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Introduction
Introduction
Poor
SIGNAL
Strong Weak
STRENGTH
CODEC MODEM
Error
ADC Source control Line coding/ Multiple
….
Multiplexing
Sampling coder coder pulse shaping Modulation accessing
PCM
encoder
Anti- Encryption
aliasing
filter
Error
DAC Source control Decision Matched Multiple
Demultiplexing
--- decoding decoding circuit filtering Demodulation accessing
PCM
decoder
Audio- Deciphering Equalisation
frequency
amplifier
Detection
Analog S1
input f
Ke
0 fs 2fs
fA(max)
t s(t) t
Sample Vs (f)
t “Aliasing” distortion
fs = 1/TS occurs
Ts
Vs (f)
Ideal low-pass filter
f
f
0 fs 2fs
fs > 2fA(max)
-1/2 0 1/2 t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 f
(a) Unit rectangular pulse, Π(t) (b) Fourier transform of unit rectangular pulse centred on t=0
M(0)
½* M(0)
f f
-W 0 W -fC - W -fC -fC + W 0 fC - W fC fC + W
𝑓𝑐 ≫ 𝑊 𝐵𝑇 = 2𝑊
𝐴𝑐 1
𝑆 𝑓 = 𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
2 2
𝐾−1
1 𝑝𝑘 : probability of events 𝑠𝑘 ∈ 𝒢
𝐻 𝒢 = 𝑝𝑘 log 2
𝑝𝑘
𝑘=0