FIRST EXPERIMENT milk that we have just processed.

We found out that they

were called Casein and Whey.
What did you observe?
Now their characteristic was not that similar in any form,
1. Letter ‘e’ clipping Casein’s appearance was kind of mushy or tofu-like texture.
It’s absorption, based on the extraction process using the
a. light microscope
filter paper was slower than the whey because of it’s
- The letter “e” is not visibly seen under the light microscope. appearance and texture. Bioactive components of milk are
lipids, minerals, enzymes, vitamins, lactoferrin, lactose and
b. compound microscope oligosaccharides, immunoglobulin’s, growth factor and
cytokines, casein & whey proteins and derived peptides.
- It appears upside down and backwards. It is inverted, solid, Finally, its’ benefits to the body are to boost muscle growth
has rough edges, and shows the texture of the paper. and aid recovery after exercise.
2. Leaf cutting For the appearance of Whey, it was more liquid than the
casein’s texture. It’s absorption were more smooth, in terms
a. light microscope
of extraction in the filter paper, it was extracted easier than
- The leaf is not visibly seen under the light microscope, the casein. It’s bioactive compound, beta-glactoglobulin,
although the image somewhat appears to be light green. alpha-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin, lactoferrin
immunoglobobulins, lactoperoxidase enzymes,
b. compound microscope glycomacropeptides, lactose and minerals. And it’s benefits to
the body are; to help gain muscles, boosts strength and helps
- The leaf’s lamina, vein, and midrib are visible. The image
to lose significant amount of body fats.
exhibits a lighter color under the microscope.
In the end, we are able to separate the two (2) different type
3. Living Specimen
of proteins in milk. The experiment is about how our stomach
a light microscope works inside our body, and to show how an acid reacts inside
our stomach.
-The freshly ejaculated semen looks light yellowish. A cluster
of sperm is seen on the upper left corner of the image but THIRD EXPERIMENT
their tails are indistinct.
Ex.No.3 BENEDICTS’ TEST: Sugar in the urine Answer:
b. compound microscope
1. When we checked the urine with a drop of Benedict’s
- The freshly ejaculated semen looks milky white or grayish. A solution after 3, 4, and 5 minutes in the water bath, the color of
sperm is visibly seen with its head and long tail while moving all the samples changed, although they were all the same
color.
compared to a light microscope.
2. Yes

3. Color of precipitate g of reducing sugar

SECOND EXPERIMENT

Ex. No: 2 ISOLATION OF PROTEINS FROM MILK Color of precipitate G of reducing sugar

3 minutes ( Yellow ) 1000-1500 mg/dl

Our goal for that experiment was to extract the proteins from
the milk with the given procedure. We started with the milk 4 minutes ( Orange ) 1500-2000 mg/dl
which we boiled to its’ boiling point, then we added the
5 minutes ( Orange ) 1500-2000 mg/dl
glacial acetic acid to it then keeps it on heat.

With all those steps finished, we then let it cool down for
some time for it to rest and settle. After the resting process 4. Glucose. Benedict’s reagent starts out aqua-blue. As it is
we extracted the processed milk using the filter paper. Then heated in the presence of reducing sugars, it turns yellow to
we found out that there are two (2) proteins there is on the orange.
 FUNCTION OF EACH MICROSCOPE PART
1. Eyepiece or Ocular Lens - Eyepiece lens magnifies the
image of the specimen. This part is also known as ocular.
Most school microscopes have an eyepiece with 10X
magnification.
2. Eyepiece Tube or Body Tube -The tube hold the eyepiece.
10. Coarse focus -Coarse focus moves the stage to provide
general focus on the specimen. When bringing a specimen
into focus, the course dial is the first one used.
11. Fine focus -Fine focus moves the stage in smaller
increments to provide a clear view of the specimen. When
bringing a specimen into focus, the fine focus dial is the
second one used.

3. Nosepiece -Nosepiece holds the objective lenses and is 12. Base -The base is the main support of the microscope.
sometimes called a revolving turret. You choose the The bottom, where all the other parts of the microscope
objective lens by rotating to the specific lens one you want to stand.
use.

4. Objective Lenses

Most compound microscopes come with three or four

objective lenses that revolve on the nosepiece. The most
common objective lenses have power of 4X, 10X and 40X.
Combined with the magnification of the eyepiece the
resulting magnification is 40X, 100X and 400X magnification.
Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the power of
the eyepiece by the power of the objective lens. (10X
Eyepiece X 40X Objective = 400X Total Magnification)
Some more advanced microscopes have an additional
objective lens with 100X power. This results in 1,000X
magnification. So where do you start? Which objective lens
do you need for a particular task? See “How to Use a
Compound Microscope” below.

5. Arm -The Arm connects the base to the nosepiece and

eyepiece. It is the structural part that is also used to carry the
microscope.

6. Stage- The stage is where the specimen is placed. This

place is for observation.
. COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED EQUIPMENT IN THE
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
7. Stage Clips -Stage clips are the supports that hold the slides
in place on the stage.
NAME  PICTURE  USE
8. Diaphragm (sometimes called the Iris) -The diaphragm
controls the amount of light passing through the slide. It is
located below the stage and is usually controlled by a round
dial. . beaker
9. Illuminator -Most light microscopes use a low voltage bulb
which supplies light through the stage and onto to the  Used to hold and
specimen. Mirrors are sometimes used instead of a built-in heat liquids.
light. If your microscope has a mirror, it provides light Multipurpose and
essential in the
reflected from ambient light sources like classroom lights or
lab.
sunlight if outdoors.
    Used to hold
  Used to easily crucibles and
brushes clean the inside of crucible evaporating dishes
a test tubes and tong when they are hot.
other glassware.

  Used with vacuum

Buchne flask for Used for moving
r funnel performing   small amounts of
vacuum filtration. liquid from place
disposa
to place. They are
ble
usually made of
pipette
plastic  and are
Used for heating disposable
 Bunsen and exposing
 Used for weighing
burner items to flame.
  substances or
electro objects, usually in
nic grams.
balance
Used in titrations
  to measure
precisely how
much liquid has  Used to heat, mix,
burette been delivered.   and store liquids.
The advantage to
erlenm the Erlenmeyer
eyer Flask is that the
flasks bottom is  wider
than the top so it
 Used to hold will heat quicker
  burettes on a ring because of the
stand. greater surface
area exposed to
burette
the  heat.
clamp
 Used to recover
  dissolved solids by
evapor evaporation.
 Used to hold ating
crucibles when dish
 clay
they are being
triangle
heated. They
 Used for heating
usually sit on a ring
 florenc substances that
stand.
e flask need to be heated
evenly. The bulbed
 Used to heat small bottom allows the
  quantities to very heat to distribute
crucible high through the liquid
with lid temperatures. more evenly. The
Florence Flask is
mostly used in
distillation
experiments.

 forceps    Used for picking

up and moving
small objects.
  Used to pour are heated  by a
  liquids into any gas burner.
glass container so they
funnel will not be lost or  Used to hold
spilled. They are   items being
also used with heated. Clamps or
folded filter paper ring rings can be used
for filtration. stand so that items may
be placed  above
 Used to stir the lab table for
  liquids. They are heating by Bunsen
glass usually made of burners or other
stir rod glass. items.

 Stoppers come in
 Used to measure  rubber many different
graduat the volumes of stopper sizes. The sizes are
ed liquids. from 0 to 8.
cylinder Stoppers can have
holes for
thermometers and
 Used for heating
for other probes
  substances and
that may be used.
hot liquids in beakers
plate and flasks. scoopul  For scooping out
a small or large
  Used for heating amounts of
  and exposing chemicals from
Meker items to flame. bottles, etc.
Burner
 For separating
Used for   layers of
accurately immiscible liquids
micropi measuring and separat or for dropping
pette delivering very ory liquids.
small volumes of funnel
liquid-usually 1 mL
or less.
 Used for moving
Used to crush  spatula small amounts of
  solids into solid from place to
mortar powders for place.
and experiments,
pestle usually to better  Used to light a gas
dissolve the solids.  striker burner.

 Used for
accurately
measuring and
pipette delivering small Used for storing,
with volumes of liquid- test mixing, and
pump usually 0.1-10 mL. tube heating small
amounts of
 Attached to ring chemicals.
 ring stand and with
clamp wire gauze used to  Used to hold test
hold beakers or  test tubes while
flasks while they tube heating.
holder   Used for
  weighing solids on
 Used to hold test weigh a balance.
  tubes while boat
test reactions happen
tube in them or while
rack they are not
needed.  For obtaining
 wing broad, fishtail
thermo  Used to take top flame that heats
meter temperature of large area and
solids, liquids, and smoothly bends
gases. glass.

 Used to attach
Used with a ring
utility test tubes and
  clamp to support
clamp other glassware to
glassware over a
ring stand.
wire Bunsen burner.
vacuum  Used with vacuum gauze Spreads flame out
filter line and for more  even
flask Buchner funnel for heating.
vacuum filtration.

Alcohol burner-An alcohol burner or spirit lamp is a

piece of laboratory equipment used to produce an open
volume  Used to measure
tric one specific flame.
flask volume in mixing
accurate solutions.

Benedict's solution -is used as a test for reducing sugars, by

adding it we can find out if reducing sugars are present. If
wash  Used to wash or they are, the Benedict's solution will change colour.
bottle rinse other
containers

Used to hold solids

  when being
watch weighed or
glass transported. They
should never be
heated. Can also
be used to cover
beakers or other
containers.