STRUCTURE AND SKELETAL TISSUES 31.

bone is constantly made and destroyed in

1. contains substances that are essential for an ongoing process
the make-up of our bones since the 32. one of the major factors affect bone
cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and even remodeling
our bones, are connective tissues. 33. stimulates osteoclasts whereas and
2. is a tough and rope-like protein giving our Calcitonin stimulates formation of
tendons, ligaments and cartilages great osteoblasts.
amount of strength like steel bars reinforced 34. stimulates cartilage and bone growth
in a concrete. 35. also influence sex-related differences in
3. the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium skeletal growth
phosphate crystals DIVISION OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
4. are large molecules consisting of 36. a hole in a bone is called a
polysaccharides attached to core proteins 37. tunnel-like passage through the bone, it is
5. are longer than they are wide and have called a
knobby ends where the articulations form 38. A depression in a bone is called a
6. a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called 39. A lump on a bone is called a
7. Dense connective tissues on the outside 40. and a projection from a bone is called
8. thinner inner lining called 41. _______ and ________ are sites of muscle
9. shaft or body attachment on the bone
10. head of each end of a long bone 42. The smooth, rounded end of a bone, where
11. marrow cavity or space that contains it forms a joint with another bone, is called a
yellow marrow The axial skeleton consists of
12. are equal in length and width, making them ______________
nearly cube-shaped. Appendicular skeleton consists
13. are thin and provide both protection and of__________
surfaces for muscle attachments. The
bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs are all
at bones
14. have complex shapes, such as those of the
face and vertebral column.
BONE HISTOLOGY
15. function in the formation of bone, as well as
in the repair and remodeling of bone.
16. contribute to bone repair and remodeling by
removing existing bone.
17. Bone is formed in thin sheets of
extracellular matrix called
18. with osteocytes located between the
lamellae within spaces called
19. Two types of bone tissue
20. is strong and dense, provides protection
and support, and resists the stresses
produced by weight and movement. is
found beneath the periosteum of all bones
and makes up the bulk of long bones
21. contain osteocytes, and smaller channels
called canaliculi
22. also known as cancellous bone
23. cancellous bone, contains irregular lattices
of thin bone columns called__________.
This tissue must be covered by compact
bone or cartilage because it could be
damaged easily if exposed.
24. _______spaces between the trabeculae of CRANIAL BONES
some bones are filled with red bone 43. forms the forehead, roofs of the eye
marrow. sockets, and front part of the cranial floor
25. Spongy bone is found mostly in 44. form the sides and roof of the cranium (2)
_________and irregular bones 45. form the lower side of the cranium and part
26. process of bone formation of the cranial floor
27. Bones form initially in the embryo by two The temporal bones have several features
processes.(2) 46. They form joints with the jawbone
28. bone forms directly from mesenchyme, (mandible) called the
occurs in the at bones of the skull, 47. is the canal that leads to the middle ear.
mandible, and clavicle 48. is a point of attachment for some of the
29. bone forms within and replaces cartilage. muscles involved in head movement
Intramembranous ossification is the simpler 49. The carotid artery passes through a
of these two processes. foramen called the
30. break down the inner surface of the 50. serves as a point of attachment for the
medullary cavity but at a slower rate than tongue and neck muscles
the bone forms on the outer surface. So, 51. The first cervical vertebra attaches to the
the medullary cavity grows in diameter as occipital bone at two processes called the
the bone thickens.
 52. is in the middle of the cranial floor and is
where all the other cranial bones attach,
like the keystone joining two arches to form
a doorway.
53. depression of the sphenoid bone called the
54. The optic nerve passes through
its________, and the mandibular nerve
passes through its ___________
55. The ____________forms the anterior part
of the cranial floor, the medial part of the
eye sockets, and superior portions of the
nasal cavity. It has 3 to 18 __________and
mucus-lined _________ that warm and
moisten inhaled air and trap foreign
particles. The __________and _______ a
ridge on the superior portion of the ethmoid
bone, serves as an attachment point for the
meninges. This is surrounded by the
_________ through which the nerves
associated with the receptors for smell pass
from the nose into the brain.
56. The skull consists of______ and ________
that surrounds and protect the brain
FACIAL BONES
57. (2) form the bridge of the nose.
58. (2) form the upper jawbone and join with all
the other facial bones except the mandible
(lower jawbone)
59. (2) form the posterior portion of the hard
palate, part of the lower eye sockets, and
part of the floor and the sides of the nasal
cavity.
60. are holes that allow passage of the mental
nerve
61. (2) form the cheek prominences and part of
the wall of the eye sockets. They form joints
with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and
temporal bones.
62. (2) are the smallest, thinnest bones on the
medial eye socket. They house the tear
ducts, which tunnel through to the nasal
cavity. This is why your nose runs when
you cry.
63. (2) project into the nasal cavity to filter air
before it passes toward the trachea and
lungs
64. joins with the maxillae and the palatine
bones to form the floor of the nasal cavity.
FEATURES OF THE SKULL
65. is a special type of immovable joint that
joins most of the skull bones.
4 major sutures in the skull:
66. unites the frontal bone and two parietal
bones
67. attaches the two parietal bones.
68. joins the parietal bones to the occipital
bone.
69. seal the parietal bones to the temporal
bones.
70. are found in the sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid,
and maxillary bones. They produce mucus,
lighten the weight of the skull, and serve as
echo chambers, which produce the unique
sounds of your voice
71. are mesenchyme-filled spaces between the
cranial bones of infants at birth. These soft
spots compress as the baby passes
through the birth canal
72. is located in the neck, between the
mandible and larynx. It is suspended from
the styloid process of each temporal bone
by ligaments and muscle.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
73. also called the spine, spinal column, or
backbone) protects the spinal cord,
supports the head and neck, permits
movement, and provides attachment points
for the back muscles, ribs, and pelvis.
74. vertebral column consists of 26 bones
called
75. is the thick, disc-shaped anterior portion
that bears weight
76. extends posteriorly from the body.
77. is an opening through which the spinal cord
passes.
78. (1) projects from the laminae; it serves as
attachment point for muscles.
79. are lateral extensions that serve as
attachment points for muscles.
80. (2) attach to vertebra above.
81. (7) are in the neck region. Each cervical
vertebra has three openings (foramina)
82. are posterior to the chest cavity and serve
as attachments for the ribs.
83. (5) form the lower back.
84. consists of 5 fused vertebrae and forms the
posterior wall of the pelvis. Blood vessels
and nerves pass through the openings
85. sometimes referred to as the tailbone,
consists of 4 fused vertebrae.
86. A lateral curvature that causes the
spine to “lean” to one side more than
the other. This condition is seen more
commonly in females than in males.
87. —An exaggeration of the thoracic
curve that forms a “humpback”
appearance
88. exaggeration of the lumbar curve that
causes a “sway back.”
THORACIC CAGE
89. articulates with the collarbone, or
clavicle, and the first rib.
90. is made of cartilage that ossifies by
age 40 No ribs attach to this pointed
structure, which rescuers use to locate
the proper hand position for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
91. The sternum attaches directly to the
first through seventh pairs of ribs by a
form of hyaline cartilage
called_____________
92. Rib pairs 1 through 7 are
called_______
93. Rib pairs through 8-12 are called_____
94. Rib pairs 11 and 12 are referred to as
__________
95. The sternum is made of three parts
that fuse by age _________