4 10 20 FLT2 (1) Sol

Sl. No.
13 ABCDEF(M)
Civil Engineering
FLT-02 Paper–1
04th Sept 2020
SOLUTIONS
Section-A
1. (a)
Sol.  The various natural agents such as rain, heat, etc. and chemicals deteriorate the stones with time.
Rain
 Rain water acts both physically and chemically on stones. The physical action is due to the erosive
and transporting powers and the latter due to the decomposition, oxidation and hydration of the minerals
present in the stones.
Physical Action
 Alternate wetting by rain and drying by sun causes internal stresses in the stones and consequent
disintegration.
Chemical Action
 In industrial areas the acidic rain water reacts with the constituents of stones leading to its deterioration.
Decomposition
 The disintegration of alkaline silicate of alumina in stones is mainly because of the action of chemically
active water. The hydrated silicate and the carbonate forms of the alkaline materials are very soluble
in water and removed in solution leaving behind a hydrated silicate of alumina (Kaolinite). The
decomposition of felspar is represented as
K 2 Al2O3 .6H2O CO2  nH2O  K 2 CO3  Al2 O3 .2SiO2 2H2 O 4SiO2 .nH2 O
 Orthoclase   Alkaline carbonate Kaolinite Hydrated silicate 
Oxidation and Hydration

 Rock containing iron compounds in the forms of peroxide, sulphide and carbonate are oxidised and
hydrated when acted upon by aciduated rain water. As an example the peroxide FeO is converted into
ferric oxide Fe2O3 which combines with water to form FeO.nH2O. This chemical change is accompanied
by an increase in volume and results in a physical change manifested by the liberation of the neighbouring
minerals composting the rocks.
(2) [CE], ESE Conventional FLT-2 |Paper-1||Test-13| 04th Oct 2020
Frost
 In cold places frost pierces the pores of the stones where it freezes, expands and creates cracks.
Wind
 Wind carries dust particles, the abrasion caused by these deteriorates the stones.
Temperature changes
 Expansion and contraction due to frequent temperature changes cause stone to deteriorate especially
if a rock is composed of several minerals with different coefficients of linear expansion.
Vegetable growth
 Roots of trees and weeds that grow in the masonry joints keep the stones damp and also secrete
organic and acidic matters which cause the stones to deteriorate. Dust particles of organic or nonorganic
origin may also settle on the surface and penetrate into the pores of stones. When these come in
contact with moisture or rain water, bacteriological process starts and the resultant micro-organism
producing acids attack stones which cause decay.
Mutual Decay
 When different types of stones are together mutual decay takes place. For example when sandstone
is used under limestone, the chemicals brought down from limestone by rain water to the sandstone
will deteriorate it.
Chemical Agents
 Smokes, fumes, acids and acid fumes present in the atmosphere deteriorate the stones. Stones
containing CaCO3, MgCO3 are affected badly.
Lichens
 These destroy limestone but act as protective coats for other stones. Molluses gradually weaken and
ultimately destroy the stone by making a series of parallel vertical holes in limestone and sandstones.
1. (b)
Sol. Given, A tapered tie bar carrying a tensile load as shown in figure.
Calculation of position and magnitude of maximum tensile stress
2.5 m
30 30
54 kN 54 kN
30
150
Consider a section at distance x m from the smaller end.
x
Depth of the section = 60  180  60  ·  60  48x  12  5  4x  mm
2.5
Depth of centroid from top edge = 6(5 + 4x) = (30 + 24x) mm
Eccentricity of the load = 30 + 24x – 30 = 24x mm
Area of the section = 30 × 12(5 + 4x) = 360(5 + 4x)mm2
Moment of inertia of section
I =

30  123  5  4x 
3
  4320  5  4x  3
mm4
12
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[CE], ESE Conventional FLT-2 |Paper-1||Test-13| 04th Oct 2020 (3)
Tensile stress at the section
54000 54000  24x
Tensile stress,  = 360  5  4x   4320 5  4x 3   30  24x 
 
150 1800x
=  MPa
 5  4x   5  4x 2
For maximum value of stress
d
For maximum value, = 0
dx
2
150  4 1800  5  4x   x · 2  5  4x  · 4 
or  2
 4 = 0
 5  4x   5  4x 
Multiplying through by (5 + 4x)3,
–600(5 + 4x) + 1800[(5 + 4x) – 8x] = 0
–3000 – 2400x + 1800(5 – 4x) = 0
–3000 – 2400x + 9000 – 7200x = 0
9600x = 6000
x = 0.625 m
150 1800x
Hence, Maximum tensile stress,    =   40 MPa
 5  4  0.625   5  4  0.625 2
1. (c) (i)
Sol. Given, A circular bar d = 12 mm, P = 20000N
d = 0.003 mm, G = 80 GPa
To calculate
– Poisson’s ratio   
– Modulus of elasticity (E) and Bulk Modulus (K)

  2 2
C/s area (A) =   12  36 mm
4
20000
 =  176.84 MPa
36
Calculation of Poisson’s ratio   
Lateral strain =  · Linear strain
d
= 
d
0.003
= 
12
 = 0.00025 /  ....(i)
Now, E = 2G(1 +  ) = 2 × 80000(1 +  ) = 160000 + 160000 
 176.84
Also, E =   707360 [using (i)]
 0.00025 / 
 707360  = 160000 + 160000 

 = 0.2923
Calculation of E and K
Thus, E = 707360 × 0.2923 = 206761.328 MPa
E 206761.328
and K = 3 1  2   3 1  2  0.2923   165913.44 MPa
1. (c) (ii)
Sol. Given, A floor supported by joists as shown in figure
Floorboard
s
6m
1m
240 mm
Joist
s
120 mm
The spacing of the joists be s m as shown in figure,
Loading on the joist per unit length w = Area supported by joist per unit length × Load per unit area
= (Spacing of the joists × 1) × Load per unit area
= s × 8000 = 8000s Nm
Calculation of Moment of resistance
w2 8000s  62
Maximum bending moment, =  36000s N·m ...(i)
8 8
bd2 120  2402

 Moment of resistance =  ·  10 
6 6
= 11520 × 103 Nmm or 11520 N·m ...(ii)
Equating (i) and (ii),
36000s = 11520
or s = 0.32 m or 320 mm
1. (d)
Sol. The schematic of vibrating model,
C
(i) Damping factor,  = C
k = 200 N/m
where Cc is critical damping,
Cc = 2 k  m = 2  200  6 C = 6 N-s/m
= 69.282 N-s/m
M = 6 kg
C 6
  = = = 0.0866
Cc 69.282
(ii) Natural frequency of damped vibration,
k
d = n  1   2 =  1  2 
m
200 
=  1  0.08662  = 5.752 rad/sec
6
(iii) Number of cycles after which original amplitude is reduced to 20%,
 xn = 0.2x0
 Logarithmic decrement,
1  x0 
 =  ln
n  xn 
2 
Again,  =
1  2
2  1 x
 =  ln 0
1  2 n xn
2  0.0866 1 x
=  ln 0
1  0.08662  n 0.2x0
1
0.5462 =  ln5
n
ln5
 n = = 2.947
0.5462
n  3
So after 3 cycles, the amplitude reduces to 20%
1. (e)
Sol. Effects of adding Fly Ash on Cement Concrete
On amount of mixing water
 The use of fly ash in limited amounts as a repalcement for cement or as an addition to cement requires
a little more water for the same slump because of fineness of the fly ash.
 Use of fly ash, particularly as an admixture rather than as a replacement of cement, reduces segregation
and bleeding.
 If the sand is coarse the addition of fly ash should have beneficial results; for fine sands, its addition
may increase the water requirement for a given workability.
On Strength in Compression
 Since the puzzolanic action is very slow, an addition of fly ash up to 30 per cent may result in lower
strength at 7 and 28 days, but may be about equal at 3 months and increase at ages greater than
3 months provided curing is continued.
On Modulus of Elasticity
 It is lower at early ages and higher at later ages.
On Curing Condition
 It is similar to Portland cement concrete.
On Shrinkage of Concrete
 Coarser fly ashes and those having a high carbon content are more liable to increase drying shrinkage
than the finer fly ashes and those having a lower carbon content.
On Permeability
 The permeability of concrete is reduced. 28 days pulverised fly-ash-concrete may be three times as
permeable as ordinary concrete but that after 6 months it may be less than one quarter permeable.
On Resistance to Chemical Attack
 Fly-ash slightly improves the resistance of concrete to sulphate attack.
On Heat of Hydration
 Fly-ash reduces the heat of hydration in concrete. A subsitution of 30 percent fly ash may result in a
reduction of 50 – 60% heat of hydration.
On Air Entrainment
 The presence of fly ash reduces the amount of air entraining agent.
Setting Time
 A 30 percent substitution of fly ash may result in an increase of initial setting time up to 2 hours.
2. (a) (i)
Sol: We have three vertical rods supporting a load of 25 kN as shown below
25 kN
COPPER
2.8 m
STEEL
STEEL
3.6 m
a a
Ls = 3.6 m, Es = 205 GPa

Lc = 2.8 m, Ec = 100 GPa
d = 20 mm
Initial load = 25 kN
  2 2
A =   20  100 mm
4
Calculation of initial stress in each rod
25000
i =  26.53 MPa
100  3
Calculation additional stresses in each rod
On adding a further load of 20 kN, let the increase of stress in the steel rod be s and the copper rod be
c .
From equilibrium equation, the additional load P is
 2s  c  A = P
or  2s  c   100 = 20000 ...(i)
From the compatibility equation, c   s
c Lc  sL s
Ec
= Es
L s Ec 3.6 100000
or c  · s =  s
L c Es 2.8 205000
or c = 0.627s
Inserting this value of c in (i),
 2s  0.627s   100 = 20000
or 2.627s = 63.662
or s = 24.23 MPa and c = 15.19 MPa

Calculation of final stresses in each rod
Final stress in steel rod = (24.23 + 26.53) = 50.76 MPa
Final stress in copper rod = (15.19 + 26.53) = 41.72 MPa
2. (a) (ii)
Sol. Glass
 Glass is an amorphous substance having homogenous texture. It is a hard, brittle, transparent or
translucent material.
 It is the most common material glazed into frames for doors, windows and curtain walls. The most
common types used in building construction are sheet, plate, laminated, insulating, tempered, wired
and patterned glass.
Constituents
 The raw materials used in manufacturing glass are sand, lime (chalks) and soda or potash which are
fused over 1000°C. Oxides of iron, lead and borax are added to modify hardness, brilliance and colour.
The functions of the various ingredients are as below.
 Silica is used in the form of pure quartz, crushed sandstone and pulverised flint; should be free from
iron contents for best quality glass.
 Since it melts at very high temperatures (1710°C) carbonates of sodium or potassium are added to
lower down the fusing temperature to about 800°C. These also make liquid silica more viscous and
workable.
 Lime is used in the form of limestone, chalk or pure marble and sometimes marl. The addition of lime
makes the glass fluid and suitable for blowing, drawing, rolling, pressing or spinning. It also imparts
durability and toughness to glass. Excess of lime makes the molten mass too thin for fabrication.
 Soda acts as an accelerator for the fusion of glass and an excess of it is harmful.
 Potash renders glass infusible and makes glass fire resistant.
 Lead oxide imparts colour, brightness and shine. When 15 – 30% of it is added to substitute lime which
lowers the melting point, imparts good workability, while its transparency is lost with the glass becoming
brittle and crystalline.
 Cullets are broken glasses added to act as a flux to prevent loss of alkali by volatisation during the
process of forming glass and also to lower the fusion temperature.
 However, flux may reduce the resistance of glass to chemical attack, render it water-soluble or make
it subject to partial or complete devitrification (crystallisation) on cooling.
 These crystalline areas are extremely weak and brittle. Stabilizers are added to overcome these
defects.
 Titanic acid, oxides of Nickel and cobalt are use for chromatic neutralisation.
Note: Iron is not desirable as a constituent. However, when present it imparts a bottle green colour to
the glass. To overcome this manganese dioxide known as glass maker’s soap is added which washes
the liquid glass and removes the colour.
2. (b) (i)
Sol. We have a simply supported beam of I-section as shown below
y
40 mm
w = 50 kN/m
880 mm
x x
20 mm
m
40 mm
y
240 mm
Deflection,    = 12 mm, w = 50 kN/m = 50 N/mm
E = 250 GPa
1
For the cross section, I xx =
12
 
240  8803  220  8003  4242.8  106 mm4
1
I yy =
12

800  203  2  40  2403  92.7  106 mm 4 
When section is used, as a beam
5 w 4
 =
384 EI
5 50   4
or 12 = 
384 205000  4242.6  106
or  = 11252 mm
When section is used (with both ends fixed) as a column
2EI 2  205000  92.7  106

Pe =   5925.6  103 N
2e 11252 / 2 2
5925.6
Safe load =  1185.1kN
5
2. (b) (ii)
Sol. We have, a stress system as shown in figure below
60 MPa
A B
80 MPa
30°
C
To calculate
– Resultant stress on the second plane (AB)
– Principal stresses and planes
– Maximum shear stresses and planes
The resultant stress on plane BC can be resolved into two components.
The normal stress = 80 cos 30° = 69.28 MPa
The tangential stress = 80 sin 30° = 40 MPa
Thus, on the plane BC, a shear stress of magnitude 40 MPa acts alongwith a normal stress of 69.28 MPa.
On the plane AB, a complimentary shear stress of the same magnitude will act as shown in the figure below.
60 MPa
40 MPa
A B
40 MPa
69.28 MPa
C
Resultant stress
Resultant stress on plane AB = 602  402  72.11MPa
1 40
Its inclination with the normal = tan  33.7
60
Calculation of principal stresses
1 1 2
Major principal stress,  1  =
2

x  y 
2
  x  y   42
1 1
=  69.28  60    69.28  60 2  4  40 2
2 2
= 64.64 + 40.27 = 104.91 MPa (tensile)
Minor principal stress = 64.64 – 40.27 = 24.37 MPa (tensile)
2 2   40 
  8.6
tan 2 =    69.3  60
x y
or 2 = –83.4°
or 1 = –41.7° and 2  41.7  90  131.7

The major principal stress 104.91 MPa occurs on the plane inclined at 41.7° with the plane of 69.3 MPa
tensile.
1 2
Maximum shear stress,  max  =  69.3  60   4  402  40.3 MPa
2
Maximum shear stress occurs on plane at 45° to the principal planes, i.e., on plane at 41.7° + 45° = 86.7°
and 131.7° + 45° = 176.7°
On a plane at 86.7°, the direction of the shear stress is counter-clockwise.
2. (c) (i)
Sol. (a) ILD for shear force at F
O
12 m
B C
A
4m
F
4
2m 3
D E
HD
RE
RD
2m 6m 3m
(i) when unit load at A
 M0  0
– 1 × 2 – HD × 12 = 0
2 1
HD =  
12 6
VF + HD = 0
1
VF =
6
(ii) When unit load at B
 M0  0
– HD × 12 = 0
HD = 0
(iii) When unit load at C
 M0  0
1 × 6 – HD × 12 = 0
6 1
HD = 
12 2
VF + HD = 0
1
VF = 
2
By Plotting
1
(+)
6
(–) 1
ILD for VF 2
(b) ILD for moment at F

(i) When unit load at A
 MF  0
MF – HD × 2 = 0
1 1
MF =   2  
6 3
(ii) When unit load at B
MF = 0  HD  0
(iii) When unit load at C
 MF  0
MF – HD × 2 = 0
1
MF = 2 1
2
By plotting
(+) 1
1 (–)
3
ILD for MF
2. (c) (ii)
75 m
Sol. Span of cable,  = 75 m
H H
dip, yc = 1 m
1m
Weight of cable, W = AL s

V V

In which A =  102 mm2  78.54 mm2 = 78.54 × 10–6 m2
4
 8 2 

L =  75   
 3 75 
= 75.04 m
and  s = 78.0 kN/m3
 W = 78.54 × 10–6 × 75.04 × 78 = 0.4597 kN

We calculate
W 75
H = 8y  W  8  9.375W
c
W
V =
2
2
Tmax = H2  V 2  W 9.3752  1/ 2 
= 9.3883W
9.3883  0.4597
Maximum stress, f = kN / m2 = 54950.36 kN/m2
78.54  10 6
= 54.95 N/mm2
Let t°C be the fall in temperature necessary to raise the stress to 70 N/mm2
3 2
Change in dip yc = t
16 yc
3 75  75
=
16

1

12  10 6 t 
= 1256.25 × 10–6t
f yc
We know 
f yc
 70.0  54.95  125656  106 t

  =
 54.95  1
 t = 21.64°C
3. (a)
Sol. Here, Ds = 1
Let the support reaction at C = RC be the redundant force.
10 kN
2 kN/m
A E
5m C 2m
20 m
B
Primary structure D
25 kNm 2 kN/m
B D
C 20 kNm
Primary structure
2 kN/m
A B C D E
RC
Structure with redundant RC
Deflection at C due to applied load (in primary structure)
5 wL2 5 2  204 4166.67  

(i) Due to udl of 2 kNm c1    
384 EI

384

EI

EI

ML2 25  202 625  

(ii) Due to moment of 25 kN/m c 2    16EI

16EI

EI

ML2 20  202 500

(iii) Due to moment of 20 kN/m c3    16EI

16EI

EI
 
1 3041.66
Total deflection, c  c1  c2  c3 =
EI
 4166.67  625  500  
EI
RC  203
Deflection at C due to redundant RC =
48EI
Equating deflection:
RC  203 3041.67
=
48EI EI
 RC = 18.25 kN   
 MD  0
2  252
 RB  20   18.25  10  10  2 = 0
2
1
 RB = 625  182.5  20   21.125 kN   
20
 FV  0
 RD = 2 × 25 + 10 – RB – RC
So, RD = 2 × 25 + 10 – 21.125 – 18.25 = 20.625 kN   

Support moment:
2  52
MB =   25 kNm
2
2  152
MC =   21.125  10  13.75 kNm
2
MD = – 10 × 2 = – 20 kNm
Shear force diagram
11.125 kN 10 kN 10 kN
9.375 kN
(+)
(+)
(+)
A C E
B (–) D
(–) (–)
8.875 kN
10 kN
10.625 kN
Bending moment diagram
83.125 kNm
80.62 kNm
+ +
B C D
A E
– –
13.75 kNm
25 kNm 20 kNm
3. (b)
Sol. The rotations and deflection at the internal hinge B and the rotation at C are the four independent displacement
components. Coordinates 1 to 4 have been assigned to these displacements as shown in figure.
3
1 4
2
With the chosen coordinates, portions AB and BC may be treated as separate spans. The fixed-end
moments in the restrained structure due to the applied loads other than those acting at the coordinates are
zero. Because the supports are unyielding, there are no additional fixed-end moments due to the settlement
of supports. Hence,
P'1 = P'2  P'3  P'4  0

From the given data, the applied loads acting at the coordinates are
P1 = P2 = P4 = 0, P3 = –120 kN
Next, the stiffness matrix with reference to coordinates 1 to 4 may be developed. To generate the first column
of the stiffness matrix give a unit displacement at coordinate 1 without any displacement at other coordinates
as shown in figure.
2EI
6 1 = 1 4EI
6
6EI
62
4EI EI
k11 = , k21 = 0, k31 = , k41 = 0
6 6
To generate the second column of the stiffness matrix, give a unit displacement at coordinate 2 without any
displacement at other coordinates as shown in figure.
4EI 2EI
6 6
6EI
62 
1=
1
4EI EI 2EI
k12 = 0, k22 = , k32 =  , k42 =
6 6 6
To generate the third column of the stiffness matrix, give a unit displacement at coordinate 3 without any
6EI 6EI
62 62 6EI
3 = 1 62
6EI
62
12EI 12EI
 3
63 6
2EI EI EI EI
k13 = , k23 =  , k33 = , k43 = 
6 6 9 6
To generate the fourth column of the stiffness matrix, give a unit displacement at coordinate 4 without any
4EI 2EI
6 6
2EI 4=1
6EI
2 6
6
4EI
6
EI EI 4EI
k14 = 0, k24 = , k34 =  , k44 =
6 6 3
 4EI EI 
 6 0 0  0 
6  
 1    
   0 4EI EI 2EI   0 

  2 
 6 6 6  
So,  3  =   
   EI  EI EI  EI  -120 

 4   6 6 9 6  
  
 0 2EI EI 4EI 
 0 
 6 6 3   
 1374.454 
 
1  1178.181
=
EI  5498.181
 
 392.727 
Knowing the displacement, the end moments may be calculated by using slope-deflection equation.
2EI 1374.454 3  5498.181
MAB =
6  EI

6EI   458.21kN.m

2EI  2  1374.454 3  5498.181
MBA =
6  EI

6EI 0

2EI  2  1178.181 392.727 3  5498.181 
MBC =    0
6  EI EI 6EI 
2EI  2  392.727  1178.181 3  5498.181 
MCB =    
6  EI EI 6EI 
= 261.8 kN.m
2EI  2  392.727  
MCD =    261.8 kN.m
6  EI 
2EI  392.727 
MDC =   130.9 kN.m
6  EI 
The deflection curve, free-body diagram for the entire frame and bending moment diagram drawn on the
compression side are shown in figure respectively.
393
5498
EI
EI
Deflection
curve 13.75
EI 1178
EI
120 kN
458 kNm 131 kNm
FBD
76.4 kN 109.1 kN 65.5 kN

131 kNm
BMD
262 kN
458 kN
3. (c)
Sol. Given, A square steel bar of dimension 50 mm × 50 mm × 150 mm as shown below. An axial load of 250
kN is applied.
E = 250 GPa,  = 0.3
250 kN
1
150 mm
t
t
m
m
50 mm 50
To calculate
Decrease in length if
– Lateral strain is fully prevented
– one-third of lateral strain is prevented
(i) When lateral strain is fully prevented
250000
1 =  100 MPa
50  50
Let the compressive stresses applied on each of the similar lateral sides be t to prevent the lateral strain
as shown in figure above.
1
So,  t   t  vt  = 0
E
or  t  0.3  t  0.3  100  = 0
or 0.7 t = 30
t = 42.857 MPa
L
Decrease in length =  1  1   t 
E
150
= 100  0.3  2  42.857 
2050000
= 0.05436 mm
(i) When only one-third of the lateral strain is prevented
In the absence of compressive stresses on the sides to prevent the lateral strain. The lateral strain = 1 / E
tensile.
1 21
Now, one-third of this is prevented, i.e., and leaving as such.
3E 3E
Then
Let the compressive stresses applied on the sides be  t .
1 2
 t   t  t  =  3E1
E
The two strains are of opposite nature
or  t  0.3  t  0.3  100  = – 2 × 0.3 × 100/3
or 0.7 t = 30 – 20
t = 14.286 MPa
L
Decrease in length =  1  t   t 
E
150
= 100  0.3  2  14.286 
205000
= 0.0669 mm
4. (a) (i)
Sol. Effect of Moisture on Mechanical Properties of Wood
 Variations in the moisture content of the cell walls are accompanied by large changes in the strength
and stiffness of wood.
 After years of seasoning, large timbers may lose enough water to effect an increase in tensile and
compressive strength and in stiffness, but defects arising from shrinkage stresses often decrease the
resistance to horizontal shear stresses.
 In kiln-seasoning, the normal increase in strength due to loss of moisture is often nullified by case-
hardening, it is a condition which prevents complete drying of the piece and produces internal stresses.
 The mechanical properties of wood are not materially affected by a reduction of the moisture content
until the point of fibre-saturation is reached. Further drying causes a large, proportionate increase in
strength and stiffness.
Effect of Temperature on Strength of Wood
 The effect of temperature on wood is dependent upon the moisture content.
 Dry wood expands slightly when heated, while wet wood shrinks owing to evaporation of moisture.
 Very high temperatures, such as those used in vulcanizing, slightly weaken dry wood.
 Freezing somewhat increases both the strength and stiffness of wood. If wood is kept moist during the
heating process, it is rendered very pliable and is weakened.
Fire Resistance of Timber
 Timber is very inflammable. When wood burns, the first step is the vapourisation of moisture (118°C)
and the next is the volatilisation of extraneous materials (110 – 165°C).
 At temperatures (165 – 220°C) well below the ignition point, destructive distillation or decomposition
begins with scorching and evolution of inflammable gases which ignite and form the first flames around
the heated wood.
 As the temperature builds up, the evolution of gases is more rapid and the surface of the timber begins
to char. Finally, the point is reached at which the wood itself begins to glow and to ignite (220 – 390°C).
 Until this point is reached, the woody portion does not support its own combustion. Quick ignition of
inflammable gases and glowing of charcoal occur at about 390° – 593.C.
 Fire proofing makes timber resistant to fire to a degree that it is difficult to ignite and support its own
combustion. The fire resistance of wood can be enhanced either by impregnating it with chemicals like
phosphates of ammonia, mixture of ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulphate, borax and boric
acid, sodium arsenate, sodium tetra-borate or by designing wood to provide slow burning construction.
4. (a) (ii)
Sol. Volume of mixing water (W 0) = 500 × 0.55 = 275 ml
On Full Hydration
0.657C 0.657  500
Gel-space ratio =   0.756
0.319C  W0 0.319  500  275
Theoretical strength concrete = 240(0.756)3 = 103.72 N/mm2
On 75% Hydration
0.657C 0.657  500  0.75
Gel-space ratio =   0.6423
0.319C  W0 0.319  500  0.75  275
Theoretical strength of concrete = 240(0.6423)3 = 58.4 N/mm2
4. (b) (i)
Sol.  Fire-clay bricks or refractory bricks are made from fire-clay. Fire-clay is a term, loosely applied, to
include those sedimentary or residual clays which vitrify at a very high temperature and which, when
so burnt, possess great resistance to heat.
 The process of manufacturing is as of an ordinary brick, burnt at very high temperature in special kilns
(Hoffman’s kiln). Fire clay mortar is used to lay refractory bricks.
Properties
1. The colour is whitish yellow or light brown.
2. The water absorption of fire-clay bricks varies from 4 – 10%.
3. The compressive strength ranges between 150 to 200 N/mm2.
Uses
 These are used for lining blast furnace, ovens, kilns, boilers and chimneys.
The principal varities of fire-clay bricks are as follows:
 Acid Refractory Bricks consist of silica bricks (95 – 97% silica and 1 – 2% lime) and ganister bricks
(ganister–a hard coloured sand stone containing 10 per cent clay and 2 per cent of lime), used in lining
furnaces having acidic slag, steel industry and coke oven.
 Basic Refractory Bricks consist of magnesia bricks (magnesia minimum 85 percent, calcium oxide
maximum percent and silica maximum 5.5 percent) and bauxite bricks (minimum 85 percent aluminium
oxide and maximum 20 per cent clay). These are highly resistant to corrosion and are used for lining
furnaces having basic slag.
 Natural Refractory Bricks consist of chromite bricks (50 percent chrome and iron are containing 30
percent iron oxide and bauxite containing 15 percent aluminium and 5 percent silica), chrome magnesite
bricks (Cr2O3 18 percent, MgO 30 percent), spinel and forsterite bricks. The neutral refractory bricks
are suitable at places where acidic and basic linings are to be separated, e.e.g. for lining copper
reverberatory furnace.
4. (b) (ii)
Sol. We have,
C D E
24 kN
5m
A B
F G H
3m 3m 3m 3m
Ra 20 kN 40 kN Rb
Calculation of reactions
Taking moment about A
Rb × 12 = 24 × 5 + 20 × 3 + 40 × 9
= Rb = 45 kN 
So, Ra = 60 – 45 = 15 kN 
Forces in DE and GH
To find the forces in the member DE, GH and GE, take a section as shown in figure.
D E
24 kN
5m
G B
H
3m 3m
40 kN 45 kN
Taking moments about G,
FDE × 5 – 40 × 3 + 45 × 6 – 24 × 5 = 0
or FDE = 6 kN (compressive)
Taking moment about E,
FGH × 5 + 45 × 3 = 0
or FGH = –27 kN (compressive)
Force in GE
Taking moments about B figure.
D 6 kN E
24 kN
59° (  HGE = tan–(5/3) = 59°)

G B
H
3m 3m
40 kN 45 kN
FGE × 6 sin 59° + 24 × 5 – 40 × 3 + FDE × 5 = 0
or FGE × 6 sin 59° + 24 × 5 – 40 × 3 – 6 × 5 = 0
or FGE = 5.83 kN (tensile)
4. (c)
Sol. Fixed End moment
w2 20  42
MF12 =    26.67 kN - m
12 12
w 2 20  42
MF21 =    26.67 kN - m
12 12
P 20  4
MF24 =    10 kN - m
8 8
P 20  4
MF42 =    10 kN - m
8 8
For 23
40 kN MF32
(2) (3)
2m 2m
MF32 MF MF32
23
2
MF32
Modified FEM, MF'23 = MF 
23
2
40  4 1  40  4 
=   
8 2 8 
= –30 kN-m
Slope deflection equation
2EI
M12 = MF12   21  2 

2EI
M12 = 26.67   2 
4
2EI
M21 = 26.67   22 
4
2EI
M24 = MF24   22  4 

2EI
= 10   22  0 
4
2EI
= 10   22 
4
2EI
M42 = 10  2
4
3EI
M23 = MF '23   2 
4
3EI
= 30  2
4
Joint equilibrium equation
M21 + M24 + M23 = 0
3
26.67  EI2  10  EI2  30  EI2 = 0
4
11
EI1  6.67 = 0
4
EI2 = –2.425
2
M12 = 26.67    2.425   27.88 kN - m
4
2
M21 = 26.67    2.425  2   24.245 kN - m
4
2
M24 = 10    2  2.425   7.575 kN - m
4
2
M42 = 10    2.425   11.2125 kN - m
4
3
M23 = 30    2.425   31.818 kN - m
4
The deflected shape and the moment diagram are shown in figure.
40.0 24.24
31.82
2
2 3 27.88
1
3
7.57
20.0
11.21
(a) (b)
Section-B
5. (a)
Sol.
Immediate Normal Normal cost Crash time Cost slope

Activity Crash cost
pr edecessor time (in Lakhs) (days) ( c / T)
A  9 70 6 100 10
B A 6 60 4 80 10
C A 7 80 4 89 3
D A 5 30 4 32 2
E B, C 4 70 3 85 15
F C, D 6 35 5 43 8
G E, F 7 40 4 85 15
On drawing the network diagram :
3
B(6) E(4)
A(9) C(7) G(7)
1 2 4 6 7
D(5)
F(6) Path Days
5
ABEG 26
ACFG comes out to be the critical path which can be completed in 29 days. ACFG 29
Total normal cost = 385 lakhs ADFG 27
Selecting ACFG for crashing, we find activity C has minimum cost slope.
Crashing C by two days
New path becomes
3
B(6) E(4)
A(9) C(5) G(7)
1 2 4 6 7
D(5) F(6)
5
New cost = (Normal cost + crash cost – total savings)
= 385 + (2 × 3) – (7 × 2) = 377
To further reduce the project cost, we check the activity that can be crashed feasibly, crashing A by 1 days
(377 + (1 × 10) – 7) = 380 lakh
Crashing C and D by 1 day (377 + (1 × 5) – 7) = 375 lakh
Crashing F by 1 day (377 + (1 × 8) – 7) = 378 lakh
Crashing G by 1 day (377 + (1 × 15) – 7) = 385 lakh
Thus new schedule for the project becomes 26 days and crashing should be done on C & D
 New network diagram is
3
B(6) E(4)
A(9) C(4) G(7)
1 2 4 6 7
D(4) F(6)
5
Now the three path ABEG, ACFG, ADFG all are the critical paths and on further inspection we can find further
crashing is not possible because the cost of project increases.
( Crashing A by 1 day total cost becomes (375 + (1 × 10) – 7) = 378 lakhs
 The project can be completed on 26 days and 375 lakhs.
5. (b)
Sol. For Fe410 steel f y = 250 MPa, f y,w = 250 MPa and  m0 = 1.1
and Fd,bearing = 0.45 × 20 = 9.0 MPa
The relevant properties ISLB400 section:
b f = 165.0 mm, tf = 12.5 mm, tw = 8.0 mm, R1 = 16 mm
Ru 300  103
Area of bearing plate, A =   33333.3 mm2
Fd,bearing 9.0
Minimum length from fabrication considerations,
B = bf + 2tf = 165 + 2 × 12.5 = 190.0 mm, say 200 mm
Width of the plate: Consider stiff bearing length as b1 mm, then
Ru = Fw,bearing =  b1  n1  t w  fyw /  m0  

where, n1 = 2.5(tf + R1) = 2.5 × (12.5 + 16) = 71.25 mm
Ru 300  103
b1 =  n1   71.25  93.75 mm

t w fyw / m0  8.0   250 / 1.1
The total available width for bearing on the supporting surface is 340 mm; providing 100 mm for the fascia
requirements, the net available width for bearing is 240 mm.
Provided area of bearing plate, A = 240 × 200 = 48000 mm2
2Rub2
The thickness of the bearing place, tp =

A fy / m0 
The outstand or cantilever projection,
B  C B  t w  2R   200  8  2  16 
b =    80 mm
2 2 2
0.5 0.5
tp
 2R b2
=  u

 
 
 2  300  103  802 
  18.76 mm
 
 A fy /  m0  

 48000   250 / 1.1 
 
Hence, the thickness of bearing plate, 18.76 – 12.5 = 6.26 mm.
Provide 240 × 200 × 8 mm (thick) bearing plate.
5. (c)
Sol. For a partially loaded fixed end beam the possible location of plastic hinges will be at A and C, and at a
point D at a distance x from support C.
W
B
A C
L/2
L
x C
A
 L 1

2
x1
D
From the mechanism
 = L  x    x1
Lx
 1 = 
x
External work done = Intensity of load × Area of collapse mechanism diagram under
the load
 1  
Wu  x1  2    L   x1  0  
=     x     x
L / 2  2  2   2  
2Wu  1  L  x L  L  x2 L  x 
   x   x    
= L  2  x 2 
 2

 2 x 
Wu  L L  
=   L  x     x   x L  x   
L  2  2  
Wu  3 2 3 Lx 
=   L  Lx   x 2  Lx  x 2  
L 4 2 2 
Wu  3 2 
=   L  Lx  
L 4 
3 
= Wu  L  x  
4 
Internal work done = Mp   Mp    1   Mp 1
= 2Mp    1 
 Lx 
= 2Mp    
 x 
 Lx
= 2Mp  1  
 x 
L
= 2Mp   
x
By the principle of virtual work
External work done = Internal work done
3  L
Wu  L  x   = 2Mp   
4  x
Wu  3 
 Mp = Lx  x 2 
2L  4 
For the maximum value of Mp,
dMp Wu  3 
= 0  L  2x 
dx 2L  4 
3
 x = L  0.375L
8
Wu  3 2
Hence, Mp =  L  0.375L  2   0.375L  
2L  4 
0.07031Wu
=
L
Mp
 Wu = 14.22
L
5. (d)
Sol. Lateral-Torsional Buckling
 In the design of laterally supported beams, it is assumed that the compression flange of a beam
behaves like a column, i.e. It is susceptible to buckling and is restrained from moving laterally and any
form of local buckling is prevented.
 As a result, the beam attains its full platic moment capacity under increasing transverse loads. On the
other hand, a beam bending about its major axis with its compression flange free to move laterally may
not attain its material capacity.
 If the laterally unrestrained length of the compression flange of the beam is relatively long, then a
phenomenon called lateral buckling or lateral torsional buckling of the beam may take place and the
beam would fail well before it can attain its full moment capacity.
 Lateral-torsional buckling of a beam is a limit state of structural behaviour wherein the deformation of
a beam changes from predominantly in-plane deflection to a complex combination of a lateral deflection
and twisting initially at constant load capacity before dropping off due to large deflections.
Compression
N.A.
Tension
(a) Simple beam (b) Deflection in transverse plane
Lateral deflection
Horizontal deflection
Vertical deflection
Twist
L
(C) Buckling of compression flange (d) Buckled position at mid-span
Fig: Lateral-torsional buckling of I-section beam
Factors affecting Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength
The factors affecting the lateral-torsional buckling strength are
1. Unrestrained length of the compression flange, i.e., the distance between lateral supports or
braces to the compression flange. The distance between lateral supports has considerable influence on
the lateral torsional buckling behaviour of the beams and hence on the load carrying capacity.
2. Type of restraints at the end and intermediate support locations: The restraints such as warping
restraint, twisting restraint, and lateral deflection restraint tend to increase the load carrying capacity.
3. Type of position of the load: The presence of concentrated loads in between lateral restraints has
considerable effect on the load carrying capacity. If the load is applied to the unrestrained top flange
(i.e., above the shear centre of the section), it causes additional overturning moment, thus the load has
destabilising effect, and buckling occurs at the lower load. Whereas, a load acting below the shear
centre has stabilising effect. IS : 800 takes into account the destabilising effect of the top flange loading
by using a notional effective length 20 per cent more than the actual span.
4. Moment gradient along the length: For a given maximum moment, a non-uniform variation of the
moment along the length of the beam results in a higher load carrying capacity than that obtained with
same maximum moment acting uniformly along its length.
5. Type of cross section: A section symmetric only about the weak axis (bending plane), provides lower
load carrying capacity as compared to a doubly symmetric section. In doubly symmetric sections, the
torque-component due to compressive stresses is balanced by that due to the tensile stresses. In case
of a mono-symmetric beam, an imbalance in the resistant torque reduces the effective torsional stiffness
because the shear centre and centroid are not in horizontal plane. This is known as the Wagner Effect.
The lateral instability of a beam can be reduced or even avoided by selecting suitable shapes. Sections
with greater lateral bending and torsional stiffness have greater resistance to bending however, the
reverse is not valid. I-sections with large in-plane bending stiffness do not have matching stability. Wider
flanged beams are better for resisting lateral torsional buckling than the narrow flanged beams.
6. Variation of cross section along the length, i.e, non-prismatic nature of the member. if the beam
is non-prismatic within the lateral supports with a reduced width of flange at lesser moment locations,
the lateral buckling strength will decrease.
7. Magnitude and distribution of residual stress: The capacity of resisting lateral buckling is reduced
due to the presence of residual stresses. If the compression flange wider than tension flange lateral
buckling strength increases and it decreases when the tension flange is wider than compression flange.
Residual stress is more in welded beams as compared to rolled beams.
8. Initial imperfections of geometry and loading: The initial imperfections in geometry tend to reduce
the load carrying capacity.
9. Material properties: The material properties in terms of elastic constant influence the lateral torsional
buckling behaviour of the beams and the load carrying capacity.
5. (e)
Sol. Factored BM = 1.5 × 300 = 450 kNm
Df 100
=  0.2 and xm = 0.48d = 0.48 × 500 = 240 mm
d 500
Let us assume that section is balanced and NA lies in the web
Factored BM = force of compression × z
50 mm
100 mm
400 mm
70 mm
or Mu = 0.138fck b w d2  0.446fck  bf  b w  Df  d  0.5Df 
= 0.138 × 20 × 200 × 5002 + 0.446 × 200 × 550 × 100(500 – 50)

= 358 × 106 mm < Factored BM
Hence compression steel required. It means the assumption of the depth of neutral axis greater than the
depth of flange is correct.
Area of tension steel corresponding to a moment equal to 358 × 106 Nmm is given by
358 × 106 = 0.87fy A t1  d  0.42xm 
358 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × At1 × (500 – 0.42 × 240)

or At1 = 2484 mm2
The remaining moment to be resisted = 450 – 358 = 92 kNm
This moment is to be resisted by compression steel Asc and additional tension steel At2. If effective cover
to compression steel is 50 mm,
d' 50
=  0.1
d 500
 sc = 353 N/mm2
Additional moment = sc A sc  d  d' 
or 92 × 106 = 353Asc(500 – 50) or Asc = 579 mm2

Corresponding tensile steel is given by
0.87fy A t2 = sc A sc
or At2 = 566 mm2
353  579
At2 =
0.87  415
Total tensile steel, At = At1 + At2 = 2484 + 566 = 3050 mm2
Provide 5 – 28 mm bars in tension giving total area as 3079 mm2 at an effective cover of 70 mm, and 3
– 16 mm bars in compression giving total area as 603 mm2 at an effective cover of 50 mm.
750
50
100
3 – 16
400
5 – 28
70
200
0.85b w d 0.85  200  500

Minimum tensile steel, A0 =   204.82 mm2  3079 mm2
fy 415
Maximum tensile steel = 0.04bwD = 0.04 × 200 × (500 + 70)

= 4560 mm2 > 3079 mm2
Maximum compression steel = 0.04bwD = 0.04 × 200 × 570 = 4560 mm2 > 603 mm2
6. (a)
Sol. Edges simply supported corners not held down
Assume over all thickness of slab as 120 mm and effective depth as 100 mm.
Effective spans will be  x = 4 + 0.1 = 4.1 m
 y = 5.5 + 0.1 = 5.6 m
y
= 1.36
x
Moment along short span Mx and along long span My are given by
M x =  x w 2x
2
M y =  y w x
From table
y
For  1.36,  x = 0.096 and  y = 0.053
x
Dead load of slab = 0.2 × 25 = 3 kN/m2
Superimposed load = 5 kN/m2
Total load = 8 kN/m2
With a load factor of 1.5, factored load = 12 kN/m2

M x = 0.096 × 12 × 4.12 = 19.36 kNm/m
M y = 0.053 × 12 × 4.12 = 10.69 kNm/m
The effective depth d of the slab is given by
BM = 0.138fckbd2
19.36  106
or, d =  74.9 mm
0.138  25  1000
Adopt effective depth as 100 mm and over all depth as 120 mm.
0.36fck bxm 0.36  25  1000  0.48  100
Area of steel Aty along short span = 
0.87 y 0.87  415
= 1196 mm2
Use 12 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c, total area = 1130 mm2  1196 mm2
Area of tensile steel Aty along long span
BM = force of tension × lever arm
 y A ty 
10.69 × 106 = 0.87 y A ty  d' 
 ck b 
where, d' = d – dia of bar = 100 – 12/2 – 8/2 = 90 mm
 415A ty 
10.69 × 106 = 0.87  415  A ty  90  
 25  1000 
or A t y = 356 mm2
Use 8 mm bars @ 125 mm c/c, total area = 400 mm2 > 356 mm2
Minimum area of steel should be 0.12%
= 0.0012 × 120 × 1000 = 144 mm2
< A ty
< A tx
Curtailing alternate bars at 1/10th of effective span in each direction in accordance with the code and providing
50% of the maximum positive steel at top near the supports to resist bending moment due to partial fixity.
This steel is provided in 0.1 length from the face of supports.
Check for shear force at short edges
Maximum shear force intensity in either direction can be taken as 1/2wLx where Lx is clear short span.
1 1
Maximum SF = wL x   12  4.0  24 kN / m
2 2
24  1000
Nominal shear stress v =  0.27 N / mm2
1000  90
100A s 100  50  1000 / 250

Percent tension steel =   0.20%
bd 1000  90
Shear strength of M25 concrete for 0.20% steel c = 0.325 N/mm2
Shear strength in slabs =  'c  kc
k = 1.3 for D = 120 mm
  'c = 1.3 × 0.325 = 0.422 N/mm2 > v OK

The slab is safe in shear
Check for development length at short edge
Moment of resistance offered by 8 mm bars @ 250 mm c/c.
 fy A t 
M1 = 0.87f y A t  d 
fck b
  d'  100  12 / 2  8 / 2  90 mm 
 
1000  415  50  1000 / 250 

= 0.87  50   90
250  25  1000 

= 6.25 × 106 Nmm
V = 24 kN
Anchorage value of bars bent at 90° including 60 mm straight length
L0 = 60  8  60  8  8 mm  124 mm
Development length, Ld = 40
Ld  1.3M1/V + L0
1.3  6.25  106

40   124
24000
or,   11.6 mm
Diameter of bar used is 8 mm which is less than 11.6 mm
Similar checks can be made at long edges. The slab should be checked in deflection and modifications be
made, if necessary. The details of reinforcement are should in figure
700
12–100C/C 12–200C/C
550
8–125C/C
4300
A A
5800
(a) PLAN OF BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT
5800
12 – 200 C/C
8 – 250 C/C
4300
700
550
(b) PLAN OF TOP REINFORCEMENT

560 8 – 200C/C
8 – 100C/C
5500
5600
100 12–100C/C
560
150
(C) SECTION A-A
6. (b)
Sol. For steel of grade Fe 410 : f y = 250 MPa
Area = 2 (300 × 30) + 500 × 20 = 28000 mm2.
Moment of inertia ZZ-axis,
 300  303  20  5003

Iz = 2    300  30  (250  15)2  
 12  12
= 147373.33 × 104 mm4
Moment of inertia about YY-axis,
30  3003 500  203

Iy = 2    13533.33  104 mm4
12 12
 I y < Iz
Since moment of inertia about Y-Y axis is minimum, the column will buckle about YY-axis.
Iy 13533.33  104
ry =   69.52 mm
A 28000
KL 0.65  6  103
Effective slenderness ratio, =  56.09
r 69.52
This is a welded I-section with tf < 40 mm. Therefore, from the table in the question, the buckling curve to
be used along ZZ-axis is b and the along YY-axis is C.
For kL/r = 56.09, f y = 250 N/mm2, and buckling curve c, the design compressive stress from the table of
the question,
fcd = 173.865 N/mm2
The design compressive strength,
Pd = Ae f cd = 28000 × 173.865 × 10–3 = 4868.22 kN
The maximum factored load, P < Pd (= 4868.22 kN)
P 4868.22
The service load that can be applied =   3245.48 kN.
mf 1.50
6. (c)
Sol. D = 150 mm, At = Asc = 10 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c
M 7.5  106
e =   250 mm
T 30  103
The eccentricity lies outside the section.
C/L
30 30
mm mm
T e 1000 mm
10@
100C/C
EACH FACE
150 mm
The direct stress and bending stress are equally dominant. The section is assumed to be cracked.
d
Nd
N.A.
Asc
At
d e
T
1
Force of compression in concrete = cbbNd
2
Nd  d' 
Force of compression in steel =  m  1 A sc   cb
 Nd 
Force of tension in steel = st A t
First trial
Let, N = 0.30, d = 150 – 30 = 120 mm,
 Nd = 36 mm, m = 9
From moment equilibrium taking moment of all forces about the tension steel,
1  Nd   Nd  d'   D 
cbbNd  d     m  1 A sc   cb  d  d'  = T  e   d' 
2  3   Nd   2 
1000  36   36  30  
or cb   36  120    8  78.5  10     120  30  
 2  3   36  
= 30 × 103(250 – 75 + 30)
or cb = 3.0 MPa

And, equilibrium of forces gives
1  Nd  d' 
st A t  cbbNd   m  1 A sc   cb = T
2  Nd 
1  36  30 
 78.5  10  st   3  1000  36  8  78.5  10   3 = 30 × 103
2  36 
or st = 111 MPa
1
 N =  0.195  0.30 assumed earlier
111
1
93
Second trial
Let N = 0.25,
 Nd = 30 mm
From moment equilibrium taking moment of all forces about the tension steel,
 1000  30  
cb   30  120    0  = 30 × 103(250 – 75 + 30)
 2  3  
6150
or cb =  3.75 MPa
1650
And, equilibrium of forces gives
1
785st   3.73  1000  30  0 = 30000
2
or st = 109 MPa
1
N =  0.24  0.25
109
1
9  3.73
Compessive bending stress in concrete = 3.73 MPa < 10 MPa OK

Tensile stress in steel = 109 MPa < 130 MPa OK
7. (a) (i)
Sol.
fy
d/2
y0
d
y0
d/2
fy
b
The resisting moment,
2
bd2 by
M = fy   fy  0
4 3
2
bd2 by
 0.9Mp = fy   fy  0
4 3
2
d2 b bd2 by
 0.9  fy  = fy   fy  0
4 4 3
 y 20  d2
   = 0.1
 3  4
 y20 = 0.075d2
 y 0   0.075d
 Depth of elastic core or elastic zone = 2y0  2d 0.075 units
7. (a) (ii)
Sol.  Scheduling is the process of listing a number of duties or events in the sequence in which they will
occur.
 It is time table, and it formulates the activities that must be accomplished to reach a certain goal or
objective.
 Schedules establish the start, duration and completion date of a project or a task.
Advantages of Scheduling:
(i) Scheduling of project keeps costs under control.
(ii) Scheduling is also considered as preparation for unexpected.
(iii) Streamline communication is improved among the project team.
(iv) Completing and checking of the items on project will help to motivate the manager and other staffs.
(v) Tight deadlines keeps the project on track.
(vi) It allows for interchangeability when main project manager leaves the project and his replacement is
brought up to speed up the project.
(vii) It decides the time for which machinery/equipment is required at what stage.
Classification of scheduling:
(i) Bar chart scheduling:
 It is the graphical representation of different activities and their time.
 It is easy to read, update and a good communication tool.
 But it does not show inter relationship and cannot evaluate impact of delays.
(ii) Nework diagram scheduling:
 It is the line diagram of various activities with their inter-relationship.
 It is also easy to operate computer softwares with network diagrams.
(iii) CPM scheduling:
This scheduling is of two types
(i) Activity on arrow: In this, the activity is shown by an arrow and the nodes are free from activity
detailing.
(ii) Activity on node: In this, the activities are shown on nodes with full detailing. This is also called
precedence diagram method.
7. (b)
Sol. 1. Design constants
For Fe415, M20
xu .max
= 0.479 and Ru = 2.761 as in example 40.1
d
2. Effective span
Assume 200 mm bearing of the landing in the wall.
Effective span of flight, AB = 3 + 1.4 + 0.1 = 4.5 m
Effective span of flight, BC = 0.1 + 1.4 + 1.5 + 1.4 + 0.1 = 4.5 m
Thus, effective span of both the flights is equal.
Hence any one flight (say flight BC) may be designed and the same design may be adopted for the
other flight.
3. Loading on each flight
Let the thickness of the waist slab be 200 mm
Weight w ' on slope = 0.2 × 1 × 1.4 × 25000 N/m
150 2   300 2
Weight w1 per horizontal metre run = 0.2 × 1 × 1.4 × 25000  7825 N / m
300
0.15
Weight of each step = 1.4   0.3  25000  788 N
2
 Weight w2 of steps per horizontal metre run = 788(1000/300) = 2625N
Alternatively
0.15
w2 =  1 1.4  25000  2625 N
2
 Total dead weight/m run = 7825 + 2625 = 10450N
Weight of finishing etc. = 150 N
So, Total w = 10600 N/m
For the computation of live load, consider figure.
0.15 m
1.25 m
3000 N/m
1.4 m
0.12 b = 1.4 + 0.075 = 1.475
Since the flight is built into the side wall by a distance 120 mm > 110 mm), the loading width = 1.4
– 0.15 = 1.25 m.
 Live load/m = 3000 × 1.25 = 3750 N
Effective breadth, b = 1.4 + 0.075 = 1.475 m = 1475 mm
Hence total w per horizontal metre run
= 10600 + 3750 = 14350 N/m
4. Design of flight B.C.
Landing is common to both the flights.
1
Hence, w for landing, B =  14350  7175 n / m,
2
while w for landing C will be taken as 14350 N/m. The loading B.M.D. and S.F.D. are shown in figure
14350 N/m
7175 N/m
B C
1.5 m 3m
(a) Loading
30494N
23318N
12556 2.125 m
(b) S.F.D.
32.4 × 10 N.mm
(c) B.M.D.
1  7175  1.5  1.5 

RC =   14350  3  3  = 30494N
4.5  2 
RB = 7175 × 1.5 + 14350 × 3 – 30494 = 23318N
S.F. is zero at a distance = 30494/14350 = 2.125 m from C
B.M. will be maximum where S.F. is zero
 2
14350  2.125  
 Mmax 
= 30494  2.125   1000  324  106 N  mm
 2 
 Mu.max = 1.5 × 32.4 × 106 = 48.6 × 106 N-mm
The breadth b of slab for design = 1475 mm
Mu 48.6  106
 d =   109.3 mm
Rub 2.761 1475
However, keep total depth = 150 mm. Using 10 mm  bars and a nominal cover of 20 mm,
d = 150 – 20 – 5 = 125 mm
Since d actually provided is more than that required from bending, we have an under-reinforced section
for which
 
0.5  20  4.6  48.6  106   1475  125
Ast = 1  1  2
415  20  1475 125  
 
= 1254.6 mm2
 Number of 10 mm  bars required in a width of 1475 mm = 1254.6/78.54 = 15.97.
Hence provide 16 bars of 10 mm  . spacing s = 1475/16  92 mm
Distributin reinforcement Asd = 1.2 × 150 = 180 mm2
1000  50.3
Hence, spacing of 8 mm  bars =  279 mm
180
Hence, provide 8 mm  bars @ 250 mm c/c. The same reinforcement may be provided for both the
flights. At the landing, provide reinforcement both at top as well as at bottom. The details of reinforcement
etc. are shown in figure
1.4 m 3m
10 mm 16 nos
10 mm  8 nos
150
B 8 mm 250 mm c/c
10 mm 300 mm
16 nos
10 mm 150 mm
10 mm
16 nos
8 nos
150 mm
(a) Flight AB
A
1.4 m 1.5 m 1.4 m
8 mm@ 250 mm c/c

150 8 mm@
C 250 mm c/c 8 mm@
200
250 mm c/c
10 mm8 nos
10 mm16 nos
10 mm
16 nos
10 mm  B 200
(b) Flight BC 8 nos
7. (c)
Sol. Gusset is connected to the 100 mm leg of the angle
Anc = (100 – 6/2 – 18) × 6 = 474 mm2
Ago = (75 – 6/2) × 6 = 432 mm2
A g = 1014 mm2
10mm
40 5×40 40
ISA100×75×6
2
(A=1010mm )
T
g
16bolt
g = 40 mm if 75 mm leg is connected
= 60 mm if 100 mm leg is connected
(a) Strength governed by yielding of gross section
Tdg = A g fy /m0 = (1014 × 250/1.10) × 10–3 = 230.45 kN

(b) Strength governed by rupture of critical section
Tdn = 0.9fu Anc /m1  A go fy / m0
 = 1.4  0.076(w/t)(fy /fu )(bs /Lc )

= 1.4 – 0.076[(75 – 3)/6](250/410)[(72 + 60)/(5 × 40)]
= 1.4 – 0.367 = 1.033 > 0.7 and < 1.44[(410/50)(1.1/1.25)]
Tdn = [0.9 × 410 × 474/1.25 + 1.033 × 432 × 250/1.10] × 10–3
= 139.92 + 101.42 = 241.34 kN

Alternatively,
Tdn = An fu / m1 = 0.8 × [(474 + 432) × 410/1.25] × 10–3

= 237.73 kN
Hence, take
Tdn = 241.34 kN
(c) Strength governed by block shear
Avg = 6 × (5 × 40 + 40) = 1440 mm 2
Avn = 6 × [(5 × 40 + 40) – 5.5 × 18] = 846 mm 2
Atg = 6 × 40 = 240 mm2
Atn = 6 × (40 – 0.5 × 18) = 186 mm2
Tdb1 = A vg fy /( 3 m0 )  0.9fu A tn / m1
3
= [1440  250/( 3  1.1)  0.9  410  186 / 1.5]  10
= 234.71 kN
Tdb2 = 0.9fu A vn / ( 3 m1 )  fy A tg/ m0

3
= [0.9  410  846/( 3  1.25)  250  240/1.10]  10
= 198.73 kN
Hence, Tdb = 198.73 kN.
Thus, the design tensile strength of the angle = 198.73 kN (least of 198.73, 230.45 and 241.34).
198.73  1000
The efficiency of the tension member =  100
250
1014 
1.10
= 86.23%.
(ii) Gusset is connected to the 75 mm leg of the angle
Anc = (75 – 6/2 – 18) × 6 = 324 mm2
Ago = (100 – 6/2) × 6 = 582 mm2
A g = 1014 mm2
(a) Strength as governed by yielding of gross-section
Tdg = A g fy / m0  230.45 kN
(b) Strength governed by tearing of net section

Tdn = 0.9fu Anc /m1  A go fy /m0
 = 1.4  0.076(w/t)(fy /fu )(bs /Lc )

= 1.4 – 0.076[(100 – 3)/6](250/410)[(97 + 40)/(5 × 40)]
= 0.8868 > 0.7
Tdn = [0.9 × 410 × 324/1.5 + 0.8868 × 582 × 250/1.1] × 10–3
= 197 kN
Hence, take Tdn = 197 kN.
(c) Strength governed by block shear
Avg = 6 × (5 × 40 + 40) = 1440 mm 2
Avn = 6 × (5 × 40 + 40 – 5.5 × 18) = 846 mm 2
Atg = 6 × 35 = 210 mm2
Atn = 6 × (35 – 0.5 × 18) = 156 mm2
Tdb1 = A vg fy /( 3 m0 )  0.9fu A tn /m1

3
= [1440  250/( 3  1.1)  0.9  410  156/1.25]  10
= 235 kN
Tdb2 = 0.9fu A vn /( 3  m1 )  fy A tg / m0
= [0.9  410  846/( 3  1.25)  250  210/1.10]  103

= 191.91 kN
Hence, Tdb = 191.91 kN.
Thus, the design tensile strength of the angle = 191.91 kN (least of 230.45, 197 and 191.91).
The efficiency of the tension member = 191.91 × 1000 × 100/(1014 × 250/1.10) = 83.27%.
Hence, in this case, by connecting the short leg, the efficiency is reduced by about 3%.
8. (a) (i)
Sol. Constraints to the use of TQM in the construction process
 The following unique characteristics of the construction process may make TQM difficult to implement.
1. The construction process is relatively short in duration. A construction project may take less than a year
to construct. Given this short term characteristic, it may be difficult to realize benefits that may be more
long term in nature.
2. A high percentage of the labour at a construction project only work for the construction firm for a short
time period; they can be viewed as a transient labour force. As such it may be somewhat difficult to
“empower” the workers and get them committed to a team process.
3. Construction projects are unique, each project being somewhat different. That may reduce the ability
to implement continuous improvement.
4. Project owners may take a short-term view in that they have historically attempted to control their
projects by including penalties for non-performance and have focused on monitoring results through
inspection.
8. (a) (ii)
Sol.
5,000 each at end of year for
0 1 2 3 4 10 20 30 40
25,000 25,000 25,000

Rs. 10,000
each 25,000
100,000
The contruction cost at 0 time
P 
= 100,000  10,000  , 8%, 4 
A 
= 100,000 + 10,000(3.3121)
= 133,121.0
Capitalized worth of maintenance and replacement cost,
5,000  1 
=  25,000  10 
0.08  1.08   1
 Total capitalized cost = 133,121 + 84072 = Rs. 217,193.

8. (b)
 
Sol. Area of prestressing steel = 6  12   25   1413.7 mm2
4 
Pi = 1150 × 1413.7 = 1625770N
Pe = 1000 × 1413.7 = 1413700N
Ae = (1000 × 150) + (150 × 750) + (400 × 400)
= 150000 + 112500 + 160000 = 422500 mm2
150000  75   112500  525   16000  1100 

y1 =  583 mm
422500
150000  1225   112500  775   160000  200 

y2 =
422500
= 717 mm
Check: y1 + y2 = 583 + 717 = 1300 mm
Eccentricity, e = y2 – 200 = 717 – 200 = 517 mm
1 3 2
I =  1000 150   150000  583  75  
 12 
1 3 2
   150  750   112500  583  150  375  
12 
1 3 2
   400  400   160000  717  200    8.954  1010 mm4
12 
Dead load of beam = (422500 × 10–6) × 1 × 24000 = 10140 N/m.
10140  242
Dead load B.M. Md =  1000  730  106 N  mm
8
9000  242
Live load B.M. M =  1000  648  106 N  mm
8
Total, M = Md + M = 1378 × 106 N-mm
Initial condition: Due to moment caused by eccentrically applied pre-stress, the top fibres will be subjected
to tensile stress while the bottom fibres will be subjected to compressive stresses. However, due to dead
weight of beam, top fibres will be subjected to compresive streses.
Sign convection taken
(+) – compressive stress
(–) – tensile stress
Pi P.e.y
i Md .y
f = A  I  I
f
Pi 1625770
=  3.848
Ac 422500
P.e 1625770  517

i
= 10
 93.87  104
I 8.954  10
Md 730  106
= 10
 81.53  104
I 8.954  10
f 1(top fibre) = 3.848 – 93.87 × 10–4 × 583 + 81.53 × 10–4 × 583
= 3.13 N/mm2
f 2(bottom fibre) = 3.848 + 93.87 × 10–4 × 717 – 81.53 × 10–4 × 717
= 4.73 N/mm2
Final condition
Pe Pe .e.y M.y
f = A  I  I
c
Pe 1413700
=  3.346
Ac 4225000
Pe .e 1413700  517
= 10
 81.63  10 4
I 8.954  10
M 1378  106
=  153.9  10 4
I 8.954  1010
 f 1(top fibre) = 3.346 – 81.63 × 10–4 × 583 + 153.9 × 10–4 × 583

= 7.56 N/mm2
f 2(bottom fibre) = 3.346 + 81.63 × 10–4 × 717 – 153.9 × 10–4 × 717

= –1.84 N/mm2
8. (c)
Sol: Consider one metre run of the purlin
Dead load of roofing material = 0.175 × 1.5 = 0.263 kN/m
Dead load of purlin (assumed) = 0.100 kN/m
Total dead load (acting vertically downwards) = 0.363 kN/m
Wind load acting normal to the roof = 1.4 × 1.5 = 2.1 kN/m
Total working load component normal to roof, ws,n = w w  w d  cos30

= 2.1 + 0.363 × cos 30° = 2.4144 kN/m
Component of working dead load aprallel to roof
ws,t = w d  sin30  0.363  sin30  0.1815

Factored load normal to roof, wu,n = 1.5 × 2.4144 = 3.6216 kN/m
Factored load parallel to roof, wu,t = 1.5 × 0.1815 = 0.2723 kN/m
w u,nL2 3.6216  3.52

Mu,z =   4.4365 kNm
10 10
Maximum bending moment about y-axis,
w u,tL2 0.2723  3.52

M u,y =   0.336 kNm
10 10
Composite moment for estimation section modulus fro trial section,
Mu = Mu,z + kbMu,y = 4.4365 + 5 × 0.336 = 6.1045 kNm
Therefore,
Mu

 6.1045  10   1.1  26.86  10 mm
6
3 3
Zp,z =
 fy / m0  250
Consider the lightest section ISLB 100 @ 8 kg/m as the preliminary or trial section; its section properties
are:
A = 1021 mm2, h = 100.0 mm, b = 50.0 mm,
t f = 6.4 mm, tw = 4.0 mm
R1 = 7 mm, Iz = 168.0 × 104 mm4, Iy = 12.7 × 104 mm4,
Zp = 38.89 × 104 mm4, Ze = 33.6 × 103 mm3, ry = 11.2 mm
d = h – 2(tf + R1) = 100 – 2 × (6.4 + 7) = 73.2 mm
(a) Cross section classification
250 250
The yield stress ratio,  =   1.0
fy 250
(i) For flange b/tf = (50/2)/6.4 = 3.91 < 9.4(=9.4  )

(ii) For web d/tw = 73.2/4 = 18.3 < 84(=84  )
(b) Cross sectional resistance
(i) Shear buckling, hw = h – 2tf = 100 – 2 × 15.5 = 69.0 mm
Since, hw/tw = 69.0/4 = 17.25 < 67
(=67  ) the shear buckling resistance of the web des not require verification.
(ii) Resistance to bending the design bending moment for Class 1 cross section ( b = 1) without
torsional buckling effect

Md,z = b Zp,z fy /  m0 
= 1.0 × (38.89 × 103) × (250/1.1) × 10–6
= 8.84 kNm > 4.4365 kNm
   
 1.2Z e,z fy / m0  1.2 33.6  103   250 / 1.1  106
= 9.16 kNm
 
Z p,y = 2  t f bf2 / 4  h  2t f  t 2w / 4
= [2 × (6.4 × 502/4) + (100 – 2 × 6.4) × 42/4] × 10–3

= 8.349 × 103 mm3

M d,y = b Zp,y fy / m0 
= 1.0 × (8.349 × 103) × (250/1.1) × 10–6
= 1.9 kNm > 0.3366 kNm

 1.2Ze,z fy /  m0 
= 1.2 × (8.349 × 103/1.12) × (250/1.1) × 10–3 = 2.46 kNm
Checking the overall strength adequacy of the section substituting the strength values in interaction formula
Mu,z Mu,y 4.4365 0.3366
 =   0.682  1.0
Md,z Md,y 8.78 1.9
Deflection due to imposed working load
5w s,nL4 5   2.4144   35004

  14.04 mm
max = 384EI   
384  2  105  168.0  104 
3500
Permissible deflection, al =  19.44 mm
180

4 10 20 FLT2 (1) Sol

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Sl. No.

Oxidation and Hydration

Consider a section at distance x m from the smaller end.

– Modulus of elasticity (E) and Bulk Modulus (K)

 707360  = 160000 + 160000 

bd2 120  2402

where Cc is critical damping,

Ls = 3.6 m, Es = 205 GPa

or  2s  c   100 = 20000 ...(i)

From the compatibility equation, c   s

Inserting this value of c in (i),

 2s  0.627s   100 = 20000

or s = 24.23 MPa and c = 15.19 MPa

Deflection,    = 12 mm, w = 50 kN/m = 50 N/mm

2EI 2  205000  92.7  106

Resultant stress on plane AB = 602  402  72.11MPa

or 1 = –41.7° and 2  41.7  90  131.7

(b) ILD for moment at F

(iii) When unit load at C

Weight of cable, W = AL s

and  s = 78.0 kN/m3

 W = 78.54 × 10–6 × 75.04 × 78 = 0.4597 kN

 70.0  54.95  125656  106 t

5 wL2 5 2  204 4166.67  

ML2 25  202 625  

ML2 20  202 500

So, RD = 2 × 25 + 10 – 21.125 – 18.25 = 20.625 kN   

P'1 = P'2  P'3  P'4  0

76.4 kN 109.1 kN 65.5 kN

or  t  0.3  t  0.3  100  = 0

Let the compressive stresses applied on the sides be  t .

or  t  0.3  t  0.3  100  = – 2 × 0.3 × 100/3

59° (  HGE = tan–(5/3) = 59°)

Immediate Normal Normal cost Crash time Cost slope

New cost = (Normal cost + crash cost – total savings)

 New network diagram is

Ru = Fw,bearing =  b1  n1  t w  fyw /  m0  

or Mu = 0.138fck b w d2  0.446fck  bf  b w  Df  d  0.5Df 

= 0.138 × 20 × 200 × 5002 + 0.446 × 200 × 550 × 100(500 – 50)

358 × 106 = 0.87fy A t1  d  0.42xm 

358 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × At1 × (500 – 0.42 × 240)

 sc = 353 N/mm2

Additional moment = sc A sc  d  d' 

or 92 × 106 = 353Asc(500 – 50) or Asc = 579 mm2

0.85b w d 0.85  200  500

Maximum tensile steel = 0.04bwD = 0.04 × 200 × (500 + 70)

Effective spans will be  x = 4 + 0.1 = 4.1 m

 y = 5.5 + 0.1 = 5.6 m

With a load factor of 1.5, factored load = 12 kN/m2

100A s 100  50  1000 / 250

Shear strength of M25 concrete for 0.20% steel c = 0.325 N/mm2

Shear strength in slabs =  'c  kc

k = 1.3 for D = 120 mm

  'c = 1.3 × 0.325 = 0.422 N/mm2 > v OK

1000  415  50  1000 / 250 

Development length, Ld = 40

1.3  6.25  106

12 – 200 C/C

(b) PLAN OF TOP REINFORCEMENT

 300  303  20  5003

30  3003 500  203

or cb = 3.0 MPa