Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TTTV 3 Plant Animals
TTTV 3 Plant Animals
Interactions
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
Bacteria
Decomposers
(Saprotrops)
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
Defence Mechanisms of Plants
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
• Các tính trạng làm tăng sự phù hợp của thực vật khi đối mặt
với các loài ăn cỏ.
• Hai loại: chống chịu và kháng.
• Tính kháng: phòng thủ liên tục hay được cảm ứng.
– Phòng thủ vật lý
– Phòng thủ hóa học: các chất biến dưỡng thứ cấp (dựa vào
carbon và nitrogen)
– Phòng thủ gián tiếp: Mùi ở một số cây có thể thu hút thiên
địch tự nhiên của động vật ăn cỏ (Ví dụ: kiến giảm động vật
ăn cỏ).
– Phòng thủ thụ động (cấu trúc)
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
Continuous Direct Defense Defenses Triggered by Attack
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
Ex: Plants’ defence mechanisms
Continuous Direct Defense
Thorns, spines, and micro-needles(vật lý)
Barriers: Cuticle, Bark, and Resins
Continuous Poisons (hóa học)
spines thorn
Contain:
histamine, acetylcholine, se
rotonin, formic acid, oxalic
acid, tartaric acid …
Resin on the cone of a gray pine Resin drips down pine bark
from an injury
Many barks also contain chemicals to deter attackers
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
Physical Defense
Barriers:
Cuticle, Bark,
and Resins
Barriers:
Surface Wax
Wax
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Plant–Herbivore Interactions
Continuous Direct Defences
Continuous Plant Poisons
Some plants keep permanent poisons in their leaves, and sometimes in the entire plant body.
These discourage herbivores by tasting bad, by interfering with digestion, by interference
with nervous systems, and, if the animal eats too much, with death.
For example, garden flowers such as foxglove, larkspur, and monkshood are continuously
toxic:
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Hãy giữ thiên nhiên luôn là người bạn tốt!
Plant–Herbivore Interactions
Continuous Direct Defences
Continuous Plant Poisons
Monkshood, called Wolfsbane in werewolf movies, contains the nerve
poison aconitum, formerly used in Western medicine, once widely used
as an arrow poison in hunting cultures.
Poison Hemlock is the most notorious plant poison, for it was used to
kill the Greek philosopher Socrates.
Hemlock defends against grazers by being rich in coniine, a strong
neurotoxin.
R = (CH2)14CH3 or
R = (CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)5CH3 or
R = (CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)2CH3 or
R = (CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH=CHCH3 or
R = (CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH2 Poison Ivy – Chemical defenses
and others
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