix¶‡Yi Dci ‡Rvi ‡`h়| Emphasizes reason. observation and
experiment
4| gvbeZvh়wek¦vmx|
Believes in humanism.
5| ag© I ivRbxwZ‡K Avjv`v Kiv| ag©‡K ivRbxwZ n‡Z c…_K K‡i| Separates religion and
politics.
6| ag©‡K ïay e¨w³MZ MÊx‡K Ave× iv‡L|
Relegates religion to personal sphere.
3.7.8 cvðvZ¨ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`
Western Secularism
Bmjvg (Islam)
1| Av
Divine in origin.
2| G c…w_ex Ges ciKvjxb Rxeb Dfh়‡¶‡ÎB ‡Rvi ‡`h়| Emphasizes this world and the here
after.
3| Anx ev c«Z¨v‡`k, Kvh©KviY, ch©‡e¶Y, cix¶‡Yi Ges AwfÁZvi Dci ‡Rvi ‡`h়| Emphasizes
revelation, reason, observation and experience.
4| gvbeZvh়wek¦vmx Z‡e Zv Bmjvgx kixh়vni AvIZvh়| Believes in humanism but within the
framework of shariah.
5| ag© I ivRbxwZ‡K mshy³ K‡i| GKm~‡Î M«w_Z K‡i| Integrates religion and politics.
6| Bmjvg wek¦vmxM‡Yi Rxe‡bi mKj w`K I wefvM‡KB wbh়š¿Y K‡i| Islam governs all
aspects of a believer's life.
Bmjv‡gi `k©b AZ¨š— cwi®‹vi| Zvi Ae¯’vbI mskh়nxb I my`…X়GRb¨B
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`xiv Bmjvg‡KB c«avbZg kÎy g‡b K‡i|
M«xK bMi ivó« ‡_‡K ïi“ K‡i AvaywbK ivó«eë¯’v ch©š— ag© I iv‡ó«i g‡a¨
212
GKwU RwUj m¤úK© P‡j Avm‡Q| AvaywbKKv‡ji cvðvZ¨ ivó«weÁvbx I `vk©wb‡Kiv

'‡mKyjvwiRg'‡K AvaywbKZvi Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i _v‡Kb|
m‡µwUm, ‡c‡Uv, Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Zv c«vPxb M«xK `vk©wb‡Kiv wek¦vm Ki‡Zb ‡h, ‡mŠ›`h© I
b¨vh়wePv‡i cwic~Y© ALÊ mgvR gvbe gbxlv c«h‡়vM K‡i c«wZôv Kiv m¤¢e| G‡Z c«vK…
wZK ‡Kvb mvnv‡hï c«h‡়vRb ‡bB| c«vPxb ‡iv‡gi Bûw` I wL«÷v‡biv M«x‡mi G ag©wbi‡c¶
DËivwaKvi‡K M«nY, jvjb I wejywß ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i| M«xK mf¨Zvi G fveaviv AvaywbK BD‡ivc
I Av‡gwiKvi mvgwM«K wPš—v‡PZbvi Dci Mfxi c«fve ‡d‡j | 23
ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c Pv‡P©i ¶gZv me©‡¶‡Î we¯—…Z nh়Ges Zvi d‡j mg«vU I ‡cv‡ci g‡a¨
¶gZvi Ø‡b&Øi m~ÎcvZ nh়| PvP© KZ©…c¶ ivR‰bwZK e¨vcv‡i n¯—‡¶c Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges
mg«vU I Pv‡P©i Dci Lei`vwi ïi“ K‡i| PvP© M«xK `k©b ‡_‡K Ggb KZ¸‡jv ZË&e I wek¦vm
M«nY K‡iwQj hv‡K Zviv 'cig mZ¨' e‡j g‡b KiZ Ges weÁv‡bi cix¶vh়Zv åvš— c«gvwYZ n‡jI
Zvi we‡ivwaZv Kiv ag© we‡ivwaZv e‡j MY¨ KiZ| ag©hvRK‡ì G ‡MvuW়vwgi d‡j
BD‡ivcxh়‡ì weÁv‡bi c«wZ wek¦vm I ag©hvRK‡ì c«wZ Awek¦vm c«ej n‡Z _v‡K| PvP©
hZB Hk¦wiK ¶gZv `vwe Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges ‡mB ¶gZv‡K c«wZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ `gbbxwZ AbymiY
Ki‡Z _v‡K, ZZB ag© I weÁv‡bi g‡a¨ we‡iva Zxe«Zi n‡Z _v‡K|
ag©hvKR‡ì evW়vevWw়GK mgh়Ggb ch©vh়‡cŠQvh়‡h, c…w_ex ‡MvjvKvi G e³‡eï

Rb¨ weÁvbx‡ì cyWw়h‡়gviv Avi¤¢ nh়| Rbmvavi‡Yi `…wó‡Z G mgh়ag© cwiYZ
nh়Ggb GKUv `vb‡e hvi AZ¨vPv‡i wèvivÎ AwZwôZ n‡Z nh়| a‡g©i bv‡g Giƒc wg_¨vPvi,
Kyms¯‹vi I c«ZviYvi c«wZev‡` BD‡iv‡ci we‡eKgvb ¯^vaxbwPË gvbyl ‡mv”Pvi nh‡়D‡V|
gvwU©i jy_vi (1483-1546) ‡c«v‡U÷¨v›U ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi (Protestant Reformation
Movement ) gva¨‡g wL«÷ ag©hvRK‡ì `yb©xwZ I ¶gZvi Aceënv‡ii wei“‡× c«wZev` ïi“ K‡ib
| cÂ`k kZ‡K G Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv ‡Rvi`vi nh‡়D‡V
GKB mgh়BD‡iv‡ci cwÊZ‡ì g‡a¨ 'gvbeZvev`' Z‡Ë&ei D™¢e N‡U| G g‡Zi cwÊZiv ag©
c«m½wU‡K Avg‡j bv G‡b gvbyl I wek¦ m¤ú‡K© wPš—vfvebvi K_v e‡jb| Gici ‡i‡bmvui d‡j
wPš—v I `k©‡bi ‡¶‡Î
23. gwih়g Rvwgjv, Bmjvg GÛ gW©vbvB‡Rkb, 1976, XvKv, c…. 8|
BD‡iv‡c wece msNwUZ nh়| ‡i‡bmvui djk&i“wZ n‡Z AvaywbKZv Gi m~ÎcvZ nh়Aóv`k
kZ‡K divwm `vk©wbK wnDg, fj‡Uh়vi, d«vwÝm ‡eKb c«gy‡Li nv‡Z Ges c~Y© weKvk
N‡U Ebwesk kZ‡K WviDBb (1809-1882), gvK©m, d«h‡়W (1856-1939), e«vUvÛ iv‡mj
(1872-1970), Avibì Uh‡়bwe c«gy‡Li gva¨‡g| ‡c«v‡U÷¨v›U Av‡›`vj‡bi ci ‡i‡bmvui cwÊZiv
Pv‡P©i wei“‡× weÁvb‡KB mePvB‡Z kw³kvjx nvwZh়vi wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i|
AcwieZ©bxh়MvwYwZK AvB‡b mgM« ‡mŠiRMr cwiPvwjZ nh়- wbDU‡bi G gZev‡`
AvZ¥nviv nh‡়‡i‡bmvui hy‡Mi cwÊZiv ej‡Z ïi“ K‡ib ‡h, gvby‡li AwfÁZv I ch©‡e¶‡Yi
wecix‡Z mKj wek¦vm‡K cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e, f‡ëh়vi, wnDg, d«vwÝm ‡eKb, i“‡kvi g‡Zv
`vk©wbKiv AZx‡Zi mKj Ávb I aviYv‡K c«Z¨vL¨vb K‡i G wek¦vm Ki‡Z ïi“ Ki‡jb ‡h,
me©Rbxb MYwk¶v ‡h eyw×e…wË I weÁvb c«Pvi K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z we‡k¦ GKwU mwZ¨Kvi
¯^M© c«wZwôZ n‡e| wb‡Ri fvM¨ iƒc ‡`h়vi ‰eÁvwbK hv`y GLb gvby‡li Kivh়‡Ë&e
ih‡়‡Q| mgM« we‡k¦ ¯^vaxbZv, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mvdj¨ Ges me©Rbxb kvwš—
weivR Ki‡e| µgea©gvb Ávb gvbeRxeb‡K `xN©vhw়Z Ki‡e Ges mKj ‡ivM I Kó wbt‡kl K‡i
‡`‡e| cieZ©x kZ‡Ki c«hyw³ I ‰eÁvwbK wece G bZyb wek¦vm‡K e×g~j K‡i‡Q ‡h, ‡Kvb
A‡jŠwKK mvnvh¨ QvW়vB we‡k¦ gvbeRxeb cwic~Y©Zv AR©b K‡i| 24
BD‡ivcxh়`vk©wbK‡ì G e¯—yev`x wPš—v WviDBb, d«h‡়W, Kvj© gvK©m, e«vUvÛ
iv‡mj Zy‡½ ‡cŠu‡Q ‡`b| Zviv gvbeRxe‡b m«óvi Aw¯—‡Z¡ wek¦vm I ag©xh়Abykvmb‡K
Ac«h‡়vRbxh়e‡j c«Pvi K‡ib| Zv‡ì `…wó‡Z ‰bwZKZv GKwU Av‡cw¶K welh়gvÎ|
Ebwesk kZ‡Ki c«_gv‡a©i divwm wPš—vwe` AMv÷ ‡Kvu‡Z gvby‡li wPš—vi µ‡gvbœwZi
BwZnvm‡K wZbwU ¯—‡i (Theological stage. Metaphysical stage and Positive stage) fvM K‡i
AvaywbK ¯—i‡K Positive stage (wbwðZ Áv‡bi ¯—i) e‡j AvL¨vhw়Z K‡i‡Qb| Gi A_© n‡jv
‡Kvb NUbvivwR e¨vL¨vi ‡¶‡Î Gme Kvh©Kvi‡Yi eivZ ‡`h়v nh়, hv cix¶v I ch©‡e¶‡Yi
mvaviY wbh়g Abyhvh়x Rvbv I eySv hvh়, Scientific Empiricism G‡Z Ava¨vwZ¥K ‡Kvb
wbi¼yk kw³i ¯’vb ‡bB| wnDg, wgj,
24. gwih়g Rvwgjv, c~‡e©v³, c…. 13-15|
214 • Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v

iv‡mj c«gyLiv Giƒc aviYv‡K e‡j‡Qb ‰eÁvwbK Bw›`«h়ev`| Avi eZ©gvb we‡k¦ M‡elYv I
c«PviYvi ‡¶‡Î GUvB mePvB‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wPš—vaviv wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q |
BZvwji g¨vwKh়v‡fjx ‡i‡bmvui hy‡M ivó«eë¯’v I ivRbxwZi ‡¶‡Î ag© I ag© wek¦vm‡K `~‡i
‡V‡j ‡`h়vi Rb¨ cw_K…‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wZwb G AwfgZ c«Kvk K‡ib ‡h, iv‡ó«i
bvMwiKMY B”Qv Ki‡j e¨w³MZfv‡e ‡Kvb ag© I ‰bwZKZv AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ ivó«‡K
Zvi E‡aŸ© _vK‡Z n‡e| ‡avuKvevwR, c«ZviYv I my‡hvM mÜvbx bxwZi c«e³v g¨vwKh়v‡fjx
Av‡iv e‡jb, Aek¨ ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ ag© I ‰bwZKZvi ‡`vnvB ‡`h়v hw` wKQy
gvÎ DcKvix nh়, n‡e Zv Ki‡Z ‡Kvb evav ‡bB| 25 g¨vwKh়v‡fjxi G `…wófw½‡KB AvaywbK
ivó«weÁvb ‡mKyjvwiRg wn‡m‡e M«nY K‡i‡Q| G aviYv‡K mg_©b w`h‡়‡Qb Bs‡iR
`vk©wbK _gvm nem&| Zvui g‡Z GKRb e¨w³i mgM« RxebUvB ¶gZvi ‡ec‡ivh়v AbmyÜv‡b
e¨¯—
KgÿDwbR‡gi c«e³v Kvj© gvK©m I Zvi Abymvixiv ag©‡K ivó« ‡_‡K ïay Avjv`vB bh়;
gvbeRxe‡b Gi c«h‡়vRbxh়Zv‡KB A¯^xKvi I ¶wZKviK e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Zv‡ì `k©‡bi g~j K_v
n‡jv, gvbeRxe‡bi c«wZwU welh়‡K e¯—yev`x aviYvh়e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kiv
BD‡iv‡c ga¨hyM I cieZ©xKv‡j ivó« I a‡g©i ga¨Kvi Uvbv‡cvW়‡bi GKwU msw¶ß wPÎ Zy‡j
aiv n‡jv| Pv‡P©i Kyms¯‹vi I c«wZwµh়vkxjZvi wecix‡Z Ô‡mKyjvwiRg' I bvw¯—KZvev` Gi
weKvk N‡U‡Q wVKB; ZvB e‡j wL«÷ a‡g©i BwZevPK bxwZi Av‡jv‡K ivó« I a‡g©i
m¤úK©‡K cybtc«wZôvi Rb¨ ‡h ‡Kvb D‡`¨vMB wQj bv GgbwU bh়| ‡m›U AMvw÷b ( 354-
430), ‡m›U _gvm GKyBbvm (1227-1274), gvwmwj©I Ae cvW়yh়v (1270-1340) M«xK
`k©‡bi mv‡_ ag© I ‰bwKZvi mgš^h়NwUh‡়ivó«eë¯’vi cybM©V‡bi aviYv c«Pvi K‡ib|
Aek¨ Zv mgKvjxb BD‡iv‡c ‡Zgb mvW়v RvMv‡Z cv‡iwb|
hv‡nvK, RvwZ I ‡MvÎMZ weev‡` weaŸ¯— BD‡iv‡c ‡c«v‡U÷¨v›U Av‡›`vj‡bi djk&i“wZ‡Z
Zv‡ì GKgvÎ eÜb m…ó ag© AZ¨š— `ye©j nh‡়cW‡়| G‡K G‡K AmsL¨ ag©xh়Mªy‡ci D™
¢e nh়| Gi d‡j ivR‰bwZK KZ©…c¶ Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb‡K msnZ Ki‡Z m¶g nh়| Z‡e ag©xh়HK¨
webó nh‡়RvZxh়Zvev`x
25. w` Ih়vì eyK GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWh়v, LÛ 13, 1992 ms¯‹viY, c…. 9|
wPš—v‡PZbvi weKvk N‡U Ges A‡bK¸‡jv RvwZ iv‡ó«i (Nation states) D™¢e nh়|
3.79 gymwjg we‡k¦ ag© I iv‡ó«i m¤úK©
Relation between Religion and State in Muslim World
‡h cwi‡e‡k BD‡iv‡ci RbMY Pv‡P©i c«wZ exZk«× nh‡়ivó« ‡_‡K Zv‡K
Avjv`v Kivi c«h‡়vRbxh়Zv Dcjwä K‡iwQj gymwjg we‡k¦ ‡miƒc ‡Kvb
cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e KL‡bv N‡Uwb| weÁv‡bi ‡Kvb Z_¨ I Z‡Ë&ei mv‡_ Bmjv‡gi
‡Kvb msNvZ ‡`Lv ‡`h়wb| (gwim eyKvBjx) ag©xh়I ivR‰bwZK ‡bZ…‡Z¡i

g‡a¨ ¶gZvi c«wZ‡hvwMZvI ‡`Lv ‡`h়wb| gymwjg RbM‡Yi gv‡S Bmjv‡gi
‡Kvb bxwZ ev Abykvmb Zv‡ì Rb¨ ‡kvlY, wbcxW়b I weåvwš—i KviY wn‡m‡e
‡`Lv ‡`h়wb| ‡Kvb ‡Kvb kvm‡Ki ev kvmK‡Mvôxi D”Pvwfjvl, ‡KŠkj ev
wm×vš— wbh‡়gZcv_©K¨ ‡`Lv w`‡jI ag© wn‡m‡e Bmjv‡gi I ag©xh়‡bZ…‡Z¡i
c«wZ ‡Kvb ‡¶vf we‡Øl m…wó nh়wb| AvR ch©š— ‡Kvb gymjgvb ‰eÁvwb‡Ki
g‡b ag© I weÁvb wbh‡়mskh়m…wó nh়wb| ag© I weÁv‡bi g‡a¨ KL‡bv ‡Kvb
hy× evu‡awb| A_ev ‡Kvb gymwjg kvmbKZ©v ev ag©xh়‡bZv ‡Kvb weÁvbx‡K
cyWw়h‡়gv‡iwb ev AZ¨vPvi K‡iwb|
3.7.10 ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi djk&i“wZ
Result of Secularism
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv Z_v ag©nxbZv cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z nvRv‡iv mgm¨vi Rb¥ w`h‡়‡Q| gymwjg
ivó«mg~‡nI ivó« kvmK‡ì ‡e‡jjøvcbvi Kvi‡Y ag© I ‰bwZKZv ewR©Z ivRbxwZ-mgvR I
ivó«eë¯’vh়gvivZ¥K cwiw¯’wZi m…wó K‡i‡Qb| ag© I ivRbxwZ Avjv`v nIh়vi Kvi‡Y ‡`‡k
‡`‡k ‡hme mgm¨vi D™¢e nh‡়‡Q Zvi c«avb Kh‡়KwU wbgœiƒc :
1. wPš—vavivh়mskh়ev` (Confusion in thought) : ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi c«avb cwiYwZ n‡jv wPš—

vavivh়mskh়ev`| ag© I ivRbxwZ c…_K nevi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li wPš—v I ‡PZbvh়mskh়ev`
Avmb K‡i wbh‡়‡Q| me©‡¶‡Î m‡›`n mskh়| miKvi RbMY‡K wek¦vm K‡ib bv| wK Rvwb
KLb RbZvi DËvj Zi½ Zv‡ì‡K ¶gZvi gmb` ‡_‡K DrLvZ K‡i ‡d‡j| Ab¨w`‡K RbMYI miKvi‡K
AvcbRb wn‡m‡e fve‡Z cv‡ib bv, d‡j cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I wek¦vmnxbZvi Kvi‡Y m‡›`n
mskh়QWw়h‡়cW‡়, miKvi I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
‡Kvb ¯^Ztù~Z© m¤úK© MW‡়D‡V bv| e…nËi Rb‡Mvôxi gZv`k© mgvR I

ivó«eë¯’vh়gh©v`vi Avm‡b AwawôZ nh়bv| wPš—vavivh়I wek¦v‡m mskh়ev`
m¤ú«mvwiZ nIh়vi Kvi‡Y RbMY ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vh়Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
2. g~j¨‡ev‡a weåvwš— (Confusion in values and morality) : ‰bwZKZv I ag© ‡_‡K

ivRbxwZ‡K Avjv`v Kivi Kvi‡Y mgvR I ivó«eë¯’vh়g~j¨‡ev‡ai e¨vcK weåvwš— I
Ae¶h়N‡U| e¨vcK `yb©xwZ gv_vPvW়v w`h‡়D‡V| ‰RweK c~i‡Yi µgea©gvb c«h়vm
hLb ïi“ nh়ZLb mZ¨ wg_¨vi cv_©K¨ wbwðý n‡Z _v‡K| b¨vh়I gvbexh়¸Yvejx jyß n‡Z _v‡K|
‡jvf jvjmv, myweavev`, `yb©xwZ, e¨vwfPvi, A‡bï AwaKv‡i n¯—‡¶c, cvkweKZv, wbj©¾Zv
g~j¨‡eva m¤ú‡K© weåvwš—i Kvi‡Y A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QB Ab¨vh়e‡j g‡b nh়bv|
GgZve¯’vh়¯^Rbc«xwZ, AvZ¥xh়c«xwZ I ‡KvUvix ¯^v_© kvmK‡Mvôx‡KI Av”Qbœ K‡i
‡d‡j| ivó« I mgvReë¯’v my¯’Zv nvwih‡়Akvwš— I `y‡h©v‡M wbcwZZ nh়|
3. RxebhvÎvh়wejvwmZv (Luxery in life style) : Giƒc mgv‡R
kvmK‡Mvôx I awbK‡Mvôx wejvwmZvh়Mv fvwmh‡়‡`h়| we‡`k ‡_‡K ‡KvwU
‡KvwU UvKvi wejvm `«e¨ Avg`vbx Kiv nh়| Dbœh়b Kg©Kv‡Ê A_© e¨h‡়i
cwie‡Z© Abyrcv`bkxj Lv‡Z gvÎvwZwi³ A_© e¨hw়Z nIh়v‡Z e¨vcK RbMY
Dbœh়‡bi ‡m«vZaviv ‡_‡K wew”Qbœ nh‡়w`b w`b `wi`« n‡Z _v‡K| mgm¨v w`b
w`b ‡eW‡়B hvh়| Avi GUv Rvbv K_v ‡h wejvmwfwËK Rxe‡bi ivR‰bwZK
mwnòyZv GKevi ïi“ n‡j Zv Avi `~i Kiv hvh়bv|
4. AvPi‡Yi AwkóZv (Bad manner) : AvPi‡Yi AwkóZv Kg©‡¶‡Î bxwZ ‡_‡K Avjv`v Kivi
Kvi‡Y kvmK‡Mvôx I Wwg‡b›U GwjUiv AvPvi AvPiY I eënv‡ii AwkóZv c«`k©b K‡ib|
e¨vcK RbMY G kvmK‡Mvôx Øviv cwiPvwjZ nh়e‡j Zv‡ì g‡aÏ G AvPiYMZ w`K
m¤ú«mvwiZ nh়| ms¯‹…wZ I µxW়v PP©vi bv‡g ‡envh়vcbv I Ab¨vb¨ Bmjvg we‡ivax
Kvh©Kjvc e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i| cy‡iv mgvR eë¯’v A‰bwZKZv I D”Q…•LjZvh়Wy‡e hvh়|
‡QvUiv eW়‡ì k«×v K‡i bv, eW়ivI ‡QvU‡ì ‡mœn K‡i bv| ¶gZvi `vc‡U G‡K Aci‡K
wbh়š¿Y Ki‡Z Pvb|

5. wef³Ki I kvmbKi bxwZ (Divide and rule policy) : ‰bwZKZv I ag© ‡_‡K ivRbxwZ‡K
Avjv`v Kivi Kvi‡Y ivRbxwZ‡Z kvmK‡Mvôx wef³Ki I kvmbKi bxwZ AbymiY K‡ib| G‡Ki
wei“‡× Aci‡K jvwMh‡়‡`b| mvg«vRëv`x‡ì wkwLh‡়hvIh়v G bxwZ gymwjg ‡`‡ki
cvðvZ¨gbv kvmKMY c«h‡়vM K‡i wb‡R‡ì ‡`‡ki gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ we‡iva I msN‡l©i exR
ecb K‡ib|
GK ‡k«Yxi myweavev`x Av‡jg‡K Zviv nvZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb| KjgevRx, d‡Zvh়vevRxi gva¨‡g
‡`‡ki Bmjvgcš’x‡ì‡KI wef³ Kivi ‡Póv K‡ib| wewfbœ gZv`‡k©i g‡a¨ msNvZ I msN‡l©i
jW়vB jvwMh‡়w`h‡়wek…•LjZvi Awf‡hvM G‡b M…nvhy‡×i Avk¼v e¨³ K‡i wb‡R‡ì
Ab¨vh়kvmb‡K Av‡iv cvKv‡cv³ Kivi c«h়vm cvb|
6. wW‡cv‡gwm‡Z myweavev` (Hypocracy in Diplomacy) : ‰bwZKZv wemwR©Z wW‡c-

v‡gwm‡K KcUZv ev gybvwdKx e‡j wPwýZ Kiv nh়| G ‡¶‡Î kvmK‡Mvôxi ¯^v_©B c«vavb¨
cvh়| Zv‡ì ¯^v_©B RvZxh়¯^v_© e‡j we‡ewPZ nh়|
3.7.11 Bmjvg I ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`
Islam and Secularism
Bmjvg wKQy wek¦vm, Zvi ‡gŠwLK ¯^xK…wZ I ‡mB Abyhvh়x wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi mKj ‡¶Î
cwiPvjbvi bvg| myZivs Bmjvg GKwU ag©xh়Av`k© I ag©xh়Rxebeë¯’v| ag©nxbZv ev
Secularism Gi mv‡_ Bmjv‡gi ‡Kvb m¤úK©‡Zv ‡bB-B eis G gZev` Bmjv‡gi wecixZ gZev`|
Av‡iv GKUy cwi®‹vi K‡i ej‡Z ‡M‡j Bmjvg ‡Zv e‡UB eis ‡Kvb ag©B G gZev‡` wek¦vm K‡i
bv| myZivs G gZev` ïay Bmjv‡gi wecixZgyLx gZev` bh়| mKj a‡g©i mv‡_ mvsNwl©K gZev`|
hv ‡nvK, Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ G gZev‡ì m¤úK© n‡”Q ‰ecix‡Zï m¤úK©| cvwb Avi Av¸‡bi
m¤úK©| mvc I ‡bD‡ji m¤úK©| cvwb I Av¸‡bi mnAe¯’vb ‡hgb Am¤¢e, ‡Zgwb G ag©nxb
gZev` I Bmjv‡gi mnAe¯’vb G‡Kev‡iB Aev¯—e| Avwg evsjv‡`kx Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
gvwb bv G ev‡R K_vwU ‡hgb g~j¨nxb, ‡egvbvb I Aev¯—e, ‡Zgwb Avwg gymjgvb Z‡e Avwg
‡mKyjvi G K_vwUI ci¯úi mvsNwl©K, ‡egvbvb I Aev¯—e| ag©nxb nh‡়gymjgvb _vKv
evgy‡bi Pvu` aivi g‡Zv ev¯—eZvewR©Z I
Wygy‡ii dyj ‡`Lvi gZB Am¤¢e| myZivs Avwg gymjgvb Z‡e Avwg ag©wbi‡c¶ev`x, Avwg
‡mKÿjvi G Aev¯—e wPš—v hviv K‡i Zviv g~jZ ‡evKvi ¯^‡M©B evm Ki‡Q| Zywg ‡mKÿjvi
Zvi A_© Zywg ag©nxb, Zywg gymjgvb bI| Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ ‡Zvgvi m¤úK© ‡bB| gymjgvb `vwe
KiviI ‡Zvgvi AwaKvi ‡bB| d‡j hviv ‡mKÿjvi e‡j AvZ¥Z…wßi ‡XKyi ‡Zv‡jb Zv‡ì‡K G ev¯
—e mZ¨‡K ‡g‡b wb‡ZB n‡e|
hviv g‡b K‡ib ‡mKyjvwiR‡gi A_© ag©nxbZv bh়eis ag©‡K e¨w³Rxe‡b mxgve× Kiv, ag©‡K
Rxe‡bi wKQy ‡¶Î ‡_‡K c…_K K‡i GKB mgh‡়gymjgvb I ‡mKyjvi _vKvi c_ ‡Lvu‡Rb,
‡mUv g~ৰ&LZv ‰e wKQy bh়| Avm‡j wKš‘ Bmjvg AwefvR¨ GKwU Rxebeë¯’v| Rxe‡bi
c«wZwU kvLv c«kvLvh়Bmjv‡gi ih‡়‡Q wbR¯^ wbh়g c×wZ| Rxe‡bi c«wZwU ‡¶‡ÎB
Bmjvg‡K gvb‡jB Bmjvg‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e gvbv nh়| Avi Rxe‡bi ‡h ‡Kvb ‡¶‡Î Bmjvg‡K ev`
w`‡j Bmjv‡gi AvswkK cvjb Kijvg e‡j g‡b Ki‡jI Avm‡j BmjvgB cvjb nh়bv| ‡Kbbv Bmjv‡gi
g~j iƒc n‡”Q Avjøvni mgx‡c AvZ¥mgc©Y I AvbyMZ¨ c«`k©b| AvswkK AvbyMZ¨ Kiv Avi
Ab¨vb¨ ‡¶‡Î AvbyMZ¨nxbZv g~jZ: AvbyMZ¨nxbZv‡KB c«gvY K‡i| ‡hgb : GKRb PvKwiRxwe
Zvi EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi `y'GKwU cwjwmi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡j Zvi PvKwi wbh‡়Uvb
cW়vUvB ¯^vfvweK| ‡mRb¨ ‡mKyjvwiR‡gi c«e³iv e¨w³Rxe‡b Bmjvg gvbvi K_v ej‡jI Zviv
cwievi, mgvR, ivó«, A_©bxwZ c«f…wZ ‡¶‡Î Ab¨ wbh়g ‡g‡b Pjvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì Bmjvg
wbh‡়‡`vUvbvh়cW়vUvB ¯^vfvweK| Zvn‡j e¨w³Rxe‡b gymwjg, Avi Ab¨ Rxe‡b Agymwjg
_vKv‡K Awbevh© K‡i Rxe‡bi `y'GKwU ‡¶‡Î hviv Avjøvni AvbyMZ¨ ‡`Lvb Avi Ab¨ ‡¶‡Î
AvbyMZ¨nxb nIh়v g~jZ Zv‡ì c~Y© AvbyMZ¨nxb nIh়viB kvwgj| gnvM«š’ Avj KyiAv‡b
ejv nh‡়‡Q, Òcwic~Y©fv‡e Bmjv‡g c«‡ek Ki| Avi kh়Zv‡bi c`vsK AbymiY Ki bv|Ó Gi A_©
n‡”Q gymjgvb n‡Z n‡j c~Y©fv‡e n‡Z n‡e| myZivs ‡mKyjvwiR‡gi wfbœ e¨vL¨v w`h‡়hviv
Rxe‡bi Kh‡়KwU ‡¶‡Î ag©‡K Abykxjb K‡i Rxe‡bi Ab¨ ‡¶‡Î a‡g©i c«wZ e…×vO&¸jx
‡`wLh‡়hviv gymjgvb _vK‡Z Pvh়Zv‡ì G PvIh়vB G‡Kev‡iB Aevš—i| K_vh়Av‡Q,
ÒAvjøvn fx ‡Lvk iv‡n fMevb fx bvivR bv ‡nv hvh‡়Ó- g~jZ: ‡Kvb gymjgv‡bi PwiÎ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| AZGe, ‡mKyjvwiR‡gi ‡h ‡Kvb e¨vL¨vB Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K: G‡Z ‡Kvb m‡›`n Kivi
AeKvk ‡bB|
ivRbxwZ I ivó« ‡_‡K ag©‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì Ab¨ GKwU iƒc| G Av‡jv‡K
Rxe‡bi mKj ‡¶‡Î a‡g©i Abykxjb‡K ¯^xK…wZ ‡`h়v n‡jI ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi G e¨vL¨v
Abyhvh়x ivRbxwZ I ivó« cwiPvjbvi ‡¶‡Î ag©xh়Abykvm‡bi Abyc«‡ek k³fv‡e wbwl×| G
QÙvei‡Y Bmjvg we‡Ølx G ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` gymwjg we‡k¦i ivRbxwZ‡Z Abyc«‡ek K‡i‡Q|
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv ej‡Z Ab¨ wKQy bv eywSh‡়G Øviv ag©nxb ivRbxwZ I ivó« GZ ‡ewk
c«wmw× jvf K‡i‡Q ‡h, GLb gymwjgiv AwaKvskB ag©wbi‡c¶Zv ej‡Z ag©gy³ ivRbxwZ I
ag©nxb ivó« ey‡S _v‡K| G e¨vL¨vi Av‡jv‡K ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi M«nY‡hvM¨Zv evW়viI ‡Xi
KviY ih‡়‡Q| myweavev`x gymwjg ivRbxwZKiv wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi ‡¶‡Î
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K GKUv Xvj wn‡m‡e eënvi Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡i‡Q| ivRbxwZ I ivó« Bmjvgx
Abykvm‡bi AvIZvh়cwiPvwjZ n‡j ‡mLv‡b ‡hgb AvO&¸j dy‡j KjvMvQ nIh়viI my‡hvM
_v‡K bv ‡Zgwb ‡fRvjc~Y© ‡jvK‡ì c«wZôv nIh়vi c_I i“× nh‡়hvh়| G Kvi‡YB G mKj
‡jvK‡ì wbKU ag©wbi‡c¶ gZev` mvsNvwZK M«nY‡hvM¨ evRvi ‡ch‡়‡Q| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi G
e¨vL¨v M«n‡Yi ‡¶‡Î wKš‘ AvZ¥Z…wßi fvMUvI c~e©eZ©x e¨vL¨v¸‡jvi ‡Ph‡়‡ewk| ‡mLv‡b
ïay e¨w³Rxe‡b ag©‡K Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM wQj| c¶vš—‡i, GLv‡b ïaygvÎ ivRbxwZ I ivó«
e¨ZxZ mKj ‡¶‡Î ag©‡K ‡g‡b Pjvi myweav ih‡়‡Q| d‡j g‡b Kiv nh়‡mRbÏ gymjgv‡biv
A‡bKUv ag©xh়AvZ¥Z…wß I ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K jvjb Ki‡Q, cvjb Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì `…wó‡Z mKj
‡¶‡Î‡Zv Bmjvgx Abykxjb cvjb KiwQ, ïaygvÎ ivó« I ivRbxwZ‡Z GUv D‡c¶v Ki‡j Avi wKB ev
n‡e? Ggwb ai‡bi GK Aevš—i wPš—v Zv‡ì‡K G c_ Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ DØy× Ki‡Q| Bmjvg
GKgvÎ c~Y©v½ Rxebweavb| ‡mRb¨ gymwjg n‡Z n‡j Rxe‡bi c«wZwU ‡¶‡Îi g‡Zv ivR‰bwZK
A½b Ges ivó«xh়AvwObvI Bmjvgx avu‡P cwiPvwjZ nIh়v Awbevh©| ‡Kvb A‡½ K¨vÝvi
n‡j ‡hgb Ab¨ A½ G‡Kev‡i fvj _vK‡jI ‡ivMx evuPv‡bv hvh়bv, wVK ‡Zgwb Rxe‡bi ‡Kvb
GK ‡¶‡Î Bmjvg wegyLZv PP©vi Rb¨ Db¥y³ _vK‡j Ab¨ ‡¶‡Î hZB Bmjvg cvjb ‡nvK bv ‡Kb
‡mLv‡b gymjgvb _vKvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| Avjøvn cvK AZ¨š— ¯úófv‡e e‡j‡Qb, '‡Zvgiv wK
KyiAv‡bi wKQy As‡ki c«wZ Cgvb Avb‡e Avi wKQy Ask‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡e? hviv GwU K‡i
Zviv `ywbh়vi Rxe‡b, jvwÃZ nh়, wKh়vg‡Zi KwVb w`‡b Zv‡ì‡K KwVb kvwš—i w`‡K
cvwVh‡়‡`h়v n‡e| 26
KyiAv‡bi wKQy Ask cvjb I wKQy Ask eR©b K‡i gymjgvb _vKvi my‡hvM _vK‡j BnKvj I
ciKvj Dfh়Kv‡jB GB K‡Vvi mvRvi K_v ejv nZ bv| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì mv‡_ Bmjv‡gi
m¤úK© ‰ecix‡Zï m¤úK©| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`x nh‡়gymjgvb _vKvi ‡Kvb my‡hvM Bmjv‡g
‡bB | GB gZev` Kydix gZev`| G gZev` Avjøvn‡`«vnx gZev`| G Av`k© Agymwjg‡ì Av`k©|
3.7.12 gymwjg we‡k¦ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` Secularism in Muslim World
gymwjg wek¦ ev gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì me‡Ph‡়mie I gyL¨ c«e³v n‡”Qb ‡kL
Avjx Ave` Avj ivwRK (1888-1966)| wZwb Avj AvRnvi wek¦we`¨vjh‡়i mœvZK wQ‡jb Ges
wKQyw`b A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vjh‡়AvBb I A_©bxwZi Dci cW়vïbv K‡iwQ‡jb| B.AvB.‡R.
‡iv‡Rb_v‡ji g‡Z, Avj ivwRK c«YxZ M«š’ 'Avj Bmjvg Ih়v Dmyj Avj ûKg' Bmjvg I miKv‡ii
bxwZ iv‡ó«i RvMwZK Kg©KvÛ n‡Z......ag©‡K P~W়vš—fv‡e c…_K Kivi ZvwË&eK wfZ
iPbv K‡i| 27 Ave` Avj ivwRK ivRbxwZ I ivRbxwZi mv‡_ mswkøóZv Av‡Q Ggb mewKQy
eR©b K‡i Bmjvg‡K ïaygvÎ GKwU ag© wn‡m‡e ‡ck K‡ib| wZwb hyw³ DÌvcb K‡ib ‡h, bex
Kixg (m) wQ‡jb GKRb ivm~j (Messanger), hvi kvmb Kivi ev ivó« MV‡bi ‡Kvb D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv
bv| 28 Bmjvg mgM« gvbeZvi Rb¨ GKwU wek¦Rbxb ag© Ges gnvbex (m) wQ‡jb Awemsevw`Z
ag©xh় (Religious), ev Ava¨vwZ¥K (Spiritual) ‡bZv, hvui ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ, Bmjvgx
ivó« MVb Ges Bmjvgx ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vi msnwZKiY wQj wbQK NUbvPµ gvÎ Ges Gi mv‡_
Zvui beyh়Zx wgk‡bi ‡Kvb m¤úK© wQj bv| 29 ms‡¶‡c Ave` Avj ivwR‡Ki g‡Z Bmjvg 26. 2
m~iv Avj evKviv : 85)
27. B.AvB.‡R. ‡iv‡Rb_vj, Islam in the Modern National State, K¨vgwe«R BwD bf©vwmwU
‡c«m, K¨vgwe«R, 1965, c…. 8 28. Avjx Ave` Avj ivwRK, Avj Bmjvg Ih়v Dmyj Avj ûKg,
Avj nvh়vZ jvB‡e«ix,
‰ei“Z, ‡jevbb, 1966, c…. 83| 29, Avjx Ave` Avj ivwRK, c~‡e©v³, c…. 118 |
I ivRbxwZi g‡a¨ ih‡়‡Q ‡hvRbe¨vcx eëavb Ges Dfh়‡K Aek¨B c…_K ivL‡Z n‡e| Avj
ivwR‡Ki M«š’ Avj Bmjvg Ih়v Dmyj Avj ûKgv c«ej c«wZev‡ì m…wó K‡i Ges Avj
AvRnv‡ii wek¦we`¨vjh়M«vÛ KvDwÝj G M«‡š’i Zxe« wb›`v K‡i| KvDwÝj M«š’Kv‡ii Avj
AvRnvi wek¦we`¨vjh়KZ©…K c«`Ë wW‡cvgv evwZj K‡i| Avj ivwRK‡K ‡h kvwš— c«`vb
Kiv nh‡়wQj Zvi ‡hŠw³KZv wbh‡়c«kœ DV‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ G‡Z fyj ‡bB ‡h, Avj ivwRK
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi c«fv‡e beyh়Zx wgkb m¤ú‡K© åvš— aviYv ‡NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb, ‡h wgk‡bi j¶¨
ïaygvÎ GKwU b¨vh়civh়b mgvR MVbB bh়eis Zvi wfwË‡Z ivó« MVbI wQj| Z‡e Avie
we‡k¦ dvivn AvbZyh়vb ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì c«_g c«e³v wQ‡jb|
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`x wPš—vaviv gymwjg we‡k¦ Mfxifv‡e Abyc«‡ek K‡i‡Q| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`‡K

‡Kvb ‡Kvb gymwjg ‡`‡k kvmb c×wZi gvb`Ûiƒ‡c cwieZ©b Kivi c«h়vm Pj‡Q| e¯—yZc‡¶
Bmjvg ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`x gZv`k©‡K ‡Rvov‡jvfv‡e c«Z¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Q| Bmjvgx wek¦vm I
ms¯‹…wZ ZvB ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`x‡ì Avµg‡Yi g~j j¶ë¯—y‡Z cwiYZ nh‡়‡Q|
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`x‡ì we‡Øl c«m~Z AvµgY Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva, ms¯‹…wZ I e…wói cwigÊ‡j
Ae¶h়x ¶Z m…wó K‡i P‡j‡Q| gymwjg we‡k¦i ‡`‡k ‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì
Avg`vbx-idZvbxi igigv evwY‡Rï Drme Pj‡Q|
AvaywbK wk¶vh়wkw¶Z GK ‡k«Yxi gymwjg me©Î Bmjvg‡KI cv`«x‡ì a‡g©i b¨vh়DbœwZ

I c«MwZ we‡ivax g‡b Ki‡Q| Gi KviY we‡kølY K‡i wbgœwjwLZ Z_¨ cvIh়v hvh়:
1| gymwjg we‡k¦ hviv Ávb PP©v Ki‡Qb Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB Bmjvg m¤ú‡K©
A‡bK Agymwjg wPš—vbvh়‡Ki ‡Ph‡়I Kg Rv‡bb| Zviv A‡bK ‡gvUv ‡gvUv
eB gyL¯’ K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ KyiAvb I nv`xm Aa¨h়b Kivi my‡hvM cvbwb, nh়Z
ev c«h‡়vRbI ‡eva K‡ibwb| Aciw`‡K gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ hviv KyiAvb I
nv`x‡mi M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb, Zvu‡ì AwaKvskB AvaywbK Ávb weÁvb Aa¨h়b bv
Kivi d‡j Ges cvw_©e Rxeb‡K me©w`K w`h‡়Bmjvgx `…wófw½‡Z wePvi
Kivi my‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e ‡MvUv gymwjg mgvR‡K ‡hvM¨ ‡bZ…Z¡ `vb Ki‡Z
A¶g| `xN©Kvj A‰bmjvgx kvm‡bi d‡j Bmjvgx gb gMR I PwiÎ wewkó
e¨w³‡ì ‡bZ…Z¡ Rxe‡bi mKj w`K ‡_‡KB DrLvZ nIh়v ¯^vfvweK wQ‡jv |
d‡j AvaywbK Ávb weÁv‡b mg…× A_P Bmjvgx gb gw¯—®‹k~b¨ gymjgvb‡ì ‡bZ…Z¡B
gymwjg we‡k¦ c«wZôv jvf Kij| G ‡bZ…‡Z¡i c‡¶ Bmjvgx mgvReë¯’v c«wZôvi we‡ivwaZv Kiv
Ges ‡h ‡Kvb cš’vh়ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` c«wZôvi c_ gy³ Kivi ‡Póvh়c«e…Ë nIh়v ‡gv‡UB
we¯§h়Ki bh়|
2| gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnvm ‡_‡K GK_v c«gvwYZ nh়‡h Ávb mvabv, Z_¨vbymÜvb, wPš—
vM‡elYvi BwÄbB we‡k¦i G weivU MvWw়Lvbv‡K ‡U‡b wbh‡়Pj‡Q| wPš—vbvh়K
mvaKivB D³ BwÄ‡bi cwiPvjK| Zv‡ì gwR© Abyhvh়x ‡MvUv MvWw়i mKj hvÎx‡KB Pj‡Z
nh়| hZw`b gymjgvb RvwZ wPš—vi ‡¶‡Î ‡bZ…Z¡ w`w”Qj ZZw`b Bmjvgx wPš—vavivB gvbe
RvwZ‡K c«fvevwš^Z K‡iwQj| mZ¨ I wg_¨v, my›ì I Amy›ì, fv‡jv I g‡›ì Bmjvgx gvcKvwVB
ZLb GKgvÎ M«nY‡hvM¨ wQ‡jv| ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j eZ©gvb ‡Lv`vnxb wPš—
vavivi eb¨vi gy‡L Bmjvgx Ávb ewÂZ gymwjg‡ì ‡f‡m hvIh়vB ¯^vfvweK| Kv‡RB cvðv‡Zï
‡bZ…‡Z¡ AvaywbK Ávb mvabvi ‡h BwÄb `ye©vi MwZ‡Z gvbe RvwZ‡K ‡U‡b wbh‡়hv‡”Q
Zv‡Z gymwjg bvgavix‡ì GgbwK avwg©K e‡j cwiwPZ eû gymjgv‡biI c«fvevwš^Z nIh়v
we¯§h়Ki bh়|
wPš—vi ‡¶‡Î c~Y© `vmZ¡ gymjgvb ‡bZ…Z¡‡K cO&¸ K‡i ‡i‡L‡Q| Zviv BD‡iv‡ci I¯—v`‡ì
wbKU ‰bwZK I gvbwmK AvZ¥weµh‡়i gva¨‡g wek¦¯— kvMwi‡ì b¨vh়cvðv‡Zï AÜ
AbymiY K‡i P‡j‡Q| Zv‡ì ¯^vaxb gb gMR ev P¶y Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nh়bv| Zviv cvðv‡Zï P¶y
Øviv my›ì-Amy›`‡ii wm×vš— ‡bb; BD‡iv‡ci gMR w`h‡়DbœwZ-AebwZi wnmve K‡ib Ges
I¯—v`‡ì gb w`h‡়B fv‡jv-g‡›ì wePvi K‡ib|
BD‡iv‡ci Gme gvbm mš—vbMY hw` gvbwmK `vmZ¡ Z¨vM bv K‡i Zvn‡j GKw`b ivR‰bwZK
`vmZ¡B Gi ¯^vfvweK cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^vaxb gymwjg ‡`k¸‡jvi Dci ‡b‡g Avm‡e| c«vK…
wZK m¤ú‡` mg…× _vKv m‡Ë&eI gymwjg ‡`k¸‡jv AvR G Kvi‡YB wewfbœ RvwZi ivR
‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK ‡Mvjv‡g cwiYZ nh‡়‡Q|
3.7.13 gymwjg we‡k¦ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvevb M«n‡Yi djvdj

Effects of adaptation of Secularism in Muslim World gymwjg we‡k¦ ‡mKyjvi ivó«`k©b I
ivó«eë¯’v M«n‡Yi djvdj ‡gv‡UB ïf
nh়wb| ‡mKyjvwiR‡gi c«mv‡ii d‡j ‡h mg¯— msKU ‡`Lv w`h‡়‡Q, Zv c«avbZ wbgœiƒc :
1| RvwZmËv m¼U (Nationality Crisis ) : gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx we‡k¦i ‡h ‡`‡kB evm Ki“K bv
‡Kb, RvwZmËvi c«v_wgK wfZ n‡”Q Zvi gymwjg ‡PZbv‡eva | Aek¨ Bmjvg fvlv, AÂj, b…
ZvwË&eK cwiPh়‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`h‡়‡Q| wKš‘ ‡m mg¯— cwiPh়‡K KL‡bvB Bmjv‡gi
Dci c«vavb¨ ‡`h়vi AeKvk Bmjv‡g ‡bB| Bmjvg wbi‡c¶, Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ m¤úK©nxb ‡Kvb
RvwZmËvi aviYv Bmjvg Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv| A_P gymwjg we‡k¦i ‡mKyjvicš’xiv Bmjvgx
RvwZ‡eva‡K A¯^xKvi ev D‡c¶v K‡i wbQK fvlv, b…ZË&e ev ‡fŠ‡MvwjK cwiPh়‡KB
c«vavb¨ w`h‡়‡Q Ges Gm‡ei wfwË‡ZB RvwZmËv wba©vi‡Yi c«h়vm ‡ch‡়‡Q| wKš‘
gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi mgwóMZ gbb wPš—v‡PZbv KL‡bvB GwU ‡g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j
gymwjg we‡k¦i wewfbœ ‡`‡k ‡mKÿjvi fveavivi wfwË‡Z RvwZMVb c«wµh়v (Nation
Building process) memgh়msK‡Ui Rb¥ w`h‡়‡Q| RvwZmËvi wfwË me©`v ‡_‡K ‡M‡Q
`ye©j, A¯úó, weåvwš—Ki| ‡hgb : evOvwj RvZxh়Zvev`xiv ‡hfv‡e RvwZmËvi e¨vL¨v K‡i,
Zv‡Z ‡hgb GKw`‡K gymwjg cwiPh়‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv nh়, Ab¨w`‡K Avgv‡ì BwZnvm I
f~‡Mv‡ji mv‡_I Zv AmsMwZc~Y©| e¯—yZ: gymwjg cwiPh়cwinvi K‡i ‡mKÿjvi fveaviv
wfwËK ‡Kvb RvwZ MVb c«wµh়v `ye©j I msNvZc~Y© n‡Z eva¨|
2| gymwjg HK¨ I åvZ…‡Z¡i mv‡_ msNvZ (Clash with Muslim solidarity and brotherhood) :
ZË&eMZfv‡e ‡mKÿjvi ivó«`k©‡b wek¦ gymwjg åvZ…Z¡ I msnwZi ‡Kvb my‡hvM ‡bB|
‡mKÿjvwiRg ‡g‡b wb‡j Ab¨ ‡Kvb ‡`‡ki ev Ab¨ fvlvfvwl gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zvi
my‡hvM ‡Kv_vh়? gymwjg D¤§vni aviYv bxwZMZfv‡e ‡mKÿjvi `k©‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|
Kv‡RB ‡mKÿjvwiRg gv‡b gymwjg D¤§vni aviYv‡K, gymwjg åvZ…Z¡‡eva‡K bm¨vr K‡i
‡`h়v| gymwjg we‡k¦ ‡mKÿjvwiR‡gi hZ c«mvi NU‡e gymwjg D¤§vni aviYv I åvZ…Z¡‡eva
ZZB `ye©j n‡e| my‡KŠk‡j ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`xiv gymwjg D¤§vn‡K weåvš— I wef³ Kivi Pµvš—
Pvwjh‡়hv‡”Q|
3| Bmjv‡gi Dci AvNvZ I n¯—‡¶c (Hit and Interference
224. Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v
against Islam) : gymwjg ‡Kvb ‡`‡k ‡mKyjvwiRg Kvh‡়g KivB m¤¢e
n‡e bv Bmjv‡gi Dci c«Z¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ AvNvZ I n¯—‡¶c bv K‡i, Bmjvgx bxwZ I AvBb-Kvbyb‡K
evwZj ev c«Z¨vL¨vb bv K‡i, ‡Kvb ‡mKÿjvi ivó« MVb Aev¯—e| ZvB ‡`Lv ‡M‡Q, ‡hLv‡bB
mivmwi ‡mKÿjvi ivó« MV‡bi D‡`¨vM ‡bh়v nh‡়‡Q, ‡mLv‡bB Bmjv‡gi Dci, Bmjvgx
wk¶vi Dci, ms¯‹…wZi Dci GgbwK e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi DciI n¯—‡¶c Kiv nh‡়‡Q| D`vniY¯îƒc
Zyi‡¯‹i K_v ejv hvh়| Zyi¯‹‡K ‡mKÿjvi ivó« evbv‡Z wMh‡়ïay ‡h wLjvdZ wejyß Kiv
nh‡়‡Q Zv bh়, eis Bmjvg‡K wbg©~j KiviI D‡`¨vM ‡bh়v nh‡়wQj| ‡gv¯—dv Kvgvj
AvZvZyK© (1881-1938) ‡mKÿjvi ivó« MVb Ki‡Z wMh‡়Aviwe‡Z Avhvb eÜ K‡i
w`h‡়wQ‡jb| Aviwei e`‡j ZywK© fvlvh়KyiAvb cW়‡Z ev Ave…wË Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv
nh‡়wQj| Avjøvn k‡ãi e`‡j ZywK© Zvbix kã Pvjy Kiv nh‡়wQj| Avhv‡bi mgh়Avjøvn
AvKevi Gi e`‡j Zvbwi Djyì (m…wóKZ©v gnvb) Pvjy Kiv nh‡়wQj| ‡Rvi K‡i gwnjv‡ì
wnRve Lyj‡Z, GgbwK wfb ‡`‡ki cyi“l‡ì mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e bvP‡Z eva¨ Kiv nh‡়wQj| cyi“l‡ì
‡dRUywc evwZj K‡i cwðgv n¨vU Pvwch‡়‡`h়v nh‡়wQj| mg¯— m~dx ìevi ev LvbKv eÜ
K‡i ‡`h়v nh‡়wQj| Bmjvgx wk¶v c«wZôvb¸‡jv‡K eÜ K‡i ‡`h়v nh‡়wQj| Bmjvgx
cvwievwiK AvBb evwZj Kiv nh‡়wQj| kvmbZvwš¿Kfv‡e mg¯— Bmjvgx ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv
eÜ K‡i ‡`h়v nh‡়wQj| AvRI Zyi‡¯‹ ‡m eë¯’v envj ih‡়‡Q|
wZDwbwkh়vi Dbœh়b I ‡mKyjvi mgvRZvwš¿K ivó« MV‡bi bv‡g ‡c«wm‡W›U nvwee
evi¸Bev (1902- ) c«Kv‡k¨ cweÎ ighvb gv‡mi ‡ivhv ivL‡Z wbi“rmvwnZ Ki‡Zb| G j‡¶¨ wZwb
c«Kv‡k¨ ighvb gv‡m cvbvnvi Ki‡Zb Ges Zv djvI K‡i c«Pvi Kiv nZ| wZwb gymwjg gwnjv‡ì‡K
c`©v cwiavb Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡ib| cðv`cZvi wei“‡× hy× Kivi myweav‡_© 1961 mv‡j wZwb
wZDwbwmh়vb‡ì‡K ighv‡b ‡ivhv bv ivL‡Z Avn&evb Rvbvb|
wmwih়v Biv‡KI ‡mKÿjvicš’xiv ¶gZvh়Avmvi ci Bmjvg Ges
Bmjvgcš’x‡ì mv‡_ LyeB RNb¨ AvPiY K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI ‡mKÿjvwiRg c«wZôvi bv‡g
Bmjv‡gi Aegvbbvg~jK wewfbœ c`‡¶c ‡bh়v nh‡়wQj Ges AvRI n‡”Q| ‡gvUK_v, Bmjvg‡K
`ye©j bv K‡i ‡Kvb ‡mKyjvi ivó« MVb m¤¢e bh়|
4| Bmjvgcš’x‡ì Dci hyjyg wbh©vZb (Oppression against the Islamic State) : GKwU gymwjg
‡`‡k Bmjvg Abyhvh়x ‡`k MVb I cwiPvjbv Kivi Av‡›`vjb _vK‡eB| wKš‘ ‡mKÿjvi iv‡ó«i
c«e³v I evnKiv G my‡hvM w`‡Z bvivR| ‡Kv_vI AvBb K‡i BmjvgwfwËK ivRbxwZ eÜ K‡i
‡`h়v nh়| ‡hgb : Zyi‡¯‹ nh‡়‡Q| Avevi ‡Kv_vI mxgvnxb wbh©vZb wbcxW়‡bi gva¨‡g
Bmjvgcš’x‡ì KÉ‡K ¯—ä K‡i ‡`h়vi c«h়vm Pvjv‡bv nh়| ‡hgb : AvjwRwih়v,
wZDwbwkh়v, wgmi BZ¨vw` iv‡ó« Pj‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI 1972 mv‡j mvsweavwbKfv‡e Bmjvgx
ivRbxwZ, Bmjvgx Av‡›`vjb wbwl× K‡i ‡`h়v nh‡়wQj| ‡gvUK_v, ‡mKyjvi miKvi I
Bmjvgcš’x‡ì msNvZ Awbevh©| Avi Gi djk&i“wZ‡Z Bmjvgcš’x‡ì Dci P‡j AgvbywlK AvPiY
I wbh©vZb |
5| ‡mKÿjvi ivó« GKwU AZ¨vPvix-‰¯îvPvix ivó«eë¯’v Secular state is an autocratic state

system : gymwjg we‡k¦ ‡mKÿjvi miKvi gv‡b ‰¯îvPvix-AZ¨vPvix miKvi| ‡Kbbv GKwU
gymwjg ‡`k‡K ‡mKÿjvi evbv‡Z n‡j Bmjv‡gi Dci n¯—‡¶c Ki‡Z nh়| Bmjvgx AvBb‡K
c«Z¨vL¨vb ev ms‡kvab Ki‡Z nh়| mgvR‡K A‰bmjvgx I cvðvZ¨KiY Kivi eë¯’v Ki‡Z nh়|
Bmjvgcš’x‡ì c«wZ‡iva Ki‡Z nh়, gymwjg cwiPh়‡K `ye©j K‡i w`‡Z nh়, Bmjvgx fveavivi
c«mvi eÜ ev n«vm Ki‡Z nh়| Avi Gme KvR hyjyg, wbh©vZb I ‡RviRei`w¯— QvW়v m¤¢e
nh়bv|
Z`ycwi ‡mKÿjvi miKvi‡K ivó« cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Ggb Av`k©, gZev` I ivRbxwZ M«nY Ki‡Z
nh়hv ‡Kvb bv ‡Kvbfv‡e Bmjvgwe‡ivax ev Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ AmsMwZkxj n‡e| Zv mgvRZš¿,
DM«RvZxh়Zvev` ev cwðgv MYZš¿ hvB ‡nvK bv ‡Kb| Avi Bmjvgwe‡ivax Gme Av`k©
RbM‡Yi c‡¶ ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e ‡g‡b ‡bh়v m¤¢e nh়bv| we‡kl K‡i Bmjvgx Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡¶ ‡Zv
bh়B| djk&i“wZ‡Z hyjyg, wbh©vZb, AZ¨vPvi Awbevh© nh‡়D‡V|
Av‡iKwU welh়j¶Yxh়‡h, gymwjg we‡k¦i ‡mKÿjvi miKvi¸‡jv cvðv‡Zï D`vi‰bwZK

MYZš¿I AbymiY K‡i bv| Zviv AbymiY K‡i cvðv‡Zï Av‡iK `k©b| GKbvh়KZ¡, d¨vwmev`,
bmxev`, mgvRZvwš¿K gZev` hv Awbevh©fv‡e miKvi‡K hyjygevR, ‰¯îZvwš¿K K‡i ‡Zv‡j|
RbM‡Yi gZvgZ wbh‡়‡`k cwiPvjbv cvðv‡Zï MYZ‡š¿i GKwU g~jbxwZ e‡j ¯^xK…Z n‡jI
gymwjg we‡k¦i ‡mKÿjvi miKvi¸‡jv ‡m bxwZI gvb‡Q bv| ‡Kbbv ‡m bxwZ gvb‡j
226: Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v
‡Kvb ‡`‡k mivmwi ‡mKÿjvi eë¯’v c«wZôv Kiv m¤¢e bh়| ZvB Kvh©Z ‡mKÿjvi miKvi¸‡jv
GKbvh়‡K cwiYZ nh‡়‡Q| Avie we‡k¦i c«vh় meKwU eW়eW়‡mKÿjvi iv‡ó«
GK`jxh়eë¯’v Pvjy ih‡়‡Q| wgmi, Zyi¯‹, AvjwRwih়v, wZDwbwkh়vi ‡mKyjvi miKvi¸‡jv
Zv‡ì c…ô‡cvlK cwðgv MYZ‡š¿i b¨~bZg AbymiYI Ki‡Q bv| KviY RbMY‡K Aeva cQ›` I
evQvBh‡়i my‡hvM w`‡j RbMY KL‡bvB ‡mKÿjvi ‡Mvôx‡K mg_©b ‡`‡e bv| Kv‡RB
‡mKÿjvi miKvi‡K ‰¯îvPvix, hyjygevR n‡ZB n‡e| gymwjg we‡k¦ ‡Kvb ‡mKÿjvi miKvi
MYZvwš¿K n‡Z cv‡i bv, nIh়vi ‡Kvb my‡hvMI ‡bB|
6| mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^Kxh়Zv I ¯^vaxbZv bm¨vr Destruction of cultural identity and Liberty :
gymwjg we‡k¦ ‡mKyjvi eë¯’v Kvh‡়‡gi A_©B n‡jv cwðgv AbyKi‡Y mgvR I ivó« MVb Kiv|
gymwjg wPš—v, ‡PZbv I HwZn¨‡K cwinvi Kiv| Gi d‡j gymwjg mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^Kxh়Zv I
¯^vZš—ª¨ bm¨vr n‡Z eva¨| ‡mKÿjvi iv‡ó« evm K‡i Avgv‡ì c‡¶ c«wZK~j I ¶wZKi cwðgv
mvs¯‹…wZK AvM«vmb c«wZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e bh়| eis ‡mKyjvwiRg gv‡bB n‡”Q e¯—yev`x,
‡fvMev`x, ag©nxb ms¯‹…wZi c«mvi NUv‡bv| Kv‡RB gymwjg we‡k¦i mvs¯‹…wZK
¯^Kxh়Zv I ¯^vZš—ª¨ i¶vi c‡_ ‡mKyjvwiRg GK c«PÊ evav | ‡mKyjvwiRg n‡”Q mvs¯‹…
wZK AvM«vmb I fviZxh়mvs¯‹…wZK AvM«vm‡bi c…ô‡cvlK kw³ |
7| we‡`kwbf©iZv (Foreign dependency): ‡mKÿjvi miKvi¸‡jv hZB wb‡R‡ì RvZxh়Zvev`x e‡j

`vwe Ki“b bv ‡Kb, Zviv g~jZ we‡`wk mvg«vRëv`x kw³wbf©i| Zviv wb‡R‡ì Aw¯—Z¡ i¶v I
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ we‡`wk kw³i Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z eva¨|
‡Kvb AvZ¥wbf©ikxj RvwZ MVb Kiv ‡mKyjvi miKvi¸‡jvi Øviv m¤¢e bh়| Kv‡RB GwU
AZ¨š— ¯úófv‡e ejv hvh়‡h, gymwjg we‡k¦ ‡mKyjvi miKvi gv‡bB hyjygevR, AZ¨vPvix,
‰¯îvPvix, we‡`kx kw³i ‡jRyW়, MYwe‡ivax I ag©we‡ivax miKvi| ‡mKÿjvi miKvi¸‡jvi
gva¨‡g gymwjg RvwZi AM«MwZ I DbœwZ m¤¢e bh়|
30. Zyi‡¯‹ eZ©gv‡b Rvw÷m GÛ ‡Wfjc‡g›U cvwU© ¶gZvmxb nh‡়‡Q| G `jwU Bmjvgcš’x| G
`‡ji c«avb wi‡md fh‡়K Giv`vMvb eZ©gv‡b Zyi‡¯‹ c«avbgš¿x| G `‡ji Wt Ave`yjøvn ¸j
Zyi‡¯‹i ‡c«wm‡W›U| G `j Zyi‡¯‹i ivó«xh়fv‡e M…nxZ ag©wbi‡c¶ bxwZi
‡gvKvwejvh়‡KŠkjMZ f~wgKv wbh‡়AM«mi n‡”Q|
3.7.14 Dcmsnvi
Conclusion
‡mKyjvwiRg gymwjg we‡k¦i Rb¨ GK ¶wZKi gZev`| G n‡”Q GK Awfkvc| G gZev‡ì c«mvi
gv‡b Bmjv‡gi ¶wZ, gymwjg HK¨ bm¨vr nIh়v| ‡mKÿjvi gZev` gymwjg we‡k¦i ¯^vZš—ª¨,
¯^Kxh়Zvi GgbwK ¯^vaxbZvi RbÏ ûgwK| ‡mKÿjvi eë¯’vh়RbM‡Yi AwaKvi f~jywÉZ n‡Z
eva¨| AZGe, ‡mKyjvwiR‡gi wei“‡× msM«vg Kiv, jW়vB Kiv RbM‡Yi Avï KZ©e¨|
3.8 gymwjg ivó« I Agymwjg ivó« (Muslim State and
Non-Muslim State)
gymwjg iv‡ó«i msÁv ‡h GjvKv gymwjg kvm‡Ki kvmbvaxb Ges ‡hLv‡b c«Kv‡k¨ I ¯^vaxbfv‡e
Bmjv‡gi weavb cvjb Kiv hvh়, Z_vKvi Awaevmx gymwjg ‡nvK ev bv ‡nvK, ‡m GjvKv‡K
gymwjg ivó« e‡j| 31
gymwjg iv‡ó«i bvMwiK
gymwjg iv‡ó«i bvMwiKMY `y'‡k«Yx‡Z wef³| ‡hgb :
1| gymwjg 2| Agymwjg-wh¤§x
1| gymwjg : `xb Bmjv‡gi c«wZ Cgvb Avbh়bKvix Rb‡Mvôx ev e¨w³MY gymwjg wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…Z|
2| Agymwjg-wh¤§x : gymwjg iv‡ó«i ‡hme bvMwiK `xb Bmjvg wfbœ Ab¨

a‡g©i Abymvix wKš‘ Rb¥m~‡Î ev Ab¨ ‡Kvbfv‡e gymwjg iv‡ó«i Awaevmx nh‡়‡Q Zviv
wh¤§x wn‡m‡e MY¨|
Agymwjg iv‡ó«i bvMwiK Agymwjg iv‡ó«i bvMwiKMYI `y'‡k«Yx‡Z
wef³| ‡hgb :
1| gymwjg; 2| Agymwjg
Agymwjg iv‡ó«i ‡k«YxwefvM32
gymwjg iv‡ó«i mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i we‡ePbvh়Agymwjg ivó« 5wU ‡k«Yx‡Z wef³| ‡hgb :
31. wewae× Bmjvgx AvBb, Z…Zxh়fvM, M‡elYv wefvM, Bmjvgx dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k,
Rvbyh়vix 2001, c…. 59
32. c~‡e©v³, c…. 60|
228 • Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v
1| gymwjg ivó«‡K Ki c«`vbKvix AbyMZ Agymwjg ivó« : ‡h Agymwjg ivó« gymwjg ivó«‡K
Ki c«`v‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì kvmbeë¯’v envj ivLvi AwaKvi jvf K‡i‡Q|
2| Pyw³e× ivó« : ‡h Agymwjg iv‡ó«i mv‡_ gymwjg iv‡ó«i Pyw³ envj Av‡Q| 3| we‡`«vnx ivó« :
gymwjg iv‡ó«i mv‡_ Pyw³e× ‡h Agymwjg ivó« Pyw³i kZ©
f½ K‡i kÎyZvg~jK AvPiY K‡i|
4| Pyw³nxb ivó« : gymwjg iv‡ó«i mv‡_ ‡h Agymwjg ivó« Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e Pyw³e×

bh়wKš‘ gymwjg iv‡ó«i c«wZ kÎyZvg~jK AvPiY n‡Z weiZ | 5| hy×iZ ivó« gymwjg iv‡ó«i
mv‡_ ‡h Agymwjg iv‡ó«i hy×ve¯’v ev
kÎyfvevcbœ Ae¯’v weivRgvb|
3.1 `vi“j Bmjvg, `vi“j Avnv`, `vi“j nvie, Avj Avgvb I Avj wR¤§vn (Darul Islam, Darul Ahad,
Darul Harab, Al Aman and Al Zimmah)
`vi“j Bmjvg : `vi“j Bmjvg H mg¯— GjvKv‡K ejv nh়‡hLv‡b
gymwjgMY ¯^vaxb I wbivc`| 33 Avjøvgv mvivLmx e‡jb, `vi“j Bmjvg n‡”Q Ggb GK f~L‡Êi
bvg hv gymjgvb‡ì AwaKv‡i Av‡Q| mvBh‡়` KyZye knx` (1906-1966) Gi g‡Z, Bmjvgx
weavb I AvBb Øviv kvwmZ ‡`k‡K ejv nh়`vi“j Bmjvg| Gi me Awaevmx gymwjg bv n‡jI G
bv‡gB ‡`kwU‡K AvL¨vhw়Z Kiv nh়| Ab¨K_vh়`vi“j Bmjvg A_© Bmjv‡gi Avevmf~wg,
‡mLv‡b mve©‡fŠg gymwjg kvmK ih‡়‡Qb Ges Bmjvgx AvBb-Kvbyb ejer ih‡়‡Q| `vi“j
Bmjv‡gi evwm›`v gymwjg I Agymwjg `yBB n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e gymwjg ivó« Agymwjg‡ì Rvbgv‡ji
`vh়-`vhw়Z¡ Avewk¨Kfv‡e M«nY K‡i| Ave`yj iwk` gwZ‡bi g‡Z, `vi“j Bmjvg n‡”Q 'kvwš—i
Avevm¯’j' Ggb fyLÛ ‡hLv‡b kixh়vni Abykvmb Rvix ih‡়‡Q| (Daral Islam the abode of
Islam'; territory in which the Shariah Prevails)
`vi“j Avnv` : `vi“j Avnv`‡K `vi“j mybnI ejv nh়| G bvgwU w`h‡়‡Qb Bgvg kv‡dC (in)| G
cwifvlv Øviv wZwb H mg¯— Agymwjg f~LÊ‡K eySv‡Z ‡Ph‡়‡Qb ‡h¸‡jv gymwjg iv‡ó«i
mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wbh‡়mwÜ m~‡Î 33. ‡`Lyb Gg. nvwg`yjøvn, gymwjg KbWv±
Ae ‡÷U, c…. 85, 129-131|
Bmjv‡gi evUx eë¯’v 229
11| Bmjvg I ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨mg~n wjL| (Differentiate Islam and Secularism.)
12| gymwjg we‡k¦ ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` M«n‡Yi djvdj Av‡jvPbv K‡iv| (Discuss the effects of
Secularsim in Muslim world.) 13| ‡mKÿjvi ivó«`k©b wK? ‡mKÿjvi ivó«`k©‡bi µgweKvk Ges
gymwjg iv‡ó« GB ivó«`k©b M«n‡Yi djvdj eY©bv K‡iv| (What is Secular political thought?
Describe the historical development of Secular political thought and the impact of its adoption In
Muslim state.)
14 | UxKv wjL (Write short notes on) :
K. `vi“j Bmjvg Darul Islam
L. `vi“j Avnv` Darul Ahad
M. `vi“j nvie Darul Harb
N. Avj Avgvb Al Aman W. Avj wR¤§vn Al Zimmah
202. Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v

Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i Dcv`vb
Elements of Islamic State
4.1 f~wgKv (Introduction)
ivó« GKwU ev¯—e ivR‰bwZK msMVb| Avgiv mK‡jB iv‡ó«i m`m¨| ‡Kvb gvbylB ivó« e¨ZxZ
evm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gwi÷Uj h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb ‡h, gvbyl Rb¥MZfv‡e mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK
Rxe| iv‡ó«i g‡a¨B gvbyl Rb¥M«nY K‡i, jvwjZ cvwjZ nh়Ges g…ZÿeiY K‡i| ivó« ej‡Z
wbw`©ó f~L‡Ê ¯’vh়xfv‡e emevmKvix GKwU Rbmgwó‡K eySvh়hv ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg
miKv‡ii Øviv msMwVZ| GK GKwU bMi‡K ‡K›`« K‡i MW‡়DVv ‡QvU ‡QvU ivó« ‡_‡K ïi“
K‡i eW়AvKv‡i I RbmsL¨v AaÿwlZ ivó« av‡c av‡c wewfbœ ch©vh়AwZµg K‡i eZ©gv‡b
AvaywbK iv‡ó«i ‡MvW়vcËb N‡U‡Q|
4.2 Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i Dcv`vbmg~n (Elements of Islamic State) iv‡ó«i MZvbyMwZK msÁv¸‡jv
we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi PviwU ‡gŠwjK Dcv`vb g~Z© nh‡়D‡V| ‡hgb :
1| Rbmgwó (Population)|
2| wbw`©ó f~LÊ (Definite Territory)|
3| miKvi (Government) |
4| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Sovereignty)|
Bmjvgx ivó«weÁvbx W. Ave`yj Kwig Rvh়`vb 1 iv‡ó«i 5wU Dcv`v‡bi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
‡hgb :
1| mymse× RbmgvR|
2| GKwU e¨vcK eë¯’vi AvbyMZ¨|
3| GKwU wbw`©ó AÂ‡j emevmKvix|
W. Ave`yj Kwig Rvh়`vb, Bmjvgx ivó«eë¯’v, gynv¤§v` Ave`yi inxg Abyw`Z, AvaywbK
c«Kvkbx, Rvbyh়vix 1971, c…. 12|
Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’ 233
4| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvm¤úbœ| 6| fveMZ ¯^vZš—ª¨|
gnvbex (mv) g`xbvh়‡h Bmjvgx ivó« c«wZôv K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡Z iv‡ó«i DcwiD³ meK'wU
Dcv`vbB (Elements) we`¨gvb wQj|
Rbmgwó (Population) ej‡Z g`xbv iv‡ó«i bvMwiK wQj gymwjg Ges Agymwjg Awaevmx Z_v
Bû`x-wL«÷vb-c«wZgvc~Rvix| Zviv mK‡j Bmjvgx kixh়vi KZ©…Z¡ ‡g‡b wbh‡়wQj| g`xbv
wQj G iv‡ó«i g~j f~LÊ (Territory)| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv wQj GKgvÎ Avjøvni| g`xbvi Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i
c«avb wn‡m‡e gnvbex (mv) ‡m mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y eënvi I c«h‡়v‡M
wb‡R‡K wbh‡়vwRZ ivL‡Zb| ivó« c«avb wn‡m‡e gnvbex (mv) ‡hme Pyw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Zb Zv
cwicvjb I i¶v K‡i Pjv bvMwiK‡ì Acwinvh© KZ©e¨ wQj| g`xbvi mgvR I iv‡ó«i ‰ewkó¨ I
we‡klZ¡ wQj my¯úó I myc«KvwkZ|
4.2.1| Rbmgwó (Population) : Rbmgwó iv‡ó«i c«vY¯îƒc| gvbyl wbh‡়B ivó« MwVZ nh়,
gvbyl‡K ev` w`h‡়iv‡ó«i Aw¯—Z¡ KíbvI Kiv hvh়bv| mKj iv‡ó«i b¨vh়Bmjvgx iv‡ó«iI
Rbmgwó GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| RbmgwóB hw` bv _v‡K Z‡e iv‡ó«i c«kœB D‡V bv|
ZvQvW়v RbMY n‡Z n‡e mymse×, b‡Pr ‡Kvb wekvj mg‡eZ RbMY wg‡j ivó« nh়bv| ‡hgb:
n‡¾i mgh়mg‡eZ RbZv| DËi ‡gi“ I `w¶Y ‡gi“‡Z Rbmgwó ‡bB; ZvB ‡mLv‡b ivó«I ‡bB, A_P
‡mLv‡b f~LÊ Av‡Q| RbmsL¨v KZ n‡e Zvi ‡Kvb wbw`©ó msL¨v ‡bB| Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i
Rbmgwó‡K Aek¨B Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva Ges Av`‡k©i c~Y© Abymvix I Bmjv‡g Av¯’vkxj n‡Z
n‡e| Agymwjg RbMYI Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i wbh়g k…•Ljv bv ‡g‡b Gi bvMwiK n‡Z cv‡i|
4.2.2| f~LÊ (Territory) : iv‡ó«i wØZxh়Dcv`vb f~LÊ| f~LÊ iv‡ó«i ‡`nZyj¨ | KviY iv‡ó«i
AbyMZ Rbmgwó cvwb I nvIh়vh়evm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mymse× RbmgwóB iv‡ó«i Rb¨ h‡_ó
bh়| f~LÊ bv n‡j ivó« Kíbv Kiv hvh়| bv | Z‡e f~LÊ wbw`©ó n‡Z n‡e| ‡h ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b ‡h
‡Kvb ivó« n‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi f~LÊ ¯’vh়x n‡Z n‡e| hvhve‡iiv GLv‡b ‡mLv‡b Ny‡i
‡eW়vh়e‡j Zv‡ì ivó« I miKvi ‡bB| f~LÊ ej‡Z ¯’j fvM‡K eySvh়| f~LÊ ¯’jfvM
n‡jI ¯’jfvM msjMœ mvgwM«K gnx‡mvcvb I AvKvk mxgv f~L‡Êi Aš—f©y³| Rbmgwói mv‡_
mv‡_ Bmjvgx Abykvmb c«wZôvi wbwgË Bmjv‡gi iv‡ó«i wbw`©ó f~L‡Êi c«h‡়vRb| f~L‡Êi
Avh়Z‡bi ‡Kvb wbw`©ó cwigvY ‡bB, ¶y`« n‡Z cv‡i Avevi wekvj we¯—…ZI n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e
‡fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLv _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó ‡gvUK_v, ivó« GKwU ‡fŠ‡MvwjK c«wZôvb|
4.2.3| miKvi (Government) : ivó« MV‡bi Z…Zxh়Dcv`vb n‡”Q miKvi| miKv‡ii gva¨‡gB ‡`‡ki
RbM‡Yi B”Qv AvKvO&¶v c«wZdwjZ nh়| miKvi ‡hb iv‡ó«i gw¯—®‹¯îƒc| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g
iv‡ó«i B”Qv msMwVZ nh়, c«KvwkZ nh়I Kvh©Kix nh়| miKviB iv‡ó«i g‡a¨ kvwš— I k…
•Ljv eRvh়iv‡L| Avevi RbMY‡K wbh়š¿‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU ivR‰bwZK c«wZôvb ìKvi| Avi
‡m c«wZôvb n‡”Q miKvi| miKviB iv‡ó«i ‡fZ‡i evB‡i kvwš— I k…•Ljv i¶v K‡i| miKvi e¨ZxZ
AvBb k…•Ljv eRvh়ivLv m¤¢e bh়| ZvB iv‡ó«i Rb¨ GKwU miKvi _vKv Acwinvh©| GKwU
wbw`©ó f~L‡Ê ïay gymjgvb‡ì msL¨vwaK¨ n‡jB Bmjvgx miKvi Kvh‡়g nh়bv| miKvi
gymjgvb‡ì ØvivB wbe©vwPZ I MwVZ n‡Z n‡e| iv‡ó«i ‡bZ…‡Z¡ Z_v miKvi MVb Ki‡Z n‡e
LvuwU Cgvb`vi, mr, ‡hvM¨ I ‡Lv`vfxi“ ‡jvK‡ì mgš^h‡়| miKvi n‡eb gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ ÒDwjj
Avgwi wgbKyg,Ó Avi RbM‡Yi G c«Kvi miKv‡ii c«wZ AvbyMZ¨ Kiv dih, GKwU Acwinvh©
Bev`Z| 2
Bmjvgx miKv‡ii Av‡`k j•Nb KwVb ¸bvn Ges GRb¨ AvwLiv‡Z Revew`wn Ki‡Z n‡e|
MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vh়e¨vcK A‡_© miKvi ej‡Z RbMY‡K eySvh়| wKš‘ Bmjvgx
ivó«eë¯’vh়miKvi ej‡Z eySvh়Avjøvni wewaweavb Pvjyi hš¿ Ges hv Avjøvni wLjvd‡Zi
c«ZxK|
4.2.4| ivó« I miKv‡ii cv_©K¨
Difference between State and Government
ivó« I miKv‡ii cv_©K¨mg~n wbgœiƒc :
2. Bmjvgx iv‡ó« `xb weRh়x gh©v`vh়AwawôZ _v‡K| Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i miKvi `xb‡K weRh়x
ivLvi Kv‡R wbiš—i mwµh়_v‡K| GRb¨ G miKv‡ii AvbyMZ¨ diR|
ivó«
miKvi
1. ivó« 4wU Dcv`vb wbh‡়MwVZ nh়| 2. ivó« MwVZ nh়mKj Rbmgwó wbh‡়|
3. iv‡ó«i wbw`©ó f~LÊ Av‡Q |
4. iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv Av‡Q| 5. ivó« Kg‡ekx ¯’vh়x c«wZôvb |
6. ivó« GKwU weg~Z© aviYv| ivó«‡K ‡Kej Abyfe Kiv hvh়|
1. miKvi iv‡ó«i GKwU Dcv`vb gvÎ| 2. Rbmgwói GKwU ¶y`« Ask wbh‡়
miKvi MwVZ nh়|
3. miKv‡ii f~LÊ ‡bB|
4. miKv‡ii Zv ‡bB |
5. miKvi m`v cwieZ©bkxj| 6. miKvi GKwU ev¯—e c«wZôvb| miKv‡ii Kvh©µg Pg©‡Pv‡L
c«Z¨¶
Kiv hvh়|
7. c«wZwU iv‡ó«i GKwU msweavb Av‡Q, 7. miKvi iv‡ó«i msweav‡bi Av‡jv‡K ivó«
cwiPvjbvi mvwe©K w`K cwiPvwjZ |
wb‡`©kbv wea…Z _v‡K | 8. mKj ¯^vaxb iv‡ó«i iƒc GK|
9. iv‡ó«i wei“‡× Abv¯’v ‡`h়v hvh়bv,
w`‡j Zv ivó«‡`«vwnZvi kvwgj| 10. ivó«‡K GKwU Rxe‡`‡ni mv‡_
Zyjbv Kiv nh়| 11. ivó« mKj bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii Drm|
8. wewfbœ iv‡ó« wewfbœ ai‡bi miKvi j¶¨ Kiv hvh়|
9. miKv‡ii wei“‡× RbMY ‡hŠw³K
Kvi‡Y Abv¯’v Ávcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| 10. miKvi iv‡ó«i gw¯—®‹¯îƒc|
11. miKvi bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii i¶K|
4.3 mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Sovereignty)
iv‡ó«i Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡jv mve©‡fŠgZ¡| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv QvW়v ‡Kvb ivó« MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ivó«eë¯’vi wfwË| A‰bmjvwgK ivó«eë¯’vh়e¨w³, ‡MvÎ, ‡k«Yx A_ev
we‡kl RbmsL¨v mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| mvaviY iv‡ó« mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi `y'‡Uv w`K
Av‡Q| GKwU n‡”Q Avf¨š—ixY mve©‡fŠgZ¡, AciwU n‡”Q evwn¨K mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Avf¨š—ixY
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y ivó« Zvi Aaxb¯’ RbmsL¨v I msMVb¸‡jvi Dci KZ©…Z¡ c«wZôv Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
evwn¨K mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y GKwU ivó« Ab¨ mKj iv‡ó«i wbh়š¿Y, KZ©…Z¡ I n¯—‡¶c
‡_‡K gy³ _v‡K| AZGe, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ n‡”Q AwefvR¨, n¯—vš—i A‡hvM¨ I Pig ¶gZv| Bmjvgx
iv‡ó«i ‡¶‡Î mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i D³ e¨vL¨v APj| Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi GK”QÎ I wbi¼yk
gvwjK n‡jb me©kw³gvb Avjøvn Zv'Avjv| ivó« cwiPvjbvh়gvbyl Avjøvni Ljxdv ev c«wZwbwa
gvÎ| gnvb Avjøvni c«wZwbwa wn‡m‡e miKvi Bmjvgx AvBbKvbyb Abyhvh়x ivó«eë¯’v
c«wZôv I cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| miKvi ¯^h়sm¤ú~Y© ‡Kvb AvBb iPbvi AwaKvix bb| G g‡g©
Avjøvni Øx_©nxb ‡NvlYv-
‫ َأاَل لَه ُْالخَ ْلقُ َواَأْل ْم ُر‬.
(Avjv jvûj LvjKy Ih়vjAvgi“|)
A_© : ÒmZK© nI, Zvi m…wó‡Z ZviB ûKyg Pj‡e| 3 Bmjvgx ivRbxwZ‡Z mve©‡fŠg
c«fyZ¡ (Sovereignty) GKgvÎ Avjøvn Zv'Avjvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó| Zvui c«fyZ¡, GK”QÎ gvwjKvbv
Ges wbi¼yk kvmb ¶gZv- G Dfh়w`K w`h‡়B ALÊ, AwefvR¨ Ges Asknxb| wek¦ wbwL‡ji
c«‡Z¨KwU e¯—yB Avjøvni GK”QÎ c«fy‡Z¡i Aaxb I Zvui AbyMZ nh‡়Av‡Q|
ِ ْ‫ َولَهَُأ ْسلَ َم َم ْنفِيال َّس َم َواتِ َواَأْلر‬- (Ih়v jvû Avmjvgv gvb wdmvgvIh়vwZ Ih়vjAviw`|)
‫ض‬
A_© : ÒAvjøvni G m…wó iv‡Rï GKgvÎ gvwjK wZwbB, G e¨vcv‡i ‡KDB Zvui kixK bh়| Ó 4
‫ َوهُ َو ْالقَا ِه ُرفَوْ قَ ِعبَا ِد ِه‬- (Ih়v ûh়vj Kvwni“ dvIKv Bevw`wn|)
A_© : ÒwZwb Zvui ev›`v‡ì Dci GK”QÎ ¶gZvi AwaKvix|Ó5
‫احد ُْالقَهَّا ُر‬

ِ ‫ اللهُ َخالِقُ ُكلِّ َش ْي ٍء َوه َُو ْال َو‬-
(Avjøvû LvwjKy Kywjø kvBhw়I Ih়v ûh়vj Ih়vwn`yj Kvnnvi“ |)
37. m~iv Avj Av'ivd : 54
4.3: m~iv Av‡j Bgivb : 83 56 m~iv Avj Avb'Avg: 18
A_© : ÒhveZxh়m…wói m«óv GKgvÎ Avjøvn Zv'Avjv, wZwb GKK I gnvcivµgkvjx |Ó6
ِ ‫يال ُم ْل‬
‫ك‬ ْ ِ‫ لَ ْميَ ُكنلَّهُ َش ِري َكف‬. (jvg Bh়vKyjøvû kvixKyb wdjgyjwK|)
A_© : "Avi kvmb ¶gZv I AvBb iPbv Ges c«fy‡Z¡ wbi¼yk AwaKvi GKgvÎ Avjøvn Zv'Avjvi|
‡Kvb e¨w³ gvbyl, cvj©v‡g›U ev ‡Kvb ivRkw³I Gw`K w`h‡়Zvi Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv|"7
KviY KyiAv‡bi ‡NvlYv :- 1| bv

(Bwbj ûKgy Bjøv wjjøvn|)
A_© : c«fyZ¡ I AvBb iPbvi ‡gŠwjK Ges P~W়vš— AwaKvi GKgvÎ Avjøvni | 8
basi (jv BDkwiK dx ûKwgwn Avnv`yb|
A_© ÒAvjøvni G c«fyZ¡ I mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AwaKvi wbi¼yk, Ab¨ ‡KDB Zvui Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i
bv| KvD‡K wZwb G Kv‡R Zvi kixK K‡ib bv|Ó9 c«L¨vZ ivó«weÁvbx ‡iÂjx e‡jb,
Òmve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^vaxbZv mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i
g‡a¨B wbwnZ|Ó
KyiAvb eû kZK c~‡e©B ‡NvlYv K‡i‡Q—
4. Lijia (dv'Avjy jwjgv BDix`|)
A_© : Òmve©‡fŠg wbR¯^ ¶gZv c«h‡়v‡M c~Y© ¯^vaxb I wbi¼yk, hv B‡”Q ZvB
Kivi AwaKvix|Ó 10
Zvi G ¯^vaxbZv‡K ‡KD wbh়wš¿Z Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvui DciI ‡Kvbiƒc
evaëvaKZv ‡KDB Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KyiAv‡bi ‡NvlYv-

َ‫ اليُسَْئلُ َع َّمايَ ْف َعلُ َوهُ ْميُستَلُون‬-
(jv BDmAvjy Av¤§v Bh়vd'Avjy Ih়vûg BDmAvj~b | )
6. 13 m~iv Avi iv` : 16
7. 17: m~iv ebx BmivCj : 111
8. 6 m~iv Avj Avb'Avg : 57; 12 : m~iv BDmyd : 40
9. 18 m~iv Avj Kvnvd : 26
10. 85 m~iv Avj eyiƒR : 26
A_© : Òmve©‡fŠg mËv hv K‡ib, ‡m welh‡়Zvu‡K ‡KD wRÁvmvev` Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wZwb
Kv‡iv wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨ bb| eis mK‡jB GKgvÎ Zvui mgx‡cB Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨|
Ó11 mve©‡fŠg m‡e©vZfv‡e-
Patharghadi (AvjgvwjKyj KyÏymym mvjvgy|)
A_© : wZwb gvwjK-ev`kv| AZxe gnvb cweÎ| cy‡ivcywi kvw¯—- wbivcËv`vZv| 12

wZwb gnr gnvb| gnvbZ¡ Zvui GKwU we‡kl ¸Y| G ¸Y we‡klfv‡e Avjøvni Rb¨ wbw`©ó| e¯—yZ
Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡ me©vZ¥K I AwefvR¨| GUvB n‡”Q ZvInx‡ì g~j K_v| G‡K wewfbœ
fv‡M fvM K‡i GK GK fv‡Mi Rb¨ GK GKRb‡K mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i gvwjK g‡b Kiv cwi®‹vi wkiK|
4.4 KyiAvb gRx‡` eëüZ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ welh়K cwifvlv mve©‡fŠgZ¡ kãwUi Aš—wb©wnZ
fveaviv c«Kv‡ki Rb¨ KyiAvb gRx‡` wewfbœ kã eëüZ nh‡়‡Q| ‡hgb :
1| gvjvK…Z : Bmjvgx ivó«eë¯’vh়mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i wbi¼yk AwaKvix n‡”Qb GKgvÎ Avjøvn

Zv'Avjv| Gi Kvi‡Y KyiAvb gRx‡` gvjvK…Z kãwU ‡KejgvÎ Avjøvni Rb¨B we‡klfv‡e wbw`©ó
nh‡়‡Q| ejv nh‡়‡Q :
Zvi (gvb weBh়vw`nx gvjvK…Z Kywjø kvBhw়b | A_© : mgM« wRwb‡mi

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Kvi nv‡Z? 13
Gi Rev‡e ejv nh‡়‡Q :
‫ فَ ُس ْب َحانَالَّ ِذيبِيَ ِد ِه َملَ ُكوتُ ُكلِّ َشيء‬.
(dv myenvjøvhx weBh়vw`nx gvjvK…Zy Kywjø kvBhw়b |) A_© : gnvb cweÎ ‡mB mËv,
hvui nv‡Z mewKQyiB mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wbwnZ|Ó14
11. 21 m~iv Avj Avw¤^h়v: 23
12.59 m~iv Avj nvki: 23 13. 23 m~iv Avj gywgbyb : 88

14. 36 m~iv Bh়vwmb : 83
Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v K 239
ِ ْ‫ َك َذالِ َكنُ ِرىِإ ْب َرا ِهي َم َملَ ُكوتَال َّس َم َواتِ َواَأْلر‬.
‫ض‬
(KvhvwjKv bywih়v Beivnxgv gvjvK…Zvm mvgvIh়vwZ Ih়vj Aviw`|) A_© : ÒGfv‡eB

Avwg Beivnxg‡K AvKvk ivR¨ I f~gÊ‡ji Dci c«wZwôZ mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i we¯§h়Ki `…k¨mn
‡`wLh‡়wQ|Ó15
G ‡_‡KB Bmjvgx ivó«eë¯’vi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv ‡g‡j|
2| myjZvb : Bmjvgx ivó«weÁvbxiv 'gvjvK…Z' Gi cwie‡Z© 'myjZvb' kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb|

KyiAv‡bi cwifvlvh়Gi A_© n‡”Q AvwacZ¨ Avi mwVK Zvrch© mve©‡fŠgZ¡| Bgvg ivwMe
Bmdvnvbx Gi e¨vL¨vh়e‡j‡Qb -
- (AvËvgvKyby wgbvj Kvnwi|)
A_© : Òc«ej civµgmnKv‡i AvwacZ¨ I KZ©…Z¡ c«wZwôZ Kiv|Ó Ab¨Î wj‡L‡Qb :- 168 G
(ûh়vZ& ZvQixdy wejAvgwi Ih়vbœvnhw়wdjRygûi |)
A_©: ÒRbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Av‡`k I wb‡l‡ai weavb c«h‡়vM Kivi c«kvmwbK ¶gZv cwiPvjbv Kiv|
16 Avjøvgv Avj~mxi g‡Z, me©vwaK ¶gZvkvjx mËvB mve©‡fŠg| Avi
'gvjvK…Z' A_©- - J (myjZvbyb Kvwni|) A_©vr : Ò¯^xh়
civµ‡g c«wZwôZ kw³ |
Z‡e G c«m‡½ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡ bexM‡Yi gva¨‡g c«h‡়vM nZ| eZ©gv‡b
‡Kvb bex Avi Avm‡e bv| GRb¨ G mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv c«h‡়v‡Mi AwaKvix n‡”Qb bexi Ih়vwik
LjxdvMY A_©vr wLjvd‡Zi AwaKvix kvmKeM©| Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i kvmb wefvM, wePvi wefvM
I AvBb wefvM _vK‡e| wKš‘ G wefvM¸‡jv Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡ enbKvix Avj KyiAvb I
mybœvn Z_v kixh়v‡Zi evB‡i ‡Kvb KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
ZvB Ljxdv I kvmKeM© hw` Bmjvgx kixh়v‡Zi wecixZ ‡Kvb AvBb c«Yh়b
K‡i ev Zvi wecixZ ‡Kvb AvBb ev AwW©‡bÝ Rvwi K‡i A_ev RvwZi
15. 16. 6 m~iv Avj Avb'Avg 75 Bgvg ivwMe B¯úvnvbx, Avj gydiv`vZ|
c«wZwbwaiv ‡Zgb ‡Kvb c`‡¶c M«nY K‡i, Zvn‡j G Dfh়Ae¯’vh়B ‡m KvRwU kixh়v‡Zi
mb`wenxb e‡j MY¨ n‡e Ges mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AwaKvix wbw`©ó mxgv j•Nb Kivi Kvi‡Y Zv
evwZj nh‡়hv‡e| ‡Kbbv RvwZi c«wZwbwa‡ì ev kvm‡Ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡ n‡jv ev¯—evh়‡bi
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Execution Sovereignty)| Zv‡ì AvBb iPbv K‡i Zv Rvwi Kivi g~jMZfv‡eB ‡Kvb
AwaKvi ‡bB| GwUB n‡”Q Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠgZ¡|
4.5 Bmjv‡gi `…wó‡Z mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Sovereignty in the light of Islam )
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ivó«eë¯’vi wfwË| ivó« ‡h K'wU Dcv`vb wbh‡়MwVZ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Zv‡ì

Ab¨Zg| iv‡ó«i Amxg Ges m‡e©v”P ¶gZv‡K (Supreme power ) mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ejv nh়|
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ QvW়v ivó« MVb n‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvW়v iv‡ó«i Aw¯—Z¡ Kíbv Kiv hvh়bv|
mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvB ivó«‡K Acivci mvgvwRK msMVb n‡Z c…_K K‡i‡Q| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e‡j
ivó« Avf¨š—ixY ‡¶‡Î AvBb c«Yh়b I c«h‡়vRb‡ev‡a ¶gZv c«h‡়vM ev kw³ c«h‡়vM
(Coercive power) Øviv AvBb c«eZ©‡bi Pig AwaKvic«vß nh়Ges ewn‡`©kxh়‡¶‡Î m¤ú~Y©
¯^vaxbfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ ¯^vaxb iv‡ó«i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb ev wQbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aa¨vcK ‡M‡Uj
g‡b K‡ib ‡h, mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYvwU AvaywbK ivó«weÁv‡bi wfwË¯îƒc| GwU mKj
AvBb‡K Aby‡gv`b `vb K‡i Ges mKj Avš—R©vwZK m¤úK© wbh়š¿Y K‡i|Ó (The concept of
Sovereignty is the basis of modern political science. It underlines the validity of all laws and
determines all international relations.) mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡ó«i c«avb ‰ewkó¨| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g Gi
c«Kvk I c«h‡়vM N‡U gvÎ| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠg B”Qvi ‡h c«Kvk I c«h‡়vM
N‡U _v‡K Zv-B AvB‡bi gh©v`v I ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| AZGe, ivó«kw³i ¯^vaxb mËv, AvBb
c«Yh়b I c«h‡়v‡Mi c~Y© ¶gZv‡KB mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ejv nh়|
4.6 mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i BwZnvm (History of Sovereignty) ivó«weÁv‡b mve©‡fŠgZ¡ kãwU‡K

AZ¨vaywbK e‡j aiv n‡jI G kãwU AwZ c«vPxb| c«vPxb M«xK I ‡ivgvb ‡jLKMY 'Pig ¶gZv'
A‡_© kãwU memgh়eënvi K‡ib| ivó«weÁvbx Gwi÷Uj (367-322 L…t c~.) mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K
GKwU Pig ¶gZvmxb kw³iƒ‡c eY©bv K‡ib| wZwb iv‡ó«i m‡e©v”P ¶gZv (Supreme power of
the state) ej‡Z mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡KB eywSh‡়‡Qb| ‡ivgvb eënvi kv¯¿we`MYI iv‡ó«i m‡e©v”P
¶gZvi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| jvwZb kã Superanus (hvi Bs‡iwR c«wZkã sovereignty) n‡Z kãwU
DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q | Gi A_© n‡jv Pig ¶gZv |
me©c«_g Avj KyiAvbB mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i we¯—vwiZ e¨vL¨v c«`vb K‡i G‡K ivó«eë¯’vi g~j
wfwË wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ K‡i| Avh়vZyj Kyimx,17 m~iv Avj nvk‡ii ‡kl wZb Avh়vZmn18
KyiAv‡bi wewfbœ Avh়v‡Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v I ‰ewkó¨ eY©bv Kiv nh‡়‡Q| gnvbex
(mv) c«wZwôZ g`xbvi Bmjvgx ivó«wU wQj `ywbh়vi BwZnv‡mi c«_g MYZvwš¿K Kj¨vY
ivó«| c«K…Z A‡_© ZLb ‡_‡KB mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i h_v_© aviYvi c«mvi NU‡Z _v‡K| ga¨hy‡M
BmjvwgK A‡_© A_ev AvaywbK A‡_© ‡Kej ivó« wQj bv| ZLbKvi mvgš— eë¯’vh়mvgš—
c«fyivB kvmbeë¯’v cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb Ges c«RvivI Zv‡ì wb‡`©k webv c«wZev‡` ‡g‡b Pj‡Zb|
cvðvZ¨ BwZnv‡mi G Aa¨vh‡়BD‡ivc wQj nvRv‡iv mvgš— iv‡R¨ wef³| Avevi c«vh়B Zv
wQj kvmK I ‡cv‡ci KZ©…Z¡ Ø‡b&Øi a~wjSW‡়Akvš— wL«w÷h়bxwZ Øviv Mfxifv‡e
c«fvevwš^Z ga¨hy‡Mi ivó«wPš—v wQj g~jZ PvP© I kvm‡Ki cvi¯úwiK Ø‡b&Øi BwZnvm|
Mfxifv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j ‡`Lv hvh়‡h, mgM« ga¨hyMe¨vcx P‡j‡Q G Aš—Ø©b&Ø- KLbI
axiMwZ‡Z Avevi Zxe«MwZ‡Z wKš‘ AweiZ GK wbiew”Qbœ avivh়|
4.7 mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i wewfbœ msÁv (Various Definitions of sovereignty)
‡lvW়k kZvãxi divwm ‡jLK Rxb ew`b ( Jean Bodin, 1530-1596) Gi g‡Z, Òmve©‡fŠgZ¡ ej‡Z
eySvh়bvMwiK I c«Rv‡ì Dci iv‡ó«i AvB‡bi eÜbgy³ Pig ¶gZv|" (The supreme power of the
state over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law.) 19 wZwb GK_vI ¯^xKvi K‡ib ‡h,
wewam½Z mve©‡fŠg mËv gvÎB c«K…wZi weavb (Law of
17. 2 : m~iv Avj evKviv, Avh়vZ-255| G Avh়vZwUB Avh়vZyj Kyimx ev Kyimxi Avh়vZ
bv‡g mycwiwPZ Ges e¨vcKfv‡e cwVZ| 18. 59 m~iv Avj nvki, Avh়vZ bs 22-24
As Quoted in J. W. Garner. Political Science and Government. c~. 146|

Nature) I m«óv c«`Ë weav‡bi (Revealed law) Aaxb| Zvui msÁv Abymv‡i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ GK
A_ev eû nv‡ZB Ae¯’vb Ki“K bv ‡Kb GUv Amxg ¶gZv hv bvMwiK I Aaxb¯’ mK‡ji DciB
c«‡hvR¨, Zv ‡Kvb c«Kvi AvB‡bi eÜ‡b k…•LwjZ bh়|
nj¨v‡Ûi û‡Mv ‡M«vwmh়vm e‡jb ‡h, Ò‡m mËvB n‡”Q mve©‡fŠgZ¡ hvi Kvh©vejx A‡bï
wbh়š¿Yvaxb bh়Ges Ab¨ Kv‡iv B”Qv hvi KvR‡K bvKP K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i bv|Ó i“‡kvi (1742-
1832) g‡Z, Òmve©‡fŠg kw³ m‡e©v”P Ges AevwiZ ¶gZvi AwaKvix, wKš‘ we‡kl ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev
kvm‡Ki nv‡Z Zv mxwgZ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|Ó i“‡kv mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K AwefvR¨ GKK Ges Amxg
e‡j‡Qb| GBP.‡R. ‡UvRvi (H.J. Tozer) i“‡kvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K 'A`ylYxh়, Awe‡”Q`¨,
c«wZwbwa‡Z¡i A‡hvM¨, AwefvR¨ I Awebk¦i' (Incorruptible, inalienable, Unrepresentable,
indivisible and indestrvectible) eY©bv K‡i‡Qb |20
Dc‡hvMxev`x ‡eš’vg (1748-1832) e‡jb ‡h, mve©‡fŠg kw³ AvBb Øviv mxwgZ bv n‡jI bxwZ
ag© Øviv mxwgZ| mgv‡R Ggb Ae¯’v m…wó n‡Z cv‡i hLb mve©‡fŠg kvm‡bi c«wZ‡iva Kiv
bxwZ wei“× n‡e bv| ivó« e¨vcK MYgvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv bv Ki‡j bvMwiKMY
b¨vh‡়i ¯^v‡_©B G‡K c«wZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKw`‡K mve©‡fŠg kw³ ‡hgb mK‡ji wbh়wgZ
AvbyMZ¨ jv‡fi AwaKvix, Aciw`‡K Gi hveZxh়wb‡`©k I Av‡`k AvBbiƒ‡c we‡eP¨|
Aw÷‡bi g‡Z, Òmve©‡fŠg kw³ Amxg Ges Zv Ab¨ Kv‡iv Av‡`kgZ KvR K‡i bv|Ó evK‡÷vb
(Blackstone) mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K m‡e©v”P, Ac«wZ‡iva¨, P~W়vš— I Awbh়wš¿Z KZ©…Z¡ e‡j
AvL¨vhw়Z K‡i‡Qb| (Supreme power means the supreme, irresistible, absolute and
uncontrolled authority) 21 Aa¨vcK wm. Gd. ÷«s (C. F. Strong ) g‡b K‡ib ‡h, ÒkãMZ A‡_©
mve©‡fŠwgKZv ej‡Z ‡k«ôZ¡ eySv‡jI iv‡ó«i c«m‡½ G k‡ãi eënv‡i we‡kl GK ‡k«ôZ¡ A_©vr
AvBb ejer Kivi ¶gZv‡K eySvh়|Ó Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi c«wZôvZv ‡M«vwUh়vm
(Grotius)
20. D×…Z, gynv¤§` Avh‡়b DÏxb, ivó«wPš—v cwiwPwZ, ‡gŠmygx cvewj‡KkÝ,

wmcvBcvW়v, ivRkvnx, Ryb 2005, c…. 442| 2. Blackstone. Commentaries on the Laws of
England. c~. 14|
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i msÁv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z wMh‡়e‡jb, ÒGwU H mËvi nv‡Z b¨¯— Pig
ivó«xh়¶gZv, hvi ‡Kvb Kv‡h© ‡KD n¯—‡¶c Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges hvi B”Qv Kv‡ivi g‡Zi A‡c¶v
iv‡L bv|Ó ivó«weÁvbx WweD. Gd. DB‡jvex (W.F Willoughby)-Gi g‡Z, Òiv‡ó«i P~W়vš—
B”QvB n‡”Q mve©‡fŠgZ¡ |Ó
Aa¨vcK ev‡R©m (Burgess)-Gi g‡Z, Òmve©‡fŠgZ¡ n‡”Q e¨w³, c«Rv I c«Rv‡ì Ab¨vb¨ ms‡Ni
Dci ‡gŠwjK P~W়vš— I Acwimxg ¶gZv|Ó (Sovereignty is the original, absolute power over
the individual subject and over all associations of subjects.)22 ‡Rwj‡bK (Jellineck) wj‡L‡Qb,
Òmve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡ó«i ‡m ¸Y hvi gva¨‡g ivó« ¯^xh়B”Qv e¨ZxZ AvBbMZfv‡e eva¨ _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv ev wbR e¨ZxZ Aci ‡Kvb kw³ Øviv mxgve× _vK‡Z cv‡i|Ó divwm ‡jLK Wy¸BU
(Duguit)-Gi g‡Z, Òdivwm gZev` Abyhvh়x mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv iv‡ó«i Av‡`k `v‡bi ¶gZv; GUv
ivó« wn‡m‡e msMwVZ RvwZi B”Qv¯îƒc; GUv ivó«vf¨š—‡i mKj e¨w³‡K wbtkZ© Av‡`k
c«`v‡bi AwaKvi|Ó (The commanding power of the state. It is the will of the nation organised in
the state; it is the right to give unconditional orders to all individuals in the territory of the
state.)23
4.8 mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ‰ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Sovereignty) mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i c«K…wZ I ¯îƒc

we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi KwZch়‰ewkó¨ cwiùyU nh‡়D‡V| ‰ewkó¨mg~n wbgœiƒc :
1. mve©RbxbZv (Universality) : iv‡ó«i Af¨š—‡i Ggb ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev msN _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, hv
mve©‡fŠg kw³i Aaxb b‡n| mve©RbxbZv mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i mxgvnxbZvi j¶Y nh‡়`vuW়vh়|
e¨w³ ev ms‡Ni Dci mve©‡fŠwgKZvi BLwZh়vi _vK‡jI Zv AvB‡bi MÊx Øviv mxgve× |
AvBbMZ c×wZ QvW়v mve©‡fŠg kw³ Ab¨fv‡e ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev ms‡Ni Dci wbR¯^ Aeva B”Qv
Pvwch‡়w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
22. Burges, Political Science and Constitutional Law Vol 1. p…. 52| 23. Quoted in J. W. Gamer.
Political Science and Government. p~. 147|
244 * Bmjv‡gi e¨ve¯’v
2. c~Y©Zv ev PigZv ev cigZv (Absoluteness) : iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv c~Y©, ‡gŠwjK, Pig,
wbi¼yk I mxgvnxb| AvBb c«Yh়‡bi ¶gZv mve©‡fŠg kw³i Pig ¶gZv| Bnv ‡Kvb wKQy Øviv
mxgve× b‡n| mve©‡fŠwgKZvi E‡aŸ© iv‡ó«i Af¨š—‡i AvBbvbyM Avi ‡Kvb kw³ _vK‡Z cv‡i
bv| iv‡ó«i AvBb Agvb¨ Ki‡j ivó« Acivaxi kvw¯— weavb K‡i| GgbwK ¸i“Zi Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y
ivó« Acivax‡K g…Zÿ`‡Ê `wÊZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| m¨vi ‡nbix ‡gB‡bi g‡Z, ‰bwZK c«fve
c«wZwbh়ZB mve©‡fŠg kw³i eënvi‡K wbh়wš¿Z Ki‡Q| ey›Umwj e‡jb, iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠg
¶gZv evwn¨K w`K w`h‡়Acivci iv‡ó«i AwaKvi Ges Avf¨š—ixY w`K w`h‡়Gi wbR¯^ c«K…
wZ I e¨w³mg~‡ni AwaKvi Øviv mxgve×| m«óvi wPiš—b weavb Ges BwZnv‡mi NUbvi wbKU
ivó« wPiw`bB `vhw়Z¡kxj _vK‡e| evK©v‡ii g‡Z, mve©‡fŠwgKZv nj, ÔAvBbm½Zfv‡e
c«‡kœi P~W়vš— gxgvsmv Kivi AvBbvby‡gvw`Z ¶gZv' (A legal power of setting finally legal
questions in a legal way.) ZvB Bnv AvB‡bi MÊx Øviv mxgve×| Avevi A‡b‡Ki g‡Z
mve©‡fŠwgKZv eënvwiK Rxe‡bI mxgve×|
3. AwefvR¨Zv (Indivisibility) : mve©‡fŠwgKZv‡K ‡Kvb mgh়wef³ Kiv hvh়bv| iv‡ó«i

mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv‡K wefvRb K‡i wewfbœ msMV‡bi ev e¨w³i nv‡Z Ac©Y Kiv hvh়bv| Zv‡Z
iv‡ó«i Aw¯—Z¡ ûgKxi m¤§yLxb nh়| iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv GKK I AwefvR¨| GKgvÎ
m‡e©v”P ¶gZvavix KZ©…c‡¶i nv‡ZB mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv b¨¯— _v‡K| `y' ev Z‡ZvwaK KZ©…
c‡¶i nv‡ZB mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv b¨¯— _vKvi cwiYwZ Awbevh© msNvZ| ‡M‡Uj e‡j‡Qb,
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i wefvR‡bi aviYvB ¯^we‡ivax| Zvi g‡Z, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi eÈb m¤¢eci miKv‡ii
wewfbœ ‡K‡›`« wKš‘ ‡h‡nZy ivó« Ges Zvi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv GKK, ‡m‡nZy wewfbœ ‡¶‡Î Zv
b¨¯— n‡Z cv‡i bv | 24 mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AwefvR¨Zv m¤ú‡K© K¨vj‡nvb e‡j‡Qb,
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ GKwU c~Y© wRwbm| Zv‡K aŸsm bv K‡i wef³ Kiv hvh়bv| mve©‡fŠ_ ¶gZvi
c«h‡়vM wewfbœ miKvix kvLvi gva¨‡g mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges G‡Z
ivó«xh়mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Le© nh়bv |
4. ¯’vhw়Z¡ ev wPiš—bZv (Permanence) : mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Avi GKwU ‰ewkó¨ nj Gi

¯’vhw়Z¡ ev wPiš—bZv| iv‡ó«i mve©‡fŠwgKZv wPiš—b I ¯’vh়x
24. R. G. Gettell, Political Science, c…. 121|
mve©‡fŠwgKZvi Abycw¯’wZi A_© iv‡ó«i ¯^vaxbZvnxbZv| iv‡ó«i Aw¯—‡Z¡i mv‡_

mve©‡fŠwgKZvi Aw¯—Z¡ we`¨gvb| mve©‡fŠg kw³ cwiPvjKM‡Yi cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i;
wKš‘ Zv‡Z mve©‡fŠwgKZv wejyß nh়bv| GK miKv‡ii cwie‡Z© Avi GK miKvi wbe©vwPZ
n‡j Zviv mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv PP©v Ki‡e| ZvB mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv wPiš—b I ¯’vh়x|
5. n¯—vš—i A‡hvM¨Zv Awe‡”Q`¨Zv (Inalienability) : mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv n¯—vš—i Kiv

hvh়bv| G ¶gZv n¯—vš—‡ii A‡hvM¨| Ab¨ K_vh়mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv Ab¨ Kv‡iv nv‡Z ‡`h়v
hvh়bv| Gi Dci iv‡ó«i Aw¯—Z¡ wbf©ikxj| ‡Kvb gvby‡li Rxeb c«vY ‡hgb Ab¨‡K `vb Kiv
hvh়bv, ‡Zgwb iv‡ó«i c«vY¯îƒc mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K Ab¨ ‡Kvb c«wZôvb ev e¨w³i nv‡Z n¯—vš
—i Kiv hvh়bv| mve©‡fŠg kw³ c«vYxi Aš—wb©wnZ kw³i g‡Zv Avcb MwZavivh়weKwkZ|
iv‡ó«i Af¨š—‡i mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i weKvk I c«h‡়vM N‡U| iv‡ó«i nv‡Z mve©‡fŠgZ¡ b¨¯—
_vKvB n‡jv iv‡ó«i w¯’wZ| hy× weM«n ev mwÜ Pyw³i Kvi‡Y ivó« Zvi f~L‡Êi ‡Kvb As‡ki
gvwjKvbv Z¨vM Ki‡j mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K Z¨vM ev n¯—vš—i Ki‡Z cv‡i| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi
Abycw¯’wZi A_© iv‡ó«i wejywß| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡ó«i ür¯ú›`b|
6. GKKZ¡ (Exclusiveness) : mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Aci ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q GKKZ¡| G ¶gZvi mv‡_ ‡Kvb
c«wZ‡hvwMZv P‡j bv| ‡hŠw³K Dcvh‡়RbM‡Yi AvbyMZ¨ jvfKvix GKwU gvÎ mve©‡fŠg
¶gZv iv‡ó« we`¨gvb _v‡K | GB ¶gZvB iv‡ó« emevmKvix mKj bvMwi‡Ki AvbyMZ¨ `vex K‡i|
GKwU iv‡ó« GKvwaK mve©‡fŠg kw³i Aw¯—‡Z¡i A_© iv‡ó«i ALÊZv webó nIh়v| ZvB
GKB iv‡ó« GKvwaK mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv evÃbxh়b‡n| GKK mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Afv‡e iv‡ó«i
msnwZ, HK¨ I ¯’vhw়Z¡ webó nh়|
7. e¨vcKZv (Comprehensiveness) mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Avi GKU ‰ewkó¨ nj me©e¨vcKZv| e¨vcKZvi

A_© n‡”Q, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv iv‡ó«i me©ÎB weivRgvb| G ¶gZv iv‡ó«i Af¨š—‡i mKj e¨w³,
‡Mvôx I c«wZôvbmg~‡ni Dci mgfv‡e c«‡hvR¨| mve©‡fŠg kw³ ‡Kej ¯’‡jB Zvi KZ©…
Z¡ c«h‡়vM K‡i bv, R‡j A_©vr mgy`« mxgv, AvKvk mxgv me©ÎB GB ¶gZvi e¨vcKZv
weivRgvb| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Abb¨ ‰ewkó¨mg~n ivó«‡K Abb¨ iƒc `vb K‡i‡Q| mve©‡fŠwgKZvi
A_©B iv‡ó«i ¯^vaxbZv| ¯^vaxb iv‡ó« mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Abb¨ `xwß
weivR K‡i| GB `xwß ivó«‡K A›`‡i-evB‡i gnxh়vb I ejxh়vb K‡i ‡Zv‡j|
4.1 mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Ae¯’vb wbY©h় (Determine Location of Sovereignty)
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡ó«i ‡Kv_vh়A_ev Kv‡ì nv‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i G c«‡kœi mwVK DËi ‡`h়v
hvh়bv| KviY kãwU we‡klfv‡e fvevZ¥K (Abstract)| Z‡e mvaviYZ ‰¯îvPvix ivRZ‡š¿ ivRv,
AwfRvZZ‡š¿ GKwU we‡kl ‡Mvôx, cvðvZ¨ MYZ‡š¿ RbmvaviY, mgvRZ‡š¿ KwgDwb÷
cvwU©i ¸wUKZK KZ©v e¨w³ Ges Bmjvgx iv‡ó« Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgxb mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i
AwaKvix|
4.10 mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Bmjvgx msÁv (Islamic Definition of

Sovereignty)
Bmjvg ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³‡Mvôxi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| MZvbyMwZK

ivó«eë¯’vh়e¨w³, ‡MvÎ, ‡k«Yx A_ev we‡kl RbmsL¨v mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| iv‡ó«i mKj
bvMwiK‡KB webv wØavh়mve©‡fŠg kw³i Av‡`k cvjb Ki‡Z nh়, Zvi wm×vš—‡K Pig
wm×vš— e‡j ‡g‡b wb‡Z nh়| G‡nb Amxg I wbi¼yk ¶gZv ‡Kvb e¨w³i nv‡Z G‡j Zv Øviv e…
nËi gvbe mgv‡Ri h_v_© Kj¨vY n‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡Kbbv gvbyl GKw`‡K ‡hgb c~Y© Áv‡bi
AwaKvix bh়Ab¨w`‡K ‡Zgwb ‡m ¯^v_©ciZv, A_©‡jvW, ¶gZv I c«vavb¨ wj½v BZ¨vw`|
gvbexh়`ye©jZvi Aaxb| GgZve¯’vh়mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv Zvi Dci b¨¯— n‡j ‡m Zvi mxgve×Zvi
ì“b ev A‡bï Dci c«vavb¨ we¯—v‡ii gvb‡m ¯^v_©mswkøó AvBb I wewa c«eZ©b Ki‡e| hwÌ
‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³‡Mvôx‡K mve©‡fŠg kw³ e‡j ‡g‡b ‡bh়v nh়Z_vwcI Zvi ev Zv‡ì g‡a¨
mve©‡fŠg kw³i ¸Yvejx _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY Rb¥MZfv‡e ‡m/Zviv Gme ¸Y ‡_‡K ewÂZ|
AgiZ¡, wPiÄxeZv, wPi¯’vhw়Z¡, e¨vcKZv, AwefvR¨Zv, wbLyuZ Áv‡bi AwaKvi, fyjåvwš—i
E‡aŸ© Ae¯’vb BZ¨vw` ¸Y gvby‡li ‡bB, _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi ‡bB e‡jB Zvi Dci mve©‡fŠg
¶gZv Awc©Z n‡j Zv gvbe mgv‡R b¨vh়I Bbmvd c«wZôvi wecix‡Z ¶y`« ¯^v‡_© mgvR I
iv‡ó« wech©h়I wek…•Ljv m…wó K‡i|
Bmjvgx mgvReë¯’vi c«avb g~jbxwZ n‡”Q Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡| gvby‡li Dci ûKygZ, c«fyZ¡ I
KZ©…Z¡ Kivi AwaKvi wek¦ m…wóKZ©v, weavb`vZv Avjøvn e¨ZxZ Avi Kv‡iv ‡bB| gvby‡li
Dci ‡_‡K gvby‡li c«fyZ¡ DrLv‡Zi g‡a¨B ih‡়‡Q MYgvby‡li Pig Avhv`x| gvbyl GKgvÎ
Avjøvni Aaxb| ‡Kvb e¨w³ gvby‡li Dci c«fyZ¡ I KZ©…Z¡ Kivi AwaKvix bh়| Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i
mve©‡fŠgZ¡
GKgvÎ AvjøvniB | AvBb iPbv Kivi AwaKviI ZvuiB| Avi KyiAvb ej‡Q, e¯—yZ mve©‡fŠg
¶gZv Avjøvn QvW়v Avi Kv‡iv Rb¨B bh়| Zvui wb‡`©k GB ‡h, Zvu‡K QvW়v Avi Kv‡iv
`vmZ¡ I e‡›`Mx Kiv hv‡e bv| 25 Avjøvn Zvui mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡ KvD‡KI Askx`viiƒ‡c M«nY K‡ib
bv| 26 Avmgvb I hgx‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I ¶gZv Avjøvni Avi wZwb wfbœ c…ô‡cvlK I
mvnvh¨Kvix Avi ‡KD ‡bB | 27
Kv‡RB ‡`Lv hvh়‡h, Bmjvgx weavbvbyhvh়x Avjøvn mve©‡fŠg kw³i gvwjK| Avi Avjøvni
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ej‡Z eySvh়Avjøvni P~W়vš—, Pig I Ac«wZnZ ¶gZv| GLv‡b c«kœ DV‡Z cv‡i
Avjøvn ‡Zv gvby‡li aiv‡Qvuh়vi E‡aŸ©; Kv‡RB cvw_©e ivó«xh়Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv I
hveZxh়mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Kvi kiYvcbœ nIh়v hv‡e? Gi Reve AZ¨š— ¯úó| Avjøvn
gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ mKj AvBb weavb Avj KyiAv‡bi gva¨‡g ivm~j (mv)-Gi wbKU ‡c«iY
K‡i‡Qb, ‡mB Rxeb weavb‡K weRh়x eë¯’v wn‡m‡e gvby‡li Rxeb I hgx‡b c«wZôvi Rb¨|
ZvB Avj KyiAv‡bi Abykvmb h_vh_fv‡e ev¯—evh়‡bi Rb¨ ‡jvKvh়Z kvm‡bi c«h‡়vRb
Aek¨¤¢vex| G ‡¶‡Î Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ‡g‡b ‡bh়vi A_© n‡e hv‡ì nv‡Z ivó«xh়¶gZv
c«h‡়v‡Mi `vhw়Z¡ _vK‡e Zviv n‡eb Avjøvni weav‡bi Aaxb Ges ‡mB
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ivó«eë¯’vh়c«wZôvi Rb¨B Avjøvni ivm~jMY G‡m‡Qb|
AvBb c«Yh়‡bi ¶gZv ‡Kej Avjøvni| ivm~j (mv) wQ‡jb ‡m AvB‡bi ev¯—evh়bKvix| cweÎ
KyiAv‡b ejv nh‡়‡Q : ‡n bex, Avgvi ev›`vn‡ì Dci Avcbvi ‡Kvb AvwacZ¨ ‡bB, Avcbvi i‡ei
AvwacZ¨B h‡_ó| 28 g`xbvi Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i c«kvm‡b gnvbex (mv) Avjøvni mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i
c«h‡়vMKvix wQ‡jb gvÎ| Avjøvni KZ©…Z¡ I mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡ AvbyMZ¨ c«Kv‡ki gva¨‡g
wZwb wQ‡jb g`xbvi Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i hveZxh়Kg©Kv‡Êi ‡K›`«we›`y| e¯—yZ g`xbv iv‡ó«
Avjøvn wQ‡jb AvBbMZ mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i (Legal Sovereignty) AwaKvix Avi gnvbex (mv) wQ‡jb
Kvh©Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i (Real Sovereignty) ev ivR‰bwZK mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i (Political
Sovereignty)
25. 12. m~iv BDmyd, Avh়vZ : 40
26. 18: m~iv Avj Kvnvd, Avh়vZ : 26

27. 2 m~iv Avj evKviv, Avh়vZ : 107
28. 17 m~iv ebx BmivBj, Avh়vZ : 65
AwaKvix| MZvbyMwZK ivó«weÁv‡b AvBbMZ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges Kvh©Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i g‡a¨

cv_©K¨ gv‡S gv‡S ‡`Lvb nh়| Z‡e GUv ¯úó _vKv c«h‡়vRb ‡h, Bmjv‡gi `…wó‡Z
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i G `y'w`K ev iƒc `y'wU wfbœ e¯—y bh়| GwU ‡hb Qwei `y'wU w`K, ‡hb
GwcV IwcV Ges G `y'h‡়i mgš^h‡়B Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Avmj iƒc dy‡U D‡V|
Bmjv‡g AvBbMZ mve©‡fŠg (Legal Sovereignty) n‡”Qb Avjøvn Ges Avjøvn c«`Ë wewaweavb
hv iv‡ó«i P~W়vš— wb‡`©k ev AvB‡bi AvKv‡i c«KvwkZ nh়| D³ AvBb ‡`‡ki
wePvivjh‡়¯^xK…Z nh‡়Kvh©Ki nh়| G Ae¯’vh়ivó«c«avbmn c«kvm‡bi mevB Avjøvni
AvB‡bi Aaxb| ivó«c«avb Avjøvni AvB‡bi ei‡Ljvd wKQy Ki‡j wePvivjh়Zv‡K ‡h ‡Kvb kvw¯
— w`‡Z cv‡i| wePviK Avjøvni AvB‡bi c«wZwbwa (Ljxdv) wn‡m‡eB wePvi Ki‡eb| e¯—yZt
GUvB AvB‡bi kvmb, hv GKgvÎ Bmjvgx ivó« QvW়v Ab¨ ‡Kv_vI cvIh়v m¤¢e bh়| Kvh©Z
mve©‡fŠg (Political Sovereignty) g~jZ Avjøvni weavb‡K ev¯—evh়‡bi Kvh©B m¤úv`b
Ki‡eb| AvBbMZ mve©‡fŠ‡gi c«`Ë AvBb‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Kvh©Ki K‡i
ivó«eë¯’vh়RbKj¨vYKi cwi‡ek m…wói Rb¨ gnvbex (mv)-Gi AeZ©gv‡b mr I Cgvb`vi
‡jvK‡ì c«wZwbwaZ¡ I KZ©…Z¡ c«wZôv GKvš— c«h‡়vRb | Bmjv‡gi `…wó‡Z Avjøvni
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ‡g‡b wb‡j ivó« I kvmbeë¯’vi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡e ZvuiB weavbmg~n ev¯—‡e
Kvh©Ki Kiv| Ab¨ K_vh়, G‡¶‡Î ivó« n‡e Avjøvni weavb‡K Kvh©KiKi‡Yi hš¿ gvÎ| G iv‡ó«i
m‡e©v”P ¶gZv n‡e Avjøvni| Avjøvni G m‡e©v”P ¶gZv Bmjvgx kixh়vni c«h‡়vM I
c«wZôvi ‡fZi w`h‡়B weg~Z© nh‡়D‡V|
4.11 Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Islamic Sovereignty) Bmjvgx mgvR I ivó«eë¯’vi Ab¨Zg ‡gŠjbxwZ
n‡”Q gvwjwKh়vZ I Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡| Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ej‡Z eySvh়Avjøvni
wbi¼yk, P~W়vš—, Pig, Amg I Ac«wZnZ ¶gZv| ZvwË&eK w`K w`h‡়‡`L‡j `…k¨Z Bmjvg
wee…Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i mv‡_ eZ©gvb cvðvZ¨ c«PwjZ mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYvi ‡Kvb wgj ‡bB|
‡Kvb e¨w³ ev ‡Mvôx G mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i `vex`vi ev Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv| Bmjvgx ivó« gvby‡li
Ab¨vh়Avwac‡Zï we‡ivax|
L¨vZbvgv cvðvZ¨ AvBbwekvi` I ivó«wPš—vwe` Rb Aw÷b (John Austin ) mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ‡h

eûj c«PwjZ msÁv c«`vb K‡i‡Qb ‡m Abymv‡i mve©‡fŠg
Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v * 249
¶gZv Ggb GKwU D”P KZ©…c¶ hv mgvR I iv‡ó«i AwaKvsk m`‡mï KvQ ‡_‡K ¯^fveMZ
AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‡i Ges hvi wb‡`©kB AvBb| wZwb e‡jb, "hw` ‡Kvb mgv‡R ‡Kvb wbw`©ó
EaŸ©Zb e¨w³ Aci ‡Kvb EaŸ©Z‡bi c«wZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi bv K‡i wKš‘ mgv‡Ri AwaKvs‡ki
¯^fveRvZ AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‡i Avm‡Z _v‡K, Z‡e ‡m mgv‡R H wbw`©ó EaŸ©Zb e¨w³ ev
e¨w³eM©B mve©‡fŠg Ges Giƒc mgvR GKvav‡i ivR‰bwZK I ¯^vaxb mgvR|Ó (If a
determinate human superior, not in a habit of obedience to like superior receives habitual
obedience from the bulk of given society, that determinate superior is the sovereign in that
society and the society including the determinate suporior is a society, political and
independent.)
Aw÷b c«`Ë DcwiD³ msÁv we‡kølY Ki‡j mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i KwZch়‰ewkó¨ c«wZfvZ nh‡়D‡V
| ‡hgb :
c«_gZ, c«‡Z¨K ¯^vaxb ivR‰bwZK mgvR ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nh়;
whwb ev hviv mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv eënvi K‡ib wØZxh়Z. Aw÷‡bi g‡Z, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi
AwaKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM©
¯^fveZB EaŸ©Zb KZ©…c¶| G e¨w³eM© Kv‡iv AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i bv Ges
Kv‡iv B”Qv Øviv cwiPvwjZ nb bv| A_©vr mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv Pig I Amxg|
Z…Zxh়Z, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡Zv
Awbw`©ó ev mvavi‡Yi B”Qvi g‡Zv ‰be¨©w³K bb|
PZy_©Z, Aw÷‡bi g‡Z mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv AwefvR¨| iv‡ó«i Aaxb mKj e¨w³ ev welh‡়i Dci Gi
BLwZh়vi weivRgvb| G BLwZh়vi Avevi AwefvR¨ A_©vr G‡K wef³ Kiv hvh়bv| GUv‡K
wef³ Ki‡j mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Avi m‡e©vcwi e¨vß _v‡K bv|
cÂgZ, RbM‡Yi mnRvZ AvbyMZ¨B mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i gvb`Ê| ‡h e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i c«wZ

AwaKvsk RbMYB mnRvZ AvbyMZ¨ c«Kvk K‡i wZwb ev ZvivB mve©‡fŠg| AviI ¯úófv‡e ejv
hvh়‡h, mve©‡fŠg kw³i c«wZ RbMY ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB ev ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡eB AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi
Ki‡e, mvghw়Kfv‡e bh়| Aw÷‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ msµvš— gZev` g~jZ iv‡ó«i Pig, P~W়vš—,
AwefvR¨ Ges
Ac«wZnZ ¶gZviB cwiPvh়K| Zvui g‡Z, ‡Kvb wbw`©ó EaŸ©Zb e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM©B
mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi c«K…Z Avavi| Aw÷b Kw_Z G mve©‡fŠg (Sovereign) ¯úóZB GKwU
gvbexh়msMVb Ges Gi Aw¯—Z¡ I ¶gZvI gvbweK ‡Lh়vjLywki Dci wbf©ikxj| c¶vš—‡i,
Bmjv‡gi ZË&evbymv‡i mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi gvwjK Avjøvn Ges djZ mKj AvBbB Avjøvni
wb‡`©wkZ KvVv‡gvi iwPZ nIh়v eva¨Zvg~jK| Bmjvgx iv‡ó« MYwbe©vwPZ c«wZwbwa
Z_v ivó«c«av‡bi (Ljxdv) nv‡Z kvmbfvi _v‡K Ges ivó«c«avb Avjøvni mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i bxwZ
Abyhvh়x KyiAvb I mybœvni wb‡`©wkZ cš’vh়kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Ab¨ K_vh়,
ivó«c«avb Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K Bmjvgx g~jbxwZi Av‡jv‡K RbM‡Yi B”Qvbyhvh়x mgvR
I ivó«xh়Rxe‡b c«h‡়vM K‡i _v‡Kb| e¯—yZ mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K Avjøvni KZ©…‡Z¡ bv¯—
‡NvlYv K‡i Bmjvg gvbweK D”Q…•LjZvi nvZ ‡_‡K gvbyl‡K i¶v Kivi c«h়vm ‡ch‡়‡Q|
Bmjvgx ivó« ZvB c«PwjZ MZvbyMwZK A‡_© mve©‡fŠg bh়, Bmjvgx ivó« wLjvdZ Z_v
c«wZwbwaZ¡ e‡j AwfwnZ| ivó«xh়c«kvm‡bi g~jgš¿ wn‡m‡eB c«wZwbwa‡Z¡i bxwZ KvR
K‡i| Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i kvmb cwiPvjK ïaygvÎ Avjøvni c«wZwbwa wn‡m‡eB ivó« kvm‡bi AwaKvi
jvf K‡i Ges Zv MYgvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y c«h‡়vM K‡i| iv‡ó«i mKj bvMwiK G gnvb D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b
c«kvmb‡K mn‡hvwMZv c«`vb K‡i|
4.12 Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ‰ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Islamic Sovereignty) KyiAv‡bi

eY©bvbyhvh়x 29, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi c«K…wZ I ¯îƒc Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j KwZch়‰ewkó¨
dy‡U D‡V| wb‡P G ‰ewkó¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :
1| ¯’vhw়Z¡ (Permanence) : Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i c«_g I c«avb ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q Gi ¯’vhw়Z¡|

Avh়vZyj Kyimx‡Z G ‰ewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z wMh‡়'Avj nvBh়ÿ"-"wPiÄxe kvk¦Z mËv' kã
eëüZ nh‡়‡Q| Avjøvn wPiÄxi hvi Rxe‡bi ïi“I ‡bB ‡klI ‡bB| wZwb wPiš—b, Abvw` Ges
wPi¯’vh়x| ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev ‡jvKvh়Z ‡Kvb kvmK G ‰ewk‡óï AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY
29. Avh়vZyj Kyimx ev Kyibxi Avh়v‡Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v I ‰ewkó¨ eY©bv Kiv
nh‡়‡Q|
2: m~iv Avj evKviv, Avh়vZ: 255

251
e¨vcv‡i ‡m m¤ú~Y© A‡hvM¨, A¶g| Kv‡RB ‡m mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i `vex`vi n‡ZB cv‡i bv
2| wPi c«wZwôZ ( Al Quayum Endlessly Established) : G c«m‡½ Avh়vZyj Kyimx‡Z 'Avj

KvBh়ÿg' kã eënvi Kiv nh‡়‡Q| A_©vr Avjøvn ïay wPiÄxe kvk¦Z mËvB bb wZwb
¶gZvh়wPi c«wZwôZ| gyn~‡Z©i RbÏ wZwb mve©‡fŠg KZ©…Z¡ c«h‡়vM Kvh© ‡_‡K
Aemi M«nY K‡ib bv| G ‰ewk‡óï w`K ‡_‡KI gvbyl G‡Kev‡iB A‡hvM¨ |
3| me©e¨vcKZv/mve©RbxbZv (Universality) : Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Aci ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv Gi

me©e¨vcKZv ev mve©RbxbZv| mve©RbxbZv Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AmxgZvi cwiPvh়K|
m…wóRM‡Zi Ggb GKwU c«vYxI ‡bB, _vK‡Z cv‡i bv hviv Zvi mve©‡fŠg kw³i Aaxb bh়|
AvKvkgÊj I c…w_exi g‡a¨ hv wKQy Av‡Q mewKQyi m…wóKZ©v, c«wZcvjK I gvey`
Avjøvn| Zvui ¶gZv me©Î| m…wóRM‡Zi c«wZwU c«vYx Avjøvni G mve©‡fŠg kw³i AaxbZv
¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨| Gi MwZ m…wó RM‡Zi me©¯—‡i Aeva I Ac«wZnZ| GK_v eySv‡bvi Rb¨B
Avh়vZyj Kyimx‡Z ejv nh‡়‡Q-
ِ ْ‫ لَهُ َمافِيال َّس َموتِ َو َمافِياَأْلر‬-

‫ض‬
D”PviY : jvû gv wdmvgvIh়vwZ Ih়v gv wdj Avi` |
A_© : AvKvkgÊj I c…w_exi mewKQyB Zvi| Ab¨ K_vh়, mewKQyi Dci ZvuiB me©gh়¶gZv
weivRgvb| Zvui ¶gZv ‡Kvb cwimxgvi g‡a¨ mxgve× bh়| 30
4| ‡gŠwjKZv, PigZv I mxgvnxbZv (Original, Absolute and Unlimited) : Avh়vZyj Kyimxi
eY©bv n‡Z GwU c«Zxh়gvb nh়‡h, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv ‡gŠwjK, Pig I mxgvnxb| weavb ‡`h়vi
¶gZv mve©‡fŠg kw³i Pig ¶gZv| G ¶gZv ‡Kvb wKQyi Øviv mxwgZ bh়| m…wó RM‡Z Gi
mgK¶ ev Gi E‡aŸ© ‡Kvb ¶gZv _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| mve©‡fŠg mËv Avjøvn P~W়vš— ¶gZvi
Avavi| wZwb mg¯— kw³ I ¶gZvi Drm| Zvui B”Qv I Av‡`k wbi¼ykfv‡e Avmgvb I hgx‡bi
c«wZwU AYy-cigvYyi g‡a¨ mwµh়ih‡়‡Q| Ab¨ K_vh়, AvBbMZ I wewaMZ mve©‡fŠg
mËv n‡”Qb Avjøvn |
30. 2 m~iv Avj evKviv : 255; 22: m~iv Avj n¾ : 64
252* Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v
5| AwefvR¨Zv I GKZ¡ (Indivisibility and Unity) Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠgË&e GKK I AwefvR¨| G

mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K wef³ Kiv hvh়bv| AvKvkgÊj I c…w_exi P~W়vš— ¶gZv GKwU gvÎ
‡K‡›`«B ‡K›`«xf~Z Ges Gi ‡K›`«we›`y‡ZB ih‡়‡Qb Avjøvn| hw` `y' ev Z‡ZvwaK ‡¶‡Î Zv
b¨¯— nZ Zvn‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB we‡iva NUZ| Pig I P~W়vš— wm×vš— M«n‡Y mgm¨v nZ|
GRb¨B Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K m¤ú~Y© ejv nh়| Gi wefvR‡bi wPš—v m¤ú~Y© A‡hŠw³K I
bvdigvwbi kvwgj| Avjøvn Zvui ¶gZv ‡Kvb ‡d‡ikZv‡K ev ‡Kvb bex‡K ev ‡Kvb ivó«c«avb‡K
wKsev ‡Kvb cxi, m~dx ì‡ek‡KI fvM K‡i ‡`bwb| GK_vB KyiAv‡b ejv nh‡়‡Q-
‫ م ْن َذاالَّ ِذييَ ْشفَع ُِع ْندَهاالباذنه‬.
D”PviY gvb hvjøvhx Bh়vkdvD Bb`vn& Bjøv weBhwbnx|

A_© : ‡K Av‡Q Ggb (¯^xh়¶gZv, AwaKvi e‡j) Avjøvni wbKU ‡Kvb mycvwik Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi
AbygwZ QvW়v| 31
ِ ْ‫ وسع ُكرْ ِسيُّهُال َّس َم َواتِ َواَأْلر‬.

‫ض‬
D”PviY : Ih়vwmAv Kyiwmh়ÿûm32 mvgvIh়vwZ Ih়vj Aviw`|
A_© : Zvui mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Avmb AvKvkgÊj I c…w_exi me©ÎB
cwie¨vß| 33 Zvui G mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv c«h‡়vM I msi¶‡Yi wZwb wngwkg Lvb
bv, K¬vš— k«vš— nIh়vi c«kœB Av‡m bv-
‫ واليؤودهحفظهما‬.
D”PviY : 'Ih়v jv Bh়vD`yû wndhyûgv'| A_© : Avmgvb I hgx‡bi c«wZwU welh়‡K msi¶Y,
µgweKvk I µ‡gvbœwZ
`v‡b wZwb K¬vš— nh‡়cW‡়b bv, ev Gme Zv‡K K¬vš— Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| 34 KviY wZwb
gnvb I ‡k«ô mËv|
31. 2 m~iv Avj evKviv: 255 32. g~j kã Kyimx| G kã mvaviYZ ivó«kw³ I ¶gZvi iƒcK ev c«ZxK
wn‡m‡e
eëüZ nh়|
3. २ Avj evKviv 255 8. २ evKviv : 255

ْ َ‫ َوه َُو َعل‬-
‫ىال َعظيم‬
D”PviY : Ih়v ûh়vj Avjxh়ÿj Avhxg |
A_© : wZwb civµgkvjx I Amxg gh©v`vevb| 35
6| Amxg Ávb I weP¶YZv (Unlimited Knowledge and farsightedness) : Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i

Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q G mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i `vex`vi Amxg Ávb I weP¶YZvi AwaKvix|
m‡e©v”P ¶gZvi gvwjK weavh়wZwb m‡e©v”P ÁvbxI| we‡k¦i c«kvmb cwiPvjbv Kv‡h©
LeivLei cvevi Rb¨ wZwb Kv‡iv Dci wbf©ikxj bb-
‫ يَ ْعلَ ُم َمابَ ْينََأ ْي ِدي ِه ْم َو َماخَ ْلفَهُ ْم‬-
D”PviY : ÔBh়vjvgy gv evBbv AvBw`wng Ih়v gv Lvjdvûg | A_© : ÒwZwb ¯^h়s m…wó
RM‡Zi mevi AM«cðv‡Zi ev c«Kvk¨-Ac«Kvk¨ hveZxh়LeivLei m¤ú‡K© c~Y© Ih়vwKdnvj|
36
ejv n‡”Q-
‫ َواَل ي ُِحيطُونَبِ َش ْي ٍء ِّم ْن ِع ْل ِمهِِإاَّل بِ َما َشاء‬-
D”PviY : 'Ih়v jv BDnxZ~bv wekvBhw়g wgb Bjwgnx Bjøv wegv kvh়v |' A_© : ÒZvui
ÁvZ welh‡়i wKQyB gvby‡li Ávb mxgvi Avh়Ëvaxb n‡Z cv‡i bv Z‡e Avjøvn Zvui Amxg
Ávb ‡_‡K gvbyl‡K hv wKQy `vb K‡i‡Qb, gvbyl ïay ZvB Rv‡b Gi ‡ewk bh়|Ó37
7| n¯—v¯—i A‡hvM¨Zv ( Inalienability) : mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv‡K n¯—vš—i Kiv hvh়bv | GUv n¯

—vš—i A‡hvM¨| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i c«vY¯îƒc Ges Gi DciB Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i Aw¯—
Z¡ wbf©ikxj| gvbyl ‡hgb Zvi c«vY Aci‡K `vb K‡i ‡eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, e…¶ ‡hgb Zvi cjøe
Rb¥vevi ¶gZv cwiZ¨vM K‡i wUK‡Z cv‡i bv, b`x ‡hgb Zvi D”Qj cvwb ivwki MwZ eÜ K‡i
wbðj nh‡়_vK‡Z cv‡i bv, ‡Zgwb ivó«I Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡ cwiZ¨vM K‡i Zvi h_v_© j‡¶¨
DcbxZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| G mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Z¨vM Kivi A_©B n‡”Q Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i wejywß| myZivs
Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ; Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i wPrkw³|
35 2 m~iv Avj evKviv : 255
36. 37. 21 : m~iv Avj Avw¤^h়v : 28; 22 m~iv Avj n¾ : 76 2. m~iv Avj evKviv : 255
c«kœvejx
1| Bmjvgx ivó« ej‡Z wK eySvh়? Bmjvgx iv‡ó«i Dcv`vb¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv K‡iv| (What is meant
by Islamic state ? Discuss the elements of Islamic state.)
2| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i msÁv `vI| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ‰ewkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|

(Define Sovereignty. Discuss its characteristics.)
3| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ‰ewkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv K‡iv Ges mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤^‡Ü Bmjvgx gZev`

ch©v‡jvPbv K‡iv| (Describe the characteristles of Sovereignty and make a review of the Islamic
theory of Sovereignty.)
4| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wK? Bmjv‡gi `…wó‡Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ¯îƒc e¨vL¨v Ki|
(What is sovereignty? Explain the scope of sovereignty in
the light of Islam.) 5| Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wK? Bmjvgx mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ‰ewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv
K‡iv| (What is Islamic sovereignty? Discuss the characteristics of Islamic sovereignty.)
6| ms‡¶‡c UxKv wjL (Write short notes on) :
K. Rbmgwó (Population) L. miKvi (Government)
M. ivó« I miKv‡ii cv_©K¨ (Difference between State and Government)
N. mve©‡fŠgË&e (Sovereignty)
I. AvBbMZ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Legal Sovereignty)
P. ivR‰bwZK mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Political Sovereignty)

Bmjv‡gi ivó«eë¯’v * 255

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Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:47 PM]

186 * Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:49 PM]

ÒAvjøvn ‡Zvgv‡`i‡K ‡d‡ikZv ev bex‡`i ‡Lv`v wn‡m‡e g‡b Kievi

K‡i‡Q I A_©‰bwZK ‡kvl‡Yi ‡Nvi wb›`v K‡i‡Q|

3: m~iv Av‡j Bgivb : 80

4. 9: m~iv AvZ ZvIev : 31

5.9 m~iv AvZ ZvIev : 34

Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v I 187

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:50 PM]

6. Sidgwick, The Development of European Polity, P. 219.

188 : Bmjv‡bi ivó«e¨e¯’v

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:50 PM]

Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v 189

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:51 PM]

3.4 d¨vwmev`x I Bmjvg (Fascist State and Islam j

190: Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:52 PM]

c«k«h়‡`h়Ges mvg«vR¨ev`‡K Avn&evb Rvbvh়| d¨vwmev` gvbeZvwe‡ivax Ges wek¦kvwš

Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v • 191

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:52 PM]

‡m ivó«xh়e¨e¯’v‡KB ejv nh়ivRZš¿ |

ivRZš¿‡K Kh‡়KwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvh়| ‡hgb-

3. wbh়gZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ (Constitutional Monarchy) : ivRv ev ivYx ivó«c«avb n‡jI c«K…Z

7. The Age of Reason. Thinkers Library 1947. P 2

1923 Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:53 PM]

ivRZ‡š¿i Aviwe cwifvlv n‡”Q gyjywKh়vZ| BwZnv‡mi aviv cwiµgvh়gnvbex (mv)

Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v : 193

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:55 PM]

Bmjv‡g ev`kvnxZš¿ ev Avgxi kvnxi ‡Kvb ¯’vb ‡bB, eskvbyµwgKfv‡e DËivwaKvi

3.6 GKbvh়KZš¿ I Bmjvg (Dictatorship and Islam )

3.6.2 GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i msÁv Definition of Dictatorship

j¨vwUb kã Dictator (me©gh়¶gZvi AwaKvix) ‡_‡K GKbvh়KZ¡ (Dictatorship) K_vwUi

9. Rvwgj DwÏb Avng`Abals concept to Islamic Polity. cvwK¯—vb cvewj‡KkÝ, c…. 21

194 Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:55 PM]

‡ivgvb c«RvZ‡š¿i mgh়‡_‡K GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i DrcwË| G mgh়Ri“wi Ae¯’vh়

wm‡bU‡K c«`vb Kiv nh়| eZ©gvb `ywbh়vh়wewfbœ ai‡bi GKbvh়KZ¡ Kvh‡়g

Av‡Q| ‡hgb- ey‡R©vh়v GKbvh়KZ¡, me©nviv GKbvh়KZ¡, mvgwiK GKbvh়KZ¡

BZ¨vw`| ejvevûj¨, GKbvh়KZ¡ me©`vB e¨w³ ev ‡Mvôx we‡k‡li GK”QÎ

¯^v‡_© c«wZc‡¶i Ici mvwe©K wb‡®úlY Pvwch‡়‡`h়|

3.3.3 GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i ‰ewkó¨mg~n Features of Dictatorship

1. c«PviYvi e¨vcK c«h‡়vM

3. bvggvÎ I wbh়wš¿Z AvBbmfv

4. ¶gZvi e¨vcK ‡K›`«xKiY

Bmjv‡gi ivó«e¨e¯’v I 195

Mizan Ahmed, [15-Jan-23 3:55 PM]

1. ‰¯^ivPvix I GK‡PwUh়v ¶gZvi c«fve

2. mvsweavwbK e¨e¯’vi Aejywß

3. bvMwiK‡`i ‡cŠi I Ab¨vb¨ AwaKv‡ii Aejywß

4. wm×vš— M«nY c«wµh়vh়Av‡eMZvWw়Z Ab¨vb¨ g‡bvfv‡ei c«vavb¨

GKbvh়KZ‡š¿i Ab¨vb¨ Kh‡়KwU ‰ewkó¨-

2. ivó« I miKvi Awfbœ

3. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax

4. mvg«vR¨ev`x I hy×ev`x bxwZ

8. ivó« nj kw³i c«ZxK

9. AvBb-wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv ¶yY&Y

10. ¸ßPi evwnbx

12. miKvix bxwZ I cwiKíbv K‡Vvifv‡e c«h‡়vM

13. wg_¨v c«Pvi

14. mKj ‡¶‡Î ‡Mvcbxh়Zv i¶v

15. mewKQy‡ZB miKvix wbh়š¿Y