華語文測驗與評量

Chinese Language Testing and Assessment

蔡喬育
國立臺中教育大學
語文教育學系副教授兼系主任

CLTA

Steps for Test Construction

• Vocabulary, patterns,
and Grammar • Target
learners:
• Listening, speaking, Chinese L2
reading, and writing learners
• Types
• Point allocation Outline Test
and administratio
n
draft

Revision Items
analysis • Difficulty
• Rejection or • Discrimination
improvement for • Distractor
poor items • Point-biserial
correlation

CLTA
A test paper’s structure

directions

A test paper’s structure

A stem

options
 A test paper’s structure

下面這個部分旨在測驗你對語法掌握的能力。每一題有一個空格 請
你從(A)(B)(C)(D)四個選項中 選出一個適當的答案以完成句子。

我是________那位張老師學中文的。

(A)對 (B)跟 (C)給 (D)從

CLTA

Stem

Incomplete description: judge which is the appropriate

answer by context
• 她是家裡最小的孩子 _____是家裡長得最高的。
• (A)而 (B)卻 (C)並 (D)更

Complete description: choose appropriate answers by

substituting words
• 大雨下個不停 水淹得幾乎 幾乎一層樓高了。
幾乎
• (A)快要 (B)超過 (C)未到 (D)僅僅

CLTA
Stem

Direct question
•寒假快到了 我和美芳表姊想坐火車到上海去玩一個
星期。我們打算從北京出發 一路會經過天津、濟南
和南京這幾個城市。
• Where will their trip begin?
• (A)Beijing (B)Jinan (C)Nanjing (D)Tianjin

全美SAT中文考試

Stem

Direct question 真北平烤鴨店

• 一隻半烤鴨賣多少 半隻180元
半隻 元 每隻350元
每隻 元
錢 三隻 950元
元
• (A)180元 (B)350元
(C)500元 (D)530元 附贈蔥醬 歡迎外帶)
(附贈蔥醬 歡迎外帶

TOCFL
Stem

Reserve question
• 下面哪一個描述不正確
不正確
• (A)小美星期二上數學課
• (B)小美星期四下午要開會
• (C)小英的生日是五月十八日
• (D)星期六早上小英要去看電影

全美SAT中文考試

Item types
Multiple choice
• (Non-) standardized test
Cloze
• (Non-) standardized test
True-False
• Non-standardizedtest
Matching
• Non-standardizedtest
Gap-filling
• Non-standardized test
Completion
• Non-standardizedtest
Transformation
• (Non)-standardized test
Correction
• Non-standardizedtest
Question
• Non-standardized test
CLTA
Principles for setting questions
小華在一家飲料公司上班 他的公司在這個星期
有一個__(1)__ 他們談到最近公司的紅茶飲料
賣得很差 老闆請大家說說自己的想法。小華說
現在很多女生希望自己看起來__(2)__ 所以不
喜歡喝太甜的飲料 __(3)__公司可以試著做出
喝起來不太甜__(4)__很好喝的紅茶 這樣就會  Delete one word every few
提高女孩子對這種飲料的__(5)__。大家都覺得
這個意見很不錯。 words in a text, , but
1. (A)會議 (B)開會 (C)會話 (D)機會 proper nouns are not
2. (A)高高的 (B)瘦瘦的 (C)輕輕的 (D)長長的 counted.
3. (A)或許 (B)結果 (C)不但 (D)也許  Avoid deleting more than
4. (A)卻 (B)都 (C)再 (D)更 two words in a sentence.
5. (A)感覺 (B)意思 (C)選擇 (D)興趣
 The first and last sentence
in the text should be kept
intact to reduce difficulty.
Cloze test

Principles for setting questions

Each multiple choice question can only have one

correct answer.

( ) 1.哥哥喜歡_____籃球。
A.看 B.打 C.踢 D.聽

( ) 2.目前還沒有發現這類的問題。
A.現在 B.最近 C.看來 D.眼前

Multiple choice
Principles for setting questions

Only one language point is measured in a question, do not test

grammar and vocabulary at the same time. Moreover, the part
of speech and word count should be as consistent as possible.

( ) 1.這朵花看起來好像是真的 ____不是。
A.實踐 B.實話 C.果然 D.其實

( ) 2.小明_____我。
A.漂亮 B.喜歡 C.高興 D.老師

Multiple choice

Principles for setting questions

When substituting each option into a stem, the syntax and

semantics should be kept smooth.

( ) 1.別再買衣服了 再買爸爸又要說我們了。
A.解釋 B.支持 C.責備 D.表揚
A.告訴 B.支持 C.責備 D.表揚

( ) 2.在大家面前唱歌 她覺得很不好意思。
A.害羞 B.好意 C.高興 D.勇敢

Multiple choice
Principles for setting questions

The difficulty of all options should be the same.

( ) 1.看到房子被水沖走了 誰不心疼啊
A.可憐 B.著急 C.憤慨 D.失望

Multiple choice

Principles for setting questions

Each option has to be mutually exclusive, and avoid similar

options.

( ) 1.她最看不慣社會男女不平等的觀念。
A.羨慕 B.厭惡 C.討厭 D.緊張

( ) 2.我太太這個人哪兒都好 就是大手大腳。
A.高大 B.浪費 C.隨便 D.鋪張

Multiple choice
Principles for setting questions

Options in multiple-choice questions for testing vocabulary

could not be false words.

( ) 1.聽完剛剛她說的 我覺得這真是個好_____。
A.意思 B.辦法 C.辨去 D.瓣法

( ) 2.我很_____住在嘉義的爺爺奶奶。
A.紀念 B.念舊 C.想念 D.鄉念

Multiple choice

Principles for setting questions

Questions are as close to the real situation as

possible.
( ) 1.這是三_____筆。
A.條 B.顆 C.枝 D.張

( ) 2. 甲 這是什麼
乙 這是_____。
A.狗 B.妹妹 C.照相機 D.書
Multiple choice
Principles for setting questions

Options in a transformation question should not

be farfetched.
( ) 1.她就是這麼愛面子。
A.怕讓人看見 B.怕讓人看不起
C.愛護自己的臉 D.注意衣服的表面

Multiple choice

Principles for setting questions

Common sense questions are not allowed.

( ) 1.搭乘飛機時發現行李丟了 應該
A.找人幫忙尋找 B.要航空公司賠
C.填寫申請單 D.上飛機找

Multiple choice
Multiple choice

BandA_listening

Multiple choice

BandA_Reading
Multiple choice

例：快點！要不然會趕不（ )火車。
A. 去

B. 到

C. 上

D. 來
CLTA

Multiple choice

Strengths
• Easy to correct and grade
• Scores are less affected by guessing
• Good for checking
• Usually it requires less time for test takers to answer
Weakness
• Difficult to construct
• Not allowed test takers to demonstrate knowledge beyond the
options provided
• Emphasize in recognition and guessing rather than in production
CLTA
Cloze

BandB, C_Reading

Cloze

Strengths
• Easy for the teacher to create
• Easy for the students to understand
• Easy to correct and design
• Test students’ knowledge of vocabulary, patterns, and
grammar at the same time
Weakness
• Unexpected correct answers are possible
CLTA
True-False

CLTA

True-False

Strengths
• Easy to write
• Can cover a wide range of difficulty levels
• Usually it requires less time for test takers to answer
• Easy to grade and score
Weakness
• Guessing element
• The score can not be reliable
• Not allow test takers to demonstrate broad range of knowledge
CLTA
Matching

Strengths
• Objective
• Easy to design
• Easy to include various
examples
• Easy to grade and score
Weakness
• Easy to guess
• Only for vocabulary, patterns,
grammar, and pronunciation
• Not good to test language skills
CLTA

Gap-filling

例：一流的大學靠的並不是一流的教授和硬
軟體設備，（ )是一流的學生。
Strengths
• Objective
• Easy to correct
• Provides clear contexts
• Easy to grade and score

Weakness
• Difficult to design an item with only one possible answer
• Need to think about possible answers
CLTA
Completion

Strengths
• Easy to construct
• Requires simple recognition of
information
• Eliminates the guessing factor
• Good to evaluate listening for
specific information

Weakness
• Depend on knowledge of
language
• Difficult to grade
• Possible to irritate students
CLTA

Transformation
Transformation

Strengths
• Good to test some structures
• Tackle target learners’ native language(s)
• Allow recognition of a connection between “grammar” and
“meaning”
Weakness
• Very artificial
• It can be more than one possible transformation in some
cases
CLTA

Correction

CLTA
Correction

Strengths
• Good to test students’ ability of Chinese characters
• Helpful to check students’ reading comprehension
Weakness
• Not easy to score
• It takes more time to correct and answer

CLTA

Question

請閱讀完課文後回答問題。
請閱讀完課文後回答問題。

問：為什麼在臺灣環島不難？

CLTA
Question

Strengths
• Good to test students’ comprehension ability
• Helpful to check students’ ability of analyzing
concepts and organizing answers
Weakness
• Not easy to score
• It takes more time to correct and answer
CLTA

CLTA