“Be strong and courageous.

Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6

STANDARD AM INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY

ANALOG MODULATION
ENGR. FERMAR A. FAJARDO  The standard IF frequency for AM is 455
kHz.
MODULATION
STANDARD AM EQUATION
 It is a process of impressing low-frequency
𝒎𝒗𝒄 𝒎𝒗𝒄
information signals into a high-frequency 𝒗(𝒕)𝑨𝑴 = 𝒗𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒄 𝒕) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒄 − 𝝎𝒎 )𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒎 )𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
carrier signals.
 The process of changing one or more Where:
properties of the analog carrier in
proportion with the information signal. v(t)AM = AM signal

ANALOG MODULATION vc = carrier signal peak voltage, V

 Both the carrier and information are in ωc = carrier signal angular frequency, rad/s
analog forms.
ωm = modulating signal angular frequency, rad/s
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
t = time/period, s
 It is the process of changing the amplitude
ω = 2πf, rad/s
of a relatively high frequency carrier signal
in proportion with the instantaneous value f = frequency, Hz
of the modulating signal (information).
 It was invented by REGINALD FESSENDEN. m = modulation index, unitless

MODULATION INDEX (m)

 The term used to describe the amount of

amplitude change in an AM waveform.
 Also known as COEFFICIENT OF
MODULATION and DEPTH OF
MODULATION.
𝒗𝒎 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒎= =
𝒗𝒄 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏

Where:

m = modulation index, unitless

vm = modulating signal peak voltage, V

AM PARAMETERS vc = carrier signal peak voltage, V

CARRIER vmax = AM signal maximum voltage, V

 It is a high-frequency signal used to vmin = AM signal minimum voltage, V

carry information from source to
destination. PERCENT MODULATION
 The one that is MODULATED.
%𝒎 = 𝒎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
INFORMATION
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP
 Also known as INTELLIGENCE,
MODULATING SIGNAL or BASEBAND 𝒎𝟐
SIGNAL. 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝒄 √𝟏 +
𝟐
 It can be voice, audio, video,
documents, etc.
 Intelligence is an understandable 𝒎𝟐
𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝒄 √𝟏 +
information such as audio. 𝟐
 The one that is MODULATING.
POWER RELATIONSHIP
STANDARD AM RANGE
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝒄 + 𝟐𝑷𝑺𝑩
 The standard AM range is 535-1605 kHz.

engrfermaradonafajardo
“Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6

𝒎𝟐  A class A RF amplifier that isolates the

𝑷𝑺𝑩 = 𝑷𝒄 crystal oscillator to improve its stability.
𝟒
 It is connected after the oscillator to
𝒎𝟐 prevent it from loading (changing value
𝑷𝑺𝑩𝑻 = 𝑷𝒄
𝟐 of load voltage).
 It has a high output imledance and low
𝒎𝟐
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝒄 (𝟏 + ) input impedance (common-collector or
𝟐 emitter-follower configuration) to
coulle the high output impedance of
the oscillator and the low input
BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS impedance of the IF power amplifier.

𝑩𝑨𝑴 = 𝟐𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 INTERMEDIATE POWER AMPLIFIER

MODULATION BY SEVERAL SIGNALS  A class C RF amplifier that raises the

𝑽𝑻 = √ 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒏 𝟐
𝑰𝑻 = √𝑰𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑰𝟐 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒏 𝟐
output of the buffer to a level sufficient
to drive the modulated RF amplifier.
 It amplifies the signal from the
oscillator.
MODULATED POWER AMPLIFIER

𝑷𝑺𝑩𝑻 = 𝑷𝑺𝑩𝟏 + 𝑷𝑺𝑩𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑷𝑺𝑩𝒏  A class C RF amplifier that supplies the

energy which is required to drive the
𝒎𝒆𝒇𝒇 = √𝒎𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒎𝒏 𝟐 antenna system at the rated RF power
for high-level modulation.
STANDARD AM TRANSMITTER  It multiplies the signals from the IF
power amplifier and push-pull
modulator.

SPEECH AMPLIFIER

 A class A AF pre-amplifier that raises

the level of the input AF after being
subjected to processing and filtering.
 It amplifies the weak audio frequency
so that it can be detected by the driver
amplifier.

DRIVER AMPLIFIER

CARRIER  A clas A/B/AB that supplies the

 Crystal Oscillator provides carrier
 Buffer Amplifier impedance matching
 Intermediate Power Amplifier raises power of buffer
 Modulated Power Amplifier multiplies
necessary audio power to drive the
class B modulator.
 It amplifies the output of the speech
amplifier so that it can be detected by
the push-pull modulator.

INFORMATION PUSH-PULL MODULATOR

 Speech Amplifier raises AF  A class B AF output amplifier that varies

 Driver Amplifier supplies power to push-pull the plate voltage of the class C RF
 Push-pull Modulator varies plate V w/ respect to f and Vm amplifier in accordance with the
frequency and the amplitude of the AF
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR signal.

 It provides a stable carrier frequency at LINEAR POWER AMPLIFIER

low power.
 It is an RF oscillator and it can also be a  A class A/B/AB amplifier which provides
Hartley, Colpitts, Clapp, etc. linear power amplification of the
amplitude-modulated output signal
BUFFER AMPLIFIER from the class C modulated power
amplifier.
 Used for low-level modulation.

engrfermaradonafajardo
“Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6
STANDARD AM DETECTION
 Diode Envelope Detector detects peak and filters carrier  The simplest designed radio receiver
 Crystal Detector first rectification, current up
 Power Detector transistor for amplification
 Grid Leak Detector tuned circuit, rectifier, RC low pass
 Regenerative and Autodyne Detector tickler coil
DIODE ENVELOPE DETECTOR
 Also called PEAK DETECTOR.
 Detects the peak of the input envelope
and filters the carrier.
 The ENVELOPE contains the
information.
CRYSTAL DETECTOR
 A first rectifying detector.
 A thin, pointed wire called CAT
WHISKERS is pressed against the
surface of the crystal.
 When a sensitive spot is found, more
current flows in one direction than in
the opposite thus rectification occurs.
POWER DETECTOR
 A type of detector using amplifying
devices like transistors in place of a
diode to provide rectification and
amplification at the same time.
GRID LEAK DETECTOR
 Consists of a tuned circuit, a rectifier
and an RC low pass filter for the
recovery of the modulating signal.
 It has better sensitivity than diode
detector.
REGENERATIVE & AUTODYNE DETECTOR
 Employs a tickler coil which generates
energy from the plate circuit into the
grid circuit of the triode.
 When the regenerative detector
oscillates it becomes an AUTODYNE
DETECTOR.
STANDARD AM RECEIVERS
 Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF)
 Superheterodyne Receiver
SENSITIVITY vs SELECTIVITY
SENSITIVITY
 The ability to amplify weak signals.
SELECTIVITY
 The ability to reject unwanted signals.
engrfermaradonafajardo
TUNED RADIO FREQUENCY (TRF)
available today.
 Invented by REGINALD FESSENDEN.
COMPONENTS OF TRF
 Antenna
 RF Amplifier amplifies weak RF
 Detector extracts, provides rectification and detection
 AF Amplifier raises power of audio
 Speaker
RF AMPLIFIER
 It amplifies the weak RF signal.
 It has a variable resistor that controls
the RF gain and sensitivity.
 It amplifies RF signal from the antenna.
 It also contains the PRE-SELECTOR,
which is used to tune to the desired
frequency.
DETECTOR
 Makes use of regenerative detector
that provides rectification and
detection for modulated signals.
 It extracts the information.
AF AMPLIFIER
 A volume controlled amplifier that
raises the power level of the audio (AF)
signal to a value sufficient to drive the
loudspeaker of the receiver.
 It amplifies the weak AF signal.
SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER
 Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies
together in a non-linear device or to
translate one frequency to another using
non-linear mixing.
 The gain, selectivity and sensitivity of
superheterodyne is far more superior to the
other receivers.
 Invented by EDWIN ARMSTRONG.
COMPONENTS OF THE SUPERHET
 Antenna
 RF Amplifier
 Mixer and Local (Crystal) Oscillator desired - correct IF
“Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6

 IF Section (1st and 2nd IF Amplifier) DSBSC EQUATION

 Detector (2nd Detector) 𝒎𝒗𝒄 𝒎𝒗𝒄
 Audio Amplifier 𝒗(𝒕)𝑫𝑺𝑩𝑺𝑪 =
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒄 − 𝝎𝒎 )𝒕 −
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒎 )𝒕
 Speaker
CURRENT & VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP
LOCAL OSCILLATOR
𝒎
𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝒄
 A stable crystal oscillator whose √𝟐
frequency beats with the incoming 𝒎
signal to produce the correct 𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝒄
intermediate frequency. √𝟐

POWER RELATIONSHIP
MIXER
𝑷𝑻 = 𝟐𝑷𝑺𝑩
 It is the first detector which operates in
a non-linear fashion and provides the 𝒎𝟐
action which produces the desired 𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝒄
𝟐
intermediate frequency.
 The output of a mixer includes the POWER SAVING FOR DSBSC
original, sum and difference of the local
oscillator frequency and the RF input 𝑷𝑨𝑴 − 𝑷𝑫𝑺𝑩𝑺𝑪
%𝑷𝑺 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
frequency. 𝑷𝑨𝑴

SECOND DETECTOR SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPRESSED CARRIER (SSBSC)

 It demodulates the 455 kHz IF signals SSBSC EQUATION

and recovers the original modulating 𝒎𝒗𝒄
signal or audio signal. 𝒗(𝒕)𝑺𝑺𝑩𝑺𝑪 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒄 − 𝝎𝒎 )𝒕
𝟐
HIGH & LOW SIDE INJECTION 𝒎𝒗𝒄
𝒗(𝒕)𝑺𝑺𝑩𝑺𝑪 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒎 )𝒕
𝟐
HIGH SIDE INJECTION
CURRENT & VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP
 The local oscillator frequency must
have a frequency higher than the input 𝒎
𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝒄
RF frequency. 𝟐
𝒎
𝒇𝑳𝑶 = 𝒇𝑹𝑭 + 𝑰𝑭 𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝒄
𝟐
LOW SIDE INJECTION POWER RELATIONSHIP
 The local oscillator frequency must 𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝑺𝑩
have a frequency lower than the input
RF frequency. 𝒎𝟐
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝒄
𝟒
𝒇𝑳𝑶 = 𝒇𝑹𝑭 − 𝑰𝑭
POWER SAVING FOR SSBSC
DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPRESSED CARRIER (DSBSC)
𝑷𝑨𝑴 − 𝑷𝑺𝑺𝑩𝑺𝑪
BALANCED MODULATOR %𝑷𝑺 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑷𝑨𝑴
 It is a circuit that generates an AM signal PEAK ENVELOPE POWER (PEP)
with the two sidebands while the carrier is
supressed.  It is the RMS power developed at the crest
of the modulation envelop.
 Power of the SSBSC is usually expressed in
PEP.

𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝟐
𝑷𝑬𝑷 =
𝑹𝑳

𝑷𝑬𝑷 𝑷𝑬𝑷
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝟑 𝟒
SSBSC GENERATION

engrfermaradonafajardo
“Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6

 Filter Method simplest, 1 bm  The type of analog modulation in which the

 Phase Shift Method reduced bulk, 2 bm, 2 ps angle sinusoidal reference function is varied
 Third or Weaver Method best, 4 bm in accordance with a modulation signal.

FILTER METHOD

 The simplest method of generating SSB.

 It uses LC, crystal, ceramic or
mechanical filters to eliminate one of
the sidebands of the SSB.
 It is easy to construct, however, filter
response are not ideal, so the sideband
may be cutted or there will be still a
small portion of the other sideband.
 It consists of one balanced modulator.

PHASE SHIFT METHOD

 Make use of two balanced modulators

and two phase shifters.
 It reduces the bulkiness of the filters
and its inherent disadvantages.

THIRD OR WEAVER METHOD

 Retains the advantages of the phase

shift method without the disadvantage
of the AF phase shift method.
 It consits of four balanced modulators.
INDEPENDENT SIDEBAND (ISB)
 It is a form of AM in which a single carrier
frequency is independently modulated by
two different modulating signals.
 It contains different information for each
sideband.
SINGLE SIDEBAND REDUCED CARRIER (SSBRC)
TWO TYPES OF ANGLE MODULATION
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Phase Modulation (PM)
FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
 It is a system in which the amplitude of the
carrier is kept constant, while its frequency
and rate of change are varied by the
modulating signal.
 Invented by EDWIN ARMSTRONG.

 Similar to SSBSC, however the carrier is only

reduced in order for the signal to be
detected.

VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND (VSB)

 Similar to SSBSC, however there is still a

little portion of the other sideband present.
 It used for television.

TYPE OF AM EMISSION CODES

EMISSION CODE DESIGNATION STANDARD FM RANGE

A3E Standard AM, DSBFC
A3J DSBSC  The standard FM range is 88-108 MHz.
H3E SSBFC
J3E SSBSC STANDARD FM INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY
R3E SSBRC
B8E Independent Sideband
C3F Vestigial Sideband
 The standard IF frequency for FM is 10.7
MHz.

ANGLE MODULATION STANDARD FM EQUATION

𝜹
𝒗(𝒕)𝑭𝑴 = 𝒗𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 [𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒎 𝒕)]
𝒇𝒎

engrfermaradonafajardo
 “Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6

Where: 𝑩𝑭𝑴 = 𝟐(𝜹 + 𝒇𝒎 )

v(t)FM = FM signal NARROWBAN FM (NBFM)

vc = carrier signal peak voltage, V 𝑩𝑵𝑩𝑭𝑴 = 𝟐𝒇𝒎

ωc = carrier signal angular frequency, rad/s WIDEBAND FM (WBFM)

ωm = modulating signal angular frequency, rad/s 𝑩𝑾𝑩𝑭𝑴 = 𝟐𝜹

fm = modulating signal frequency, Hz FM GENERATION

δ = frequency deviation, Hz  Direct Method

 Indirect Method
t = time/period, s
DIRECT METHOD
ω = 2πf, rad/s
 The output is already an FM signal.
f = frequency, Hz
REACTANCE MODULATOR reactance
FREQUENCY DEVIATION
 A reactance tube that presents
 The amount of change in carrier frequency inductive or capacitive is connected to
produced by the modulating signal. the tank circuit of the oscillator.
 The variation of the reactance would
𝜹 = ∆𝒇𝒗𝒎
cause the oscillator frequency to vary in
Where: accordance with the modulating signal
thereby creating a direct generation of
δ = frequency deviation, Hz FM.

Δf = frequency proportionality constant, Hz/V VARACTOR DIODE MODULATOR voltage variable

vm = modulating signal peak voltage, V  An FM generator utilizing a voltage-

variable capacitor diode.
MODULATION INDEX  VCOs are FM circuits in which
continous variable changes in
 It is the ratio of deviation and the frequency are provided by the varactor
modulating signal. diode.
𝜹 CAPACITANCE OF A VARACTOR
𝒎=
𝒇𝒎
𝑪𝒐
DEVIATION RATIO 𝑪=
√𝟏 + 𝟐𝑽
 It is the ratio of the maximum deviation Where:
over the maximum modulating frequency.
C = varactor capacitance, F
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫=
𝒇𝒎(𝒎𝒂𝒙) Co = varactor capacitance at 0V, F

PERCENTAGE MODULATION V = bias voltage, V

 The percentage value of the actual and INDIRECT METHOD

maximum frequency deviation.
 The signal is first phase-modulated before
𝜹 producing the FM signal.
%𝒎 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%  Most widely used method since PM is
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙
cheaper to produce than FM.
CARRIER SWING
ARMSTRONG MODULATOR crystal oscillator
 It is twice the frequency deviation.
 An indirect method of generating FM
𝑪𝑺 = 𝟐𝜹 using crystal oscillator for frequency
stability with a phase-modulated buffer
BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS stage.
CARSON'S RULE NOTE:

engrfermaradonafajardo
“Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6

 When an integrator is connected to a in the carrier frequency due to

PM modulator, the output is an FM instability in the trasmit oscillator.
signal.
 When a differentiator is connected to PLL FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS
an FM modulator, the output is a PM
 Phase Detector sum and difference
signal.
 Loop Filter transient response and filtering
FM DETECTION  Voltage Controlled-Oscillator stable frequency

 Slope Detector AM, slope PHASE DETECTOR

 Round-Travis or Balanced-Slope Detector Two slope
 Foster-Seeley Detector changes in the input  A non-linear device with two
input signals; an externally
 Ratio Detector same but with limiter
generated frequency and the
 Quadrature Detector extracts by multiplying two quad
VCO output frequency.
 Phase Locked Loop simplest bcoz it has no tuned circuits
 The output of the phase
SLOPE DETECTOR comparator is the sum and
difference frequencies of the
 A frequency-modulated signal is fed to input and the VCO output.
a circuit that is tuned to receive the
signal in the slope of response curve. LOOP FILTER
 The FM signal is converted into AM, the
 It helps establish the proper
modulating signal is converted from its
transient response and the
AM form from normal envelope
required filtering.
detector.
VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR
ROUND-TRAVIS DETECTOR
(VCO)
 An FM detector using two slope
 An oscillator with a stable
detectors.
frequency of oscillation that
 The output is taken from across the
depends on the external bias
series combination of the two loads, so
voltage.
that it is the sum of the two inputs.
EMPHASIS NETWORKS
FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR
PRE-EMPHASIS high pass, increase, transmitter
 Changes in the magnitude of the input
signal will give rise to the amplitude  It is a HIGH PASS FILTER.
changes in the resulting output voltage.  A pre-emphasis network provides a
 Also known as the CENTER TAPPED or constant increase in the amplitude of
PHASE DISCRIMINATOR. the modulating signal with the increase
in frequency.
RATIO DETECTOR
 Used in transmitter circuits.
 Variation of the Foster-Seeley  High frequencies are amplified further,
discriminator which includes an in order to protect them.
amplitude limiter which improves the
DE-EMPHASIS low pass, restores, receiver
limiting action.
 It is a LOW PASS FILTER.
QUADRATURE DETECTOR
 The reverse of pre-emphasis; restores
 Also called COINCIDENCE DETECTOR. the original amplitude-versus-
 Extracts the original information signal frequency characteristics to the
from the composite IF waveform by information signals.
multiplying two quadrature signals.  Used in receiver circuits.

PHASE LOCKED LOOP CAPTURE EFFECT catch the stronger

 The simplest and easiest to understand  The inherent ability of FM to diminish the
FM detector. effects of interfering signals.
 The PLL frequency demodulator
LIMITER removes
requires no tuned circuits and
automatically compensates for changes  Removes unwanted amplitude variations in
FM.

engrfermaradonafajardo
 “Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6

PHASE MODULATION (PM) phase based on amplitude d. halved

 It is a system which the phase of the carrier The deviation of the FM signal will depend on
is varied in accordance with the the _____ of the modulating signal.
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating a. Frequency
signal. b. amplitude
 It is similar to FM with a phase shifted to 90 c. phase
degrees. d. power

In a transmitted AM wave, state where the

information is contained.
a. Carrier
b. envelope
c. sidebands
d. modulating signal

The purpose of the balanced modulator is to

eliminate the
a. Carrier
STANDARD PM EQUATION b. LSB
c. USB
𝒗(𝒕)𝑷𝑴 = 𝒗𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔[𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + ∅𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒎 𝒕)]
d. Baseband signal
Where:
The outline of the peaks of a carrier has the
v(t)PM = FM signal shape of the modulating signal and is called the
a. trace
vc = carrier signal peak voltage, V b. waveshape
c. envelope
ωc = carrier signal angular frequency, rad/s d. carrier variation
ωm = modulating signal angular frequency, rad/s
A display of signal amplitude versus frequency is
Ф = phase deviation called the
a. time domain
t = time/period, s b. frequency spectrum
c. amplitude spectrum
ω = 2πf, rad/s d. frequency domain

f = frequency, Hz The FM produced by PM is called

a. FM
PHASE DEVIATION b. PM
c. Indirect FM
∅ = ∆𝜽𝒗𝒎
d. Indirect PM
Where:
The phenomenon of a strong FM signal
Ф = phase deviation dominating a weaker signal on a common
frequency is referred to as the
Δϴ = phase proportionality constant a. Capture effect
b. Blot out
vm = modulating signal peak voltage c. Quieting factor
d. Domination syndrome
MODULATION INDEX

𝒎=∅ Which of the following refers to a double

sideband full carrier?
a. A3E
b. A3J
PROBLEMS c. F3
d. R3A
In amplitude modulation, the amount of
transmitter power increases as the modulation A modulator circuit performs what
index mathematical operation on its two inputs?
a. Increases a. addition
b. decreases b. multiplication
c. remains the same c. division

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“Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes
with you, He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
-Deuteronomy 31:6

d. square root
An AM signal has a carrier power of 5 W. The
A sine wave carrier is modulated by a single percentage of modulation is 80 percent. The
tone so the Vmax = 18mV and Vmin = 10mV. total sideband power is
Calculate the modulation index. a. 0.8 W
a. 0.67 b. 1.6 W
b. 0.29 c. 2.5 W
c. 2/3 d. 4.0 W
d. 0.6
An SSB transmitter produces a 400 V peak-to-
Calculate the deviation ratio for an FM signal peak signal across a 52 ohms antenna load. The
where the maximum frequency deviation is 60 PEP output is
kHz and the maximum modulating frequency is a. 192.2 W
5 kHz. b. 384.5 W
a. 12 c. 769.2 W
b. 1/12 d. 3077 W
c. 1/3
d. 2/3

The maximum allowed deviation of the FM

sound signal in TV is 25 kHz. If the actual
deviation is 20kHz, the percent modulation is
a. 43%
b. 72%
c. 96%
d. 80%

A superheterodyne receiver is tuned to a

frequency of 5MHz when the local oscillator
frequency is 6.65 MHz. What is the IF?
a. 1.65 MHz
b. 3.3 MHz
c. 6.65 MHz
d. 13.3 MHz

An AM signal with a maximum modulating signal

frequency of 4.5kHz has a total bandwidth of
a. 4.5kHz
b. 6.75 kHz
c. 9kHz
d. 18 kHz

The local FM stereo rock station is at 96.5 MHz.

What must be the local oscillator frequency?
a. 93.9 MHz
b. 107.2 MHz
c. 112.5 MHz
d. 105.9 MHz

The values of Vmax and Vmin as read from an

AM wave on an oscilloscope are 2.8 and 0.3. The
percentage of modulation is
a. 10.7 percent
b. 41.4 percent
c. 80.6 percent
d. 93.3 percent

A carrier of 880 kHz is modulated by a 3.5 kHz

sine wave. The LSB and USB are, respectively,
a. 873 and 887 kHz
b. 876.5 and 883.5 kHz
c. 883.5 and 876.5 kHz
d. 887 and 873 kHz

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