LM 1:

GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

LEARNING MODULE 1
(First quarter, 1st week)

THE KINETIC
MOLECULAR MODEL AND
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION
IN MATTER

MODULE COVERAGE:
In this module, you are able to learn more about phases of matter when you take the following
lessons-
Lesson 1: Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids
Lesson 2: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Lesson 3: Intermolecular Forces of Matter and Properties of Liquids
Lesson 4: Water and its Properties
 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

EXPECTED SKILLS:
To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:
1. Read the instructions very carefully before starting anything.
2. Complete all the activities/worksheets. Follow instructions. Communicate to your teacher for
clarification of concepts.
3. Allow time for relaxation and recreation when you are mentally tired. Make a time table to
schedule your study and recreation or you may use the suggested schedule given by your
teacher.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT

Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer. Please answer all items. Please take note of the items you were not able to answer
correctly and look for the right answer as you go through this module.

1. Which of the following statements are true?

I. Intermolecular forces occur only in water molecules and other polar molecules.
II.. Intermolecular forces are also known as Van der Waals forces.
III. Intermolecular forces include ion-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, and
dipole-dipole interaction.
A. I B. II C. II, III D. I, II, III
2. All diatomic molecules exhibit what type of IMF?
A Van der Waals forces B. dipole-dipole interaction
C. hydrogen bonding D. Dispersion forces
3. The kind of attraction that explains the dissolving of sodium chloride in water is_____.
A. Dipole-dipole interaction B. Van der Waals forces
C. Hydrogen bonding D. None
4. A hydrogen fluoride molecule represents what type of IMF?
A. Dipole-dipole interaction B. Ion-dipole forces
C. Hydrogen bonding D. Dispersion forces
5. Which of the following liquids is more viscous?
A. honey B. blood C. cooking oil D. soy sauce
6. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. As temperature increases, the strength of IMF decreases.
B. Diffusibility in liquid is stronger than in gases.
C. As temperature increases, vapor pressure also increases.
D. All of them
7. This explains why rubbing alcohol, which has been warmed to our body temperature still feels
cold when applied to our skin.
A. Capillary in action B. Incompressibility
C. Surface Tension D. Cooling effect of Evaporation
8. Which of the following group of words show the properties of solid correctly?
 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

A. Surface Tension, Capillary in action, Diffusibility, Vapor Pressure

B. Elasticity, Plasticity, Brittleness, Condensation
C. Boiling point, Melting point, sublimation, evaporation
D. Malleability, Ductility, Brittleness, Elasticity
9. Which of the following are examples of amorphous solids?
A. rubber, glass, snowflakes, table salt C. plastic, asphalt, rubber, glass
B. asphalt, table salt, snowflakes, rubber D. plastic and glass only
10. Sodium chloride crystal is a good example of what type of crystalline solids?
A. Metallic crystals B. Ionic crystals C. Molecular crystals D. all A, B, C

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC): Use the kinetic molecular model to explain
properties of liquids and solids (STEM_GC11lMFIIIa-c-99)

Module 1: The Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction in Matter
Lesson 1: Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids
Lesson 1.1: Shape and Volume of Liquids and Solids

Introduction:
All the properties and characteristics of gases can be described using the kinetic
molecular theory. The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains the behavior of the molecules not
only in gases but also in liquids and solids.
The common and simple way by which the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of matter
are distinguished is by comparison of their shapes and volumes. We recall the concepts that:
1. Matter in the gas state has indefinite shape and volume.
2. Matter in the liquid state has indefinite shape and definite volume.
3. Matter in the solid state has definite shape and volume.

LET’S LEARN
The basic assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) common to the three states
of matter are: they are composed of molecules though not at all ties for solids and these
molecules possess kinetic energy.

The other assumptions are meant mainly to account for the properties of gases,
particularly those referring to the motion, the amount of kinetic energy, the distance, and the
attraction between the molecules or particles. However, comparison in terms of these
assumptions shows the similarities and differences of matter existing as gases, liquids, and
solids.

Thus, the shape and volume of matter in the three states are explained as follows:

1. The shape and volume of gases are not definite because the molecules are widely separated,
have negligible attraction for one another, and are constantly moving rapidly in all directions so
they can fill any shape and size of container.

2. Liquid molecules are close enough to touch one another. They have attractive forces to keep
them together so that the total volume of a certain amount of them is definite. Since they can still
 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

move, slipping and sliding over one another, the liquid continues to conform to the shape of its
container.

3. Solid particles are closely packed because of strong attractive forces among them. Their low
kinetic energies cause them to stay in fixed positions, resulting in definite shape and volume. At
the atomic level, however, vibrational motion of the molecules is observed.

ACTIVITY 1.1: Read once again the description of molecules and particles in the three states of
matter. Then make a simple illustration to describe the shape and volume of gas, liquid, and
solid.

ACTIVITY 1.2: How does temperature affect the kinetic molecule of the three phases of matter?
Make a simple illustration of each phase of matter inside the box below.

1. Gas 2. Solid 3. Liquid

Module 1: The Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction in Matter
Lesson 2: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Introduction:

From the preceding lesson, we have noted that the difference in properties of matter in
the gas phase from those in the liquid and solid phases can be attributed to liquid and solid
molecules having attractive forces between them, while gas molecules have negligible or no
attraction at all We know that there are forces that hold molecules together because gaseous
substances condense to form liquids which in turn, form solids.
 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

LET’S LEARN
What makes molecules stick together? When two electrons are near each other, the
forces they exert upon each other are repulsive because they have charges of the same sign.
Similarly, when two polar molecules meet, the negative side of one molecule is repelled by the
negative side of the other. A Polar molecule indicates that the distribution of electrons between
the covalently bonded atoms is not even; this describes how the different electrical poles are
when bonded to another atom, the atom with the higher electronegativity will tend to attract more
electrons.

The forces exert between molecules are called Intermolecular Forces (IMF), or
sometimes, noncovalent bonds. IMF are in general much weaker than intramolecular forces (aka
as bonds – Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Metallic bond). They are responsible for determining
whether a molecular compound is a gas, a liquid, or a solid at a given temperature. They also
account for the differences in some physical properties of matter in the different phases. In IMF
include dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.
Collectively, these IMF are also known as van der Waals forces , named after a Dutch chemist,
Johannes van der Waal (1837 – 1923).

The degree of IMF are as follows:

 Ion-dipole (strongest)
 Hydrogen bonding
 Dipole-dipole
 London dispersion (weakest)

A. Ion-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule. The positive pole is attracted to a
negative ion (anion), while the negative pole is attracted to a positive ion (cation).

B. Hydrogen Bond
a special dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H (Nitrogen
and Hydrogen bond), O-H (Oxygen and Hydrogen bond), or F-H (Fluorine and Hydrogen bond)
and an electronegative O, N, or F atom.
 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

C. Dipole-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between polar molecules. This is the attraction of bond dipoles in
different molecules.

D. London Dispersion Forces

The weakest IMF caused by temporary dipoles. These forces are often found in the
halogens (e.g. F2 and I2), the noble gases (e.g. Ne and Ar) and in other non-polar molecules such
as carbon dioxide and methane. This is the attraction between nonpolar molecules as it is
apparent that even nonpolar molecules can have dipoles for short periods of time.
Activity 2.1. What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between the following pairs?

1. HBr and H2S ______________________________________________________

2. Cl2 and CBr4 _________________________________________________________________________________

3. I2 and NO3 ______________________________________________________

4. NH3 and C6H6 _________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2.2. What types of intermolecular forces are present in:

 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

1. nitrogen ______________________________________________________
2. chloroform ______________________________________________________
3. carbon dioxide ______________________________________________________
4. ammonia ______________________________________________________

Activity 2.3. How important the intermolecular forces of attraction in your daily activities?
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Module 1: The Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction in Matter
Lesson 3: Intermolecular Forces of Matter and Properties of Liquids

Introduction:
Have you seen a spider or other insects walking on water, or a leaf remaining dry on the
surface of still water for some time, until the water is disturbed? Have you wondered what makes
it possible for the insect or the leaf to remain on the surface, considering their being denser than
water? This phenomenon is due to property of liquids, brought about by the strength of the
attractive forces between the molecules.

Enumerated below are the properties of liquids :

1. Surface Tension – the force that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid to “tighten
their hold to one another,” creating the effect of a thin membrane on the surface; the attractive
forces are mainly downward and inward. The molecules occupy the least surface area possible,
which pulls the surface into spherical shape when a small amount is dropped. Surface tension is
temperature - dependent; it decreases as temperature increases.

2. Viscosity – a measure of its tendency to resist flowing motion. Polar molecules and molecules
with complex structure (with branches) tend to have higher viscosity, being able less able to slip
and slide over one another than those with simple structures and less polarity. For example,
cooking oil (with chains of more than 12 carbons) is more viscous than gasoline (with 7 – 8
carbons) due to as stronger London dispersion forces.
 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

A liquid with high viscosity is said to be viscous or simply “thick”. When viscosity
is so high that it cannot flow anymore, the matter is said to be glassy or vitreous. The opposite of
viscosity is fluidity. Highly fluid liquid is said to be free-flowing, mobile, or thin.

3. Capillary Action – the spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube. This results from the
cohesive forces (intermolecular forces of attraction) within the liquid and the adhesive forces
between the liquid and the walls of the container. When the attraction between the liquid and the
walls of the container is greater than the attraction within the liquid itself, the liquid will rise within
the container. This explains how plants get nourishment and dissolved minerals from the soild
through their roots and to all parts.

4. Incompressibility – Since the molecules in a liquid are already close, touching one another,
they cannot be crowded together anymore unless they are squeezed and deformed, which would
require a great amount of energy.

5. Diffusibility – this is much less in a liquid than in a gas, but it takes place at an easily
measured rate. The particles in a liquid are attracted to one another, but they are not rigidly held
together that they can still move at all times.

6. Evaporation - an indication of the escape of molecules from the surface of the liquid. It is an
evidence of molecular motion.

7. Cooling Effect of Evaporation – the molecules that escape are the ones with greatest
velocity. The amount of heat energy for the give number of molecules is reduced as well as their
temperature; thus, evaporation always results in a cooling effect.

8. Vapor Pressure – when a liquid vaporizes in a closed container; the space above the liquid
becomes saturate with vapor and an equilibrium state exists between the liquid and the vapor. At
equilibrium, the molecules in the vapor exert a pressure. This is the pressure exerted by a vapor
in equilibrium with its liquid.

9, Boiling Point – the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external
pressure (atm above the liquid). When we express the boiling point without the pressure, it is
interpreted to be the normal boiling point at the standard atm or 760 mmHg at sea level.

10. Heat of vaporization – expressed in cal/g or in kcal/g-atom or in kJ/kg, the energy required
to change exactly one gram of liquid to vapor at its normal boiling point. The attractive forces
between the liquid molecules are overcome during vaporization. Only when all of the liquid has
become a gas will the temperature of the substance again increase as more heat energy is
added.

Activity 3: Choose and answer one question from each set.

SET A
 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

1. Describe the nature of liquids by relating it with intermolecular attractive forces.

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2. What is the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point?

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SET B
1. It is a common observation that when the sun comes out immediately after a rain shower, the
puddles formed from the rain dries up faster than if it remains cloudy. Explain on the molecular
level, why this occurs.

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2. Explain why rubbing alcohol, which has been warmed to your body temperature, still feels cold
when applied to your skin.

SET C
1. Why does the temperature of a boiling liquid remain constant when heat is continuously being
added?
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2. How is the boiling point of a pure liquid related to intermolecular forces?

 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

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Module 1: The Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction in Matter
Lesson 4: Water and Its Properties

Introduction:
Water is the form of liquid that is very essential to man as well as other life forms.
However, humans often take it for granted. We assume that it is a typical liquid, but chemical
studies show that nearly all of its chemical and physical properties are unusual when compared
to other liquids. It is a very remarkable substance with its simple composition and structure. It has
unique properties. An evidence of its uniqueness is that it is the only natural substance that is
found in all three phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (steam) at temperatures normally existing in
our planet.

Physical Properties of Water

1. It is odorless and tasteless liquid.

2, At standard atmospheric pressure (atp), 760 mm of Hg or 760 torr, its freezing point is 0 ⁰C
(32⁰F)
and boiling point is 100⁰C (212⁰F). It is the only liquid that expands when it freezes. This
makes
the density of ice lower than that of liquid water and that is why it floats on water.
3. Has a maximum density at a temperature of 4⁰ C (can contract its volume to 0⁰ C).
4. Formed from intermolecularly H-bonded water molecules (keeps the molecules in fixed
positions)
5. Specific heat of water is higher than any commonly known liquid except Ammonia
- water takes much longer time to heat up and also to cool down than most substances in
our
environment
- it can absorb a large amount of heat with only a slight change in temperature
6. Water temperature fluctuates than temperature on land
7. Solvent Action – Water dissolves more substances than any other common liquid. That is why
it is the most commonly used polar solvent. This property makes water the most effective liquid
for transporting dissolved nutrients in the bloodstream, and eliminating wastes from living
tissues
in our bodies.
8. Surface Tension – Water has a high surface tension because of strong intermolecular H –
bonding.

Activity 3.1. Answer the following questions below.

1. The human body comprises almost 70% of water. Do you think it is related to the maintenance
of body temperature? How?
 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

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2. Based on the physical properties of water, this shows how important water is. When water
becomes a danger to man and to other life forms? Choose one physical property and relate
your
answer to it.

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Chemical Properties of Water

1. Water reacts with metals
- Aluminum, zinc, and iron react with steam at high temperature, forming hydrogen and metallic
oxides.
2. Water reacts with nonmetals. The element fluorine reacts violently with cold water forming
hydrogen fluoride and free oxygen.
3. Water react with metallic oxides.
- soluble oxides like Calcium oxide and sodium oxide react with water to form hydroxides
4. Water reacts with nonmetallic oxides. Carbon dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, and dinitrogen
pentoxide,
react with water to form acids.

Activity 3.2. Given the worded balanced chemical equation, illustrate (use the correct chemical
formulas) each equation the reactions of water as described previously.

1. Aluminum reacts with water to produce Aluminum oxide.

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 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

2. Fluorine reacts with water to produce Hydrogen fluoride or Hydrofluoric acid.

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3. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form Calcium hydroxide.

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4. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form Carbonic acid.

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Composition and Structure of Water

H H

1 molecule of water

 The structure of the electrons surrounding water is tetrahydral,resembling a pyramid.

 The angle between H-O-H bond is 109.547degree.
 There is a great concentration of electrons around the nucleus of the oxygen than around
the hydrogen
 There for, the hydrogen end is slightly positive and the oxygen end is slightly negative.
 Water is a polar molecule. The oxygen end “acts” negative; The hydrogen end “acts”
positive; causes the water to be POLAR, like a magnet.

Activity 3.3. Answer the following questions below:

1. What happens when water changes from one phase to another? Does it affect the structure of
water? Why or why not? Explain.

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2. What do you think will happen if water is not a polar molecule?

 LM 1:
GENERAL
Republic of the Philippines CHEMISTRY 2
Department of Education
REGION IV -A CALABARZON CONTROL NO. _______
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE

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ASSESSMENT: Use another sheet of paper.

I. What properties of matter in the liquid phase are explained by the kinetic molecular theory?
Give explanation for one property of liquid.

2. How are phase changes in matter affected by intermolecular forces of attraction?

References:
1. Ilao, Luciana V., et al, General Chemistry 2, Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, c2017
2. TG, General Chemistry 2
3. Soriano, Emil F., et al, Chemistry for the New Millenium, Quezon City, Philippines: Adriana
Publishing., Inc, c2000
4. Downloaded powerpoint “Kinetic Molecular”
5. Downloaded powerpoint “ Intermolecular Forces of Solids and Liquids”
6. Downloaded powerpoint “ Structure and Properties of Water”