CSEC

BIOLOGY
CELLS 02 August
Life
processes
and 2021
diseases
 Objectives
Use these a guide to test yourself. After covering cells,
this is what you should know.

● Comparison of the generalized plant and animal cells and select

microbes
● Distinguish between cell wall and cell membrane and between
mitochondria and chloroplast.
● Relate the structure of organelles to their function
● Differentiate between plant and animal cells
● Explain the importance of cell specialization in multicellular
organisms.
● Explain the process of diffusion and osmosis
● Discuss the importance of diffusion, osmosis and active transport in
living systems.
 Cells are the basic Some organisms are
unit of life unicellular while
others a multicellular

All living things

are made of cells Cells

Cells are Categories of

microscopic; cannot cells; plant and
be seen with the animal cells and
naked eye microbes
 01
The Animal Cell
Diagram of an Animal Cell Drawing of an Animal Cell
Mitochondria

Cell membrane

vacuole

nucleus

Glycogen
granule

cytoplasm
 Anim
al ce
unde ll
micro r a
scope

Taken from “Photo Atlas for General Biology” by

Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich
 02
The Plant Cell
Diagram of an Animal Cell Drawing an Animal Cell
Cell wall

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Chloroplast

vacuole

Mitochondria

Starch granules

Cytoplams
 Plant
cell
unde
micro r a
scope

Taken from “Photo Atlas for General Biology” by

Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich
 03
Functions of
organelles
 Functions
Each organelle has a specific
function within the cell.
Cell membrane - a selectively permeable
membrane which controls exchange
between the cell and its environment.
Mitochondria - site of energy
production.
Vacuole - important during the
exchange of water and minerals;
stores various substances.
Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis

Cell wall - rigid structure that

prevents the bursting of the cell and
gives the cell its shape.

Cytoplasm - site of many chemical

reactions within the cell.

Nucleus- the control center of the

cell; contains the genetic material
(chromosomes which are made up of DNA)
Enclosed in a cell Enclosed in a cell Carbohydrates
wall and cell Carbohydrates membrane stored as glycogen
membrane stored as starch
Contains Contains no
chloroplast chloroplast

Plant Cell Animal Cell

Large permanent Cytoplasm is

Many small, Cytoplasm present
vacuole present in pushed to the
temporary vacuoles throughout the cell
most plant cells edges of the cell by
with no fixed shape
with a definite fixed the vacuole
shape
Annotated
Diagrams
 Animal Cell Cell membrane: a
selectively permeable
barrier which controls what
Cytoplasm: site of
enters and exits the cell
many chemical
reactions within the
cell
nucleus: the control
center of the cell;
Mitochondria: site of contains the genetic
energy production material (DNA)

Glycogen granules: Vacuole: stores various

how carbohydrates are substances such as waste
stored products that will
eventually be removed
from the cell
 Plant Cell Cell wall: rigid
structure that prevents
the bursting of the cell
Chloroplast: site of and gives the cell its
photosynthesis shape

nucleus: the control

Permanent vacuole: important center of the cell;
during the exchange of water contains the genetic
and minerals; stores various material (DNA)
substances

Cell membrane: a Mitochondria: site of

selectively permeable energy production
barrier which controls
what enters and exits the
cell
Cytoplasm: site of many
chemical reactions Starch granules: how
within the cell carbohydrates are stored
 04
Microbes
 Microbes
Microbes, like cells are
microscopic. They can be referred
to as microorganisms. Most
microbes are unicellular. They are
able to carry out all the
necessary requirements of life
within one cell.

Bacteria - example of a
microbe
 05
Cell
Specialization
 Cells
Specialization

Multicellular
organisms are made up The cells are adapted
of millions of cells (specialized) to carry
carrying out various out their specific
functions necessary function.
for life.
 Cell specialization in
animals

Multinucleated skeletal Neuron cells

muscle cells

Taken from https://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/bms/wiki/index.php/Skeletal_muscle

Taken from “Photo Atlas fro General Biology” by Dennis Strete and
Darrell Vodopich
 Cell specialization in plants

Taken from:
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/Resources/Botany/Shoot/Leaf/Syringa/Cross%20Section/Cross%20section%20MC.jpg.html
The importance of
cell specialization
In multicellular organisms, in
order to carry out the necessary
Cell specialization allows
requirements of life, groups of
multicellular organisms to develop
cells are given specific
different body parts and systems
functions. These cells adapt to
to carry out specific functions.
these functions and therefore
differ in appearance but maintains
the same basic structures
(organelles).
Organisation of Multicellular Organisms

Cardiac muscle Circulatory

tissue system

Nerve tissue Nervous system

Cells Tissue Organ System

Muscle cells Heart

Nerve cells Brain

 06
Movement into
and out of a
cell
 Chemical reactions that
occur in plants create
Some chemical reactions
waste products as well as
require reactants form
products that are needed in
outside the cell
other areas of the organism

Movement into and

out of the cell

Substances can move into

and out of the cell via
diffusion and osmosis
 Diffusion In cells, diffusion takes
place across the cell
membrane.

Movement of molecules along a

concentration gradient from
high to low concentration.

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Examples of diffusion in the human body

Oxygen diffusing from the lungs into the blood

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Examples of diffusion in the human body

Oxygen diffusing from the blood into the cells

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Examples of diffusion in the human body

End products of digestion diffusing into the

blood

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Tissues and cells must be
special adapted for diffusion
to be effective
● A steep concentration gradient
must be maintained. This
increases the rate of
diffusion.
● Having a large surface area to
volume ratio to allow
sufficient space (membrane
area) through which molecules
can pass.
● Being very thin. This minimises
the distance over which the
molecules pass.
 Osmosis
Movement of water molecules
across a concentration
gradient from high to low.
A special type of diffusion.
Terms:
● Isotonic solution - a
solution that has the same
concentration as the cell
● Hypotonic solution - a
solution that is less
concentrated than the cell
● Hypertonic solution - a
solution that is more
concentrated than the cell
 Osmosis in a plant cell
Cell in an
isotonic
solution

No net movement of
water into or out
of the cell
Water
concentration
is the same

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Osmosis in a plant cell
Cell in a
hypotonic
solution

Net movement of
water into the
cell
Water
concentration
is higher Vacuole swells and
outside the cell becomes turgid
cell and the rigid cell
wall prevents it
from bursting

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Osmosis in a plant cell
Cell in a
hypertonic
solution

Net movement of
water out of the
cell
Water
concentration
is higher Cell membrane pulls
inside the away from the cell
cell wall, vacuole shrinks
and cell becomes
flaccid

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Osmosis in an animal cell
Cell in an
isotonic
solution

No net movement of
water into or out
of the cell
Water
concentration
is the same

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Osmosis in an animal cell
Cell in a
hypotonic
solution

Net movement of
water into the
cell
Water
concentration
is higher No rigid cell wall
outside the present therefore
cell the cell bursts

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
 Osmosis in an animal cell
Cell in a
hypertonic
solution

Net movement of
water out of the
cell
Water
concentration
is higher Cell loses water and
inside the shrinks
cell

Images taken from “Biology for CSEC Examinations” by Linda Atwaroo Ali
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