REVIEW ON

COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
MAJOR 10 GROUP 2 BSED II- ENGLISH
 INTRODUCTION
• The English term 'Communication' has been evolved
from Latin language.
• 'Communis and communicare' are two Latin words related
to the word communication. Communis is noun word, which
means common, communiality or sharing. Similarly,
communicare is a verb, which means 'make something
common'.
• In general, Communication refers to the reciprocal exchange
of information, ideas, facts, opinions, feeling & attitudes
through verbal or non-verbal means between two people or
within a group of people.
 Definiton of
Communication
• COMMUNICATION is a process by which information
is exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols & signs of behaviour. -
Websters Dictionary

• COMMUNICATION is interchange of thoughts,

opinions or information by speech, writing or signs.
-Robert Anderson
 Meaning of Communication

• A process through which individuals mutually exchange

their ideas, values, thoughts, feeling & action with one or
more people.
• The transfer of information from the sender to the receiver so
that it is understood in the right context.
• The process of initiating, transmitting & receiving information.
• The means of making the transfer of information productive &
goal oriented.
• The process of sharing information, ideas & attitudes between
individual.
Process of Communication
Elements of the Communication

1. Sender
2. Ideas
3. Encoding
4. Communication Channel
5. Receiver
6. Decoding
7. Feedback
 SENDER
• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
message
message to to
thethe expected
expected receiver
receiver through
through anan
appropriate channel.
appropriate channel.

•
A sender
A• sender is the
is the source
source of of
thethe message
message that
that is is
generated
generated to beto be delivered
delivered to the toReceiver
the Receiver
after
after appropriatestimulus
appropriate stimulus from
from thethe referent.
referent.
• The person who approaches our services with
• The person who approaches our services with
theintention
the intentionofof getting
gettinganananswer
answertotohis
hisororher
her
questionsquestions
or passingor apassing a feedback.
feedback.
 IDEAS
• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
• The
message message
to the isreceiver
expected the content of an
through
Communication
appropriate channel. & may contain verbal,
non-verbal or symbolic languages.
• A sender is the source of the message that is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
• The
after passed ideas
appropriate are the
stimulus fromsubject matter
the referent.
of this action. These can represent
• The person who opinions,
attitudes, approachesviews,
our services with
feelings,
thesuggestions,
intention of getting an answer
complaints to his or her
or questions.
questions or passing a feedback.
 ENCODING
• • Represents
A sender the who
is a person conversion
encodes &ofsends
subject
the
mattertointhe
message certain symbols.
expected Here, things
receiver through an
appropriate channel. because most people
get complicated,
use their own definition for certain
• A sender is the source of the message that is
emotions
generated to be delivered or ideas.
to the Receiver
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
• The way they put these in sentences
• The person who approaches our services with
offersofa getting
the intention view over their type
an answer to hisofor her
personality.
questions or passing a feedback.
 COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
• A channel is a medium through which a message is
• A sender
sent is a person
or received between whotwoencodes
or more&people.
sends the
message to the expected receiver through an
• appropriate
Several channelschannel.
can be used to send or receive the
message, i.e seeing, hearing, touching, smelling &
• A sender is the source of the message that is
tasting.
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
•
afterselecting
While appropriate stimulus
channels from the referent.
of communication, several
factors must be considered: availability of channel,
• The person who approaches our services with
purpose, suitability, types of receivers, types of
the intention
message, of getting
preference an answer
of sender to his or her
& receivers,
questions or passing
Communication skills ofa the
feedback.
sender, cost etc.
 RECEIVER
• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
• A receiver is an individual or a group of
message to the expected receiver through an
individuals
appropriate intended to receive, decode &
channel.
interpret the message sent by the
• A sender is sender/source of message.
the source of the message that is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
after appropriate
• A receiver stimulus from
also known as the referent.
decoder.
• The person who approaches our services with
• He is expected to have the ability & skills to
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
receive,
questions or decode
passing&ainterpret
feedback.the message.
 DECODING
• The receiver
A• sender has who
is a person to extract
encodesthe meaning
& sends the
message
from to
thethesymbols
expected sent
receiver
by through an
the sender
appropriate channel.
and understand completely what he
• A sender is the sourceneeds.
of the message that is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
• The Decoding of a message is how
•
an audience
The person member
who approaches our is able to
services with
understand,
the intention of gettingand interpret
an answer theor her
to his
questions or passingmessage.
a feedback.
 FEEDBACK
• It is a return message sent by the receiver to the sender.
• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
• It is most to
message essential element
the expected of the Communication
receiver through an
Process as it shows
appropriate that the receiver has understand
channel.
the primary message sent by the sender & the
•Communication
A sender is the Process
source ofis the
nowmessage
considerthat
complete.
is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
• A successful Communication
after appropriate stimulus must
frombethe
a two-way
referent.process
where the sender sends the message & receives
• The personfeedback
who approaches
from theourreceiver.
services with
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
questions or passing
• These feedback coulda feedback.
be verbal & non-verbal.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION

• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the

message to the expected receiver through an
appropriate channel.

• A sender is the source of the message that is

generated to be delivered to the Receiver
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.

• The person who approaches our services with

the intention of getting an answer to his or her
questions or passing a feedback.
FACILITATORS OF COMMUNICATION

Seven C’s of effective Communication:

• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
message to the1. Completeness
expected receiver through an
appropriate channel. 2. Clarity
• A sender is the source
3. Courtesy
of the message that is
generated to be
4.
delivered to the Receiver
Consideration
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
5. Conciseness
• The person who approaches our services with
6. Concretness
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
questions or passing
7. Correctness
a feedback.
 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Physiological Barriers
• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
message2.to Environmental Barriers
the expected receiver through an
appropriate
3. channel.
Psychological Barriers
• A sender is the SocialofBarriers
4. source the message that is
generated to5.beCultural
delivered Barriers
to the Receiver
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
6. Semantic Barriers
• The person who approaches our services with
7. Organizational Barriers
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
Communication
8. questions or passing Process-related
a feedback. Barriers
 PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS
• Lack of attention
• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
• Poor retention
message due toreceiver
to the expected memory problems
through an
appropriate channel.
• Discomfort due to illness

• A sender •isPoor sensory

the source perception
of the message that is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
• Hearing problem
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
• Poor listening
• The person who approaches our services with
• Information overload
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
• Gender
questions physiological
or passing differences
a feedback.
 ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS

• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the

Due
message• to the to background
expected receiver noise
through an
appropriate channel.
• Poor lighting
• • Uncomfortable
A sender is the source of the settings
message that is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
• Unhygienic surrounding & bad odours
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
• Very hot or cold room
• The person who approaches our services with
the intention of• Long
gettingdistance
an answer to his or her
questions or passing a feedback.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS

• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the

message •toEmotional disturbances
the expected receiver through an
appropriate channel.
• Distrust & unhappy emotions
• Misperceptions
A •sender is the source&ofmisunderstanding
the message that is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
• Psychotic or neurotic illness
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
• Worry & emotional disturbances
• The person who approaches our services with
Fear, anxiety
the •intention & confused
of getting an answerthinking
to his or her
questions or passing a feedback.
 SOCIAL BARRIERS

• A sender in:-
Difference is a person who encodes & sends the
message to the expected receiver through an
Social
appropriate
• norms
channel.
• Values
• A sender is the source of the message that is
generated
• Behaviour
to be delivered to the Receiver
after• appropriate stimulus from the referent.
Social taboos
• Different
• The person social
who approaches our services with
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
stratification
questions or passing a feedback.
 CULTURAL BARRIERS

• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the

• Ethics
message to the expected receiver through an
appropriate channel.
• Religious
• Cultural
A sender is •the differences
source of the message that is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
• Cultural traditions
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
• Values
• The person who approaches our services with
• Behaviour
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
questions or passing a feedback.
 SEMANTIC BARRIERS

• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the

• Faulty language translation
message to the expected receiver through an
• Language barriers
appropriate channel.

• Individual
A• sender is the differences
source of thein expression
message that is&
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
perception
after appropriate stimulus from the referent.
• Post experiences of an individual failure to
• The person who approaches our services with
listen
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
questions or passing a feedback.
 ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS

• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the

Organizational
• message policy,receiver
to the expected rules &through
regulations
an
appropriate channel.
•Technical failure
• Time pressure
A sender is the• source of the message that is
generated to be delivered to the Receiver
• Complexity of organization
after appropriate stimulus fromStructure due to
the referent.
hierarchy
• The person who approaches our services with
• Size of the organisation
the intention of getting an answer to his or her
questions or passing a feedback.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS-
RELATED BARRIERS

• Lack of poor feedback

• Unclear messages

• Conflicting messages

• Stereotypical approaches

• Inappropriate channels
 Methods to
Overcome Barriers of
Communication
 Methods to overcome Physiological
Barriers
• Pay attention during the sharing of information.
• Ensure each other comfort.

• Keep in each other’s retention & recollection

abilities
• Ensure the intractness of sensory perception.

• The limitations of hearing abilities must keep in

mind.
• Active listening

• Information overload must avoid.

Methods to overcome Environmental
Barriers

• Good lighting must be ensured to facilitate

nonverbal communication.
• A comfortable seating arrangements.

• A hygienic & odours-free environment.

• Place must be free from noise.

• Must be proper ventilated room.

 Methods to overcome Psychological
Barriers

• Should not harbour negative emotions.

• Happy & trustworthy manner.
• Avoid feeling of: Prejudice, Resentment, Antagonism.
• Free from : Fear, Anxiety, Confusion.
 Methods to overcome Cultural
Barriers

• Consider cultural differences.

• Consider cultural: Traditions, Beliefs, Values

 Methods to overcome Semantic
Barriers

• Use of same language.

• Considered differences in : Expression of messages,

Perception of messages
 Methods to overcome Organizational
Barriers

• Organization Structure must be simple &

noncomplex.

• Considered: Rules, Policy, Regulations

• Large organization must be divided into smaller

subsets
 Methods to overcome Communication
Process- Related Barriers

• An appropriate channel must be used.

• A stereotypical approaches must be avoided in

Communication.

• The message must be clear & non-conflicting.

• Proper feedback must be ensured by the recipient.

TECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION

1.Conversational
skills
2.Listening skills
3.Technical
skills
CONVERSATIONAL SKILLS

• Focusing
• Paraphrasing
• Sharing information
• Providing information
• Asking relevant questions
• Clarifying
•Summarizing
• Sharing humour
 LISTENING SKILLS

• Active listening
• Using silence

• Listening with purpose

• Acknowledgment of messages
• Giving feedback
TECHNICAL SKILLS

• Using touch
• Using non-verbal cues

• Sharing feeling

• Sharing observations

• Sharing hope

• Presenting reality

• Sharing empathy
 REVIEW ON
SPEECH SOUNDS
• Phonation is the technical term for the production
of speech sounds. The source of the energy for
almost all phonation is compressed air from the
lungs.

• We say almost all because certain languages have

clicks and other sounds which are ingressive (air
flows in) rather than egressive (air flows out).

• In American English we can safely omit these cases,

and speak only about the outflowing air from the
lungs.
• When we are not speaking, we breathe about 15
times per second, and the two phases of inspiration
(drawing the air in) and expiration (sending the air
out) are approximately equal in duration.
• While speaking, we inhale quickly and make the
expiratory phase of each breath cycle last for much
longer than inspiration - up to 10 or 15 seconds in
extreme cases.
• By moving various muscles, we systematically
obstruct the passage of this air at the larynx
and/or within the vocal tract, and thus give rise to
speech.
We have seen that all speech sounds powered
by the lungs can be divided into three major
categories, with certain phonemes combining
sounds from more than one category, either
simultaneously (voiced fricatives) or in
sequence (closure-plosives).
Voicing - The vocal cords are vibrating.
Frication - There is constriction and
therefore turbulence at some point in
the vocal tract.
Plosion - Air pressure builds up behind
an articulator and is released in a
sudden noisy burst.
To complete the inventory of types of sounds
used to create speech in American English,
we add the fourth category silence, which is
used in the closure phase of the plosives.

Silence may also represent a period of

breathing in at the end of an utterance or a
deliberate pause in the speaker's speech
stream.
Today we look at voicing, which is perhaps the most
complex of the three sound types, but also the most
widely used.

One estimate is that voicing occurs during 70 per

cent of the total duration of an average utterance in
American English.

The good news for the spectrogram reader is that one

can locate voicing almost infallibly in the
spectrogram, if one knows what to look for.
The following phoneme categories are almost
always voiced:
• Vowels
• Diphthongs (moving vowels)
• Liquids
• Glides
• Nasals
 They are thus called sonorants , in
opposition to the obstruents, that is, the
fricatives, plosives, and affricates, whose
primary function is viewed as obstructing the
passage of air in significant ways rather than
making the voice.

Remember, however, that some obstruents

are accompanied by voicing.
We say that vowels are almost always voiced
because all speech sounds may be unvoiced.
Example of the whisper.

Up until now we have defined voicing as the

vibration of the vocal cords. This is true, but
now we need to understand this vibration in
more detail.
Thank you!

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