RO_MIMAROPA_WS_SCI10_Q4

SCIENCE 10
Quarter 4 Week 2
Lesson1: Charles’ Law: Volume and Temperature

MELC: 1. Investigate the relationship between volume and temperature at constant

pressure of a gas.
2. Explain the relationships of volume, temperature and pressure using the Kinetic
Molecular Theory.

Key Concepts

In the previous lesson, we learned about the relationship of pressure and volume at a
constant temperature of gas. Let us continue to discover how gases behave. There is another
gas law that you will study - Charles’ law or also known as the ‘Law of Volumes’. It is an
experimental gas law that explains how gases tend to expand when exposed to high
temperature. Charles’ Law is an ideal gas law wherein the volume of an ideal gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure. This law states that the
volume of a given amount of gas at constant pressure varies directly with kelvin temperature.
According to Charles’ law, when the pressure of a gas is held constant, and there is an
increase in its temperature, its volume also increases. Every time we heat a sample of gas, its
particles become more active and energetic so they move rapidly which causes them to spread
out because the volume of the gas is increased as expected.
Here are another examples of situations in which Charles’ Law is at play: If you take a flat
basketball on a bright sunny day, the ball expands as the temperature increases. If you over-
inflate a pool float on a hot day, it can swell under the sun and eventually bursts.
The kinetic molecular theory (KMT) tells us that when the temperature is increased, the
kinetic energy (KE) of the gas is also increased. To keep the pressure constant, the volume of
the container must increase. Conversely, if the temperature of a gas is reduced, the volume
of the container must be reduced also in order to maintain the same pressure. Considering
that the volume of a given mass of a gas is directly related to its temperature, hence the
density decreases with the increase in temperature. This is the reason why hot air balloons
are used by the scientists for meteorological purposes.
Charles' Law is a special case of the ideal gas laws. It states that the volume of a fixed
mass of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature. This law applies to ideal gases held
at a constant pressure, where only the volume and temperature are subjected to change.

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In solving problems involving Charles’ Law, you have to convert temperature from
degrees Celsius to Kelvin, then add 273. Remember that all temperatures used in gas law
calculations must be in Kelvin (K). The standard temperature is 00C or 273 K.

Charles' Law is expressed as:

𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐
= .
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐

Where:
Vi = initial volume
Ti = initial absolute temperature
V2 = final volume
T2 = final absolute temperature

It is extremely important to remember the temperatures are absolute temperatures

measured in Kelvin, NOT °C or °F.

Let us try it in a sample problem below.

Sample Problem 1

1. A sample of Freon gas at 760 mmHg has a volume of 12.0 L and a temperature of 44
0C. Find the new volume of the gas after the temperature has been increased to 85 0C
at 760 torr.

Solution:

Step 1: Since the temperatures are given in degrees Celsius, you must first change
them to Kelvin.

T1 = 44 0C + 273 K = 317 K

T2 = 85 0C + 273 K = 358 K

Step 2: Find the given

Initial Condition Final Condition

T1 = 317 K T2 =358 K
V1 = 12.0 L V2 =?

Find: V2

Solution:
(You can observe that the quantities for the temperature are already
given and only one quantity for volume is unknown.)
𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐
Derive the equation for V2, using Charles’ Law = .
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐

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𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐
From the basic formula: = , derive
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐
the equation for V2

Thus, we have
𝐓𝟐 𝐕𝟏𝐓𝟐
V2 = V1 X 𝐓𝟏
or V2= 𝐓𝟏

Substituting the known values in the given

You will notice the units in each quantity, since we are looking for final volume which
is expressed in L, this time we need to cancel the units of temperature which is expressed in
kelvin (K). Show your cancellations of unit until the desired unit is left. In this case volume is
expressed in L.
(𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝐋)(𝟑𝟓𝟖 𝐊) (𝟒 𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝐋)
V2= = = 13.6 L the computed final volume is in liter is
𝟑𝟏𝟕 𝐊 𝟑𝟏𝟕

V2 =13.6 L

Sample Problem 2

A gas occupies 221 cm3 at a temperature of 0 0C and pressure of 760 mm Hg. What
will its volume be at 100 0C?

Take note, the pressure is constant and the amount of gas doesn't change, let us apply
Charles' law equation.

The given temperatures are in Celsius degree (0C), therefore, you have to convert T1 and
T2 first into absolute temperature (Kelvin) to apply the formula:
V1 = 221cm3;
T1 = 273K (0 + 273);
T2 = 373K (100 + 273)

Now, the values can be substituted into the formula to solve for final volume:

𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐
=
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐

221cm3 𝐕𝟐
= 273K
=373K

Rearranging the equation to solve for final volume:

𝐕𝟏𝐓𝟐
V2 = V2=
𝐓𝟏
(𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝐜𝐦𝟑)(𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝐊)
V2= 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝐊
V2 = 302 cm3

Based on the above examples, an increase in temperature of a gas will also cause an
increase in its volume, while a decrease in volume of a gas will cause also an increase in its
temperature, as the pressure is held constant.

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Activity 1- ANSWER ME!

Objective: To investigate the relationship between volume and temperature at constant
pressure of a gas in a mathematical way
Based on what you have learned in the given sample problem above, Using Charles’
𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐
Law equation, 𝐓𝟏=𝐓𝟐 , do the activity below:

Directions: Read and analyze the given set of problems. Write the known and unknown
values showing the two conditions. Answer these problems with complete solution and
proper cancellation of units.

Good luck! I know you can make it!

Problem set

1). A sample of helium has a volume of 521 dm3 at a pressure of 75 cm Hg and a

temperature of 18° C. When the temperature is increased to 23° C, what is the
volume of the helium?

2). The temperature inside my refrigerator is about 4°c if I place the balloon in my
fridge that initially has a temperature of 22°C and a volume of 0.5L, what will be
the volume of the balloon in L when it is fully cooled by my refrigerator?

3). A container holds 50.0 mL of nitrogen at 25° C and a pressure of 736 mm Hg.
What will be its volume if the temperature increases by 35° C?

Now, you know that the hot-air balloon works because of Charles’ Law. Through
heating the air inside the balloon with a burner, it becomes lighter than the cooler air on the
outside. The mere fact that the balloon tends to float upward, as if it were in the water.
Obviously, if the air is allowed to cool down, the balloon gradually moves down to the ground.
Did you know that the kinetic energy of the molecules of gas is affected when the air
inside the balloon is exposed to heat? Heat energy, also known as thermal energy, occurs
when the hot air rises which causes the balloon to float.
This relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas, eventually known as
Charles’ Law, provides an explanation of how these hot-air balloons work.

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In the next activity, you will discover the different applications of Charles’ Law in our
daily experiences. Let’s see if you can discover them all….
Activity 2- LET’S DECODE IT!
Directions: Match the number with the letter in the code to find words related to the
different examples of Charles’ Law usually observed around. Let’s do it! Kindly refer to the
Decoding Guide below. Have fun while learning!

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

1. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2 1 19 11 5 20 2 1 12 12
2. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

16 15 15 12 6 12 15 1 20
3. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

22 5 8 9 3 12 5 20 9 18 5

4. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2 18 1 4 1 14 4 16 1 19 20 16 9 5 19
5. ___ ___ ___ - ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8 15 20 1 9 18 2 1 12 12 15 15 14
6. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9 14 6 12 1 20 1 2 5 2 5 4 19

7. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

20 21 18 11 5 25 20 9 13 5 18

8. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

19 16 18 1 25 2 15 20 20 12 5

9. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

16 9 14 7 16 15 14 7 2 1 12 12

10. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8 5 12 9 21 13 2 1 12 12 15 15 14

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PLOTTING DATA ON A GRAPH

Now, you will investigate the relationship between temperature and volume at a glance
using the graphical representation of raw data given in a data table.
Notice how the values for volume-temperature data on Table 1 (Volume-Temperature
Data for a Gas at Constant Pressure) are plotted on the graph to show the direct relationship
of the volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure.

Table 1: Volume-Temperature Data for a Gas at Constant Pressure

Volume Temperature Temperature V/T

(mL) (0C) (K)
1094 273 546 2.0
747 100 373 2.01
568 10 283 2.01
545 1 274 1.99
545 0 273 2.00
546 -1 272 2.01
403 -73 200 2.02
199 -173 100 1.99
100 -223 50 2.00

Figure 1: The graph of the data from Table 1 shows that volume increases with temperature
At constant pressure, when the volume changes, the volume-temperature
relationship shows a straight line on the graph which indicates a direct proportion to each
other.

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Activity 1: GRAPHING DATA

In this activity, let us try to investigate the relationship between pressure and volume
using a smaller volume of a gas to see if there is a difference between a smaller volume and
bigger volume.
Directions: Plot the data given on the table Pressure-Volume Data on a graph in order to
show the inverse relationship of the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature.
Let’s get started!

Table 1: Data for a Volume-Temperature of a Gas at Constant Pressure

Volume Temperature Temperature (K) Volume/Absolute

(mL) o O Temperature (mL/K)
( C) C + 273 = K

8.7 100 373 0.023

8.4 90 363 0.023
8.1 80 353 0.023
7.9 70 343 0.023
7.7 60 333 0.023
7.4 50 323 0.023
7.2 40 313 0.023
Volume (mL)

Temperature (0C)

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Performance Task
Directions: For this activity, you will act as a student researcher who wants to conduct an
experiment on Charles’ Law.
Situation: Your Science teacher gave you a task to infer the relationship between pressure
and volume. Your teacher gave you 2 small basins, one is filled with hot water and the other
one is filled with cold water and 3 toy balloons as materials. Your task is to investigate the
relationship between the volume and temperature at constant pressure.
You should do the following procedures:
a. Write all the materials.
b. Enumerate some precautionary measures in performing alone or with a help at home
while performing the experiment.
c. Prepare a test or trials to identify the relationship.
d. Observe and write your findings.
For your visual aid, you can draw your observations or you can take pictures if the
gadget is available. Include also other factors that you think can contribute to your
investigations.
e. You will present the results of your findings to your classmate through PowerPoint
presentation if the gadget is available or have your answers written on separate sheet
of paper. You will be evaluated based on the rubrics below.

Scoring Rubrics
Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point
Accuracy of The facts, The facts, The facts, information
Content information and information, and and explanations are
explanation are explanation are clearly discussed with
clearly, concisely clearly discussed no supporting details.
and logically with supporting
discussed. information.
Creativity The work is very The work is The work is not
creatively done, somewhat creatively creatively done and not
original and very done and not so appealing.
appealing. It is appealing.
appropriate to the
topic.
Presentation The facts, The facts, The facts, information
information and information, and and explanations are
explanation are explanation are clearly presented with
clearly, concisely clearly presented no supporting details.
and logically with supporting
presented. information.
Points Earned Description Rating
12-15 Very good
8-11 Good
4-7 Fair
1-3 Needs Improvement

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Science 10
Lesson 2: Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Key Concepts

How Does Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Explain the Charles’ Law?
Kinetic theory explains why the volume of a container must expand when temperature
of the gas inside increases in order to remain constant.
Explanation:
Analysis of a gas when its temperature increases according to KMT:
➢ The molecules of a gas sample will have more kinetic energy when temperature
has increased causing them to move with greater velocity.
➢ The molecules will travel across the container between the walls in less time
(because they are moving faster and covering the same distance between the
containers’ walls) if the container’s dimensions do not change. So, the rate of
collisions will become faster, which would increase the pressure.
➢ The molecules would cover a larger distance thereby maintaining a constant rate
of collisions if the dimensions of the container increased. Thus, maintaining a
constant pressure.
➢ This is because of the existing relationship between temperature and mean
molecular kinetic energy:
3
E= 2
kT

Where E is the kinetic energy, k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute
temperature (i.e. temperature in Kelvin)

Because of a greater change in the momentum of the molecules when they

collide with the container’s wall, the tendency of the pressure on the container is to increase
as well as their kinetic energy. However, when their momentum perpendicular to the wall is
reversed, it becomes higher in value. You would need to increase the volume further to reduce
the rate of collisions in order to keep pressure constant due to this effect.

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How Does Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Explain the Boyle’s Law?
When molecule collide they create pressure. When the molecules are held together they
collide more frequently. Hence, less volume, more collisions, more pressure. Because of the
kinetic energy of moving particles, the Kinetic Molecular Theory of gas was discovered. The
kinetic energy of the molecules is directly related to its temperature.
In Boyle’s Law, the temperature is the one being held constant, so the kinetic energy
of the molecules remains the same. The pressure and the volume are inversely proportional
to each other. Whereas, collision of particles (atoms and molecules) with each other and the
container created the pressure inside. The more collisions among the particles, the more
pressure. As the temperature increases, it causes an increase in the number of collisions
causing molecules to have more kinetic energy.
What happens in Boyle’s Law is that the molecules are forced to come closer together.
The more densely-packed the gas molecules are, the more often they collide creating more
pressure. So if the volume is less, the number of collisions and pressure will be greater. If the
volume is greater, the number of collisions and pressure will be less. So the volume and
pressure are inversely related if the temperature and total kinetic energy is kept constant.

In the next activity, let us try to investigate and explain the relationship of Kinetic
Molecular Theory (KMT) to both Boyle’s law and Charles Law. The Kinetic Molecular Theory
states that gas particles are in constant motion and exhibit perfectly elastic collision. The
average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is directly proportional to absolute
temperature only.

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Activity 1: COMPLETE MY THOUGHTS!

Directions: Fill in the missing words that will complete the message which explains how
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) can explain both Boyle’s law and Charles Law. Choose it from
the boxes below. Let’s enjoy this task….

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Explanation of Boyle’s Law

Boyle’s Law is easily explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT). Consider a gas
inside the balloon which serves as its container. If gas is compressed, its
1) _____________ is decreased but the same number of molecules are acting on the wall of the
balloon. Therefore, the area of the container is 2) _____________and the frequency of collisions
between and among the wall and the molecules is
3) _____________. This results to an increase in pressure exerted by the
4) _____________. As pressure increases, there is a tendency for the balloon to burst. At
constant temperature, the 5) _____________ of a confined gas increases as volume decreases.
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Explanation of Charles’ Law
Kinetic Molecular Theory states that an increase in temperature increases the average
1) _____________. of the molecules. Provided that pressure is constant, molecules of a gas are
moving more rapidly when there is an increase in
2) _____________, resulting to an 3) _____________. in the rate at which molecules collide with
the surface of the container it occupies. There is also a corresponding increase in the area of
this surface as the gas expands. Therefore, as temperature of the gas increases, its 4)
_____________ also increases at constant pressure. The absolute temperature of a gas is the
measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules. If temperature is doubled, the average
kinetic energy of the molecules is also 5) _____________.

Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law

increased volume

gas increase
volume doubled

pressure kinetic energy

decreased
temperature

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Activity 2: SHOW ME WHAT YOU KNOW!

Directions: Answer the following statements or questions on explaining the relationship of
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) that takes place in both Boyle’s Law and Charles Law. Have
a good time…
1. Use the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of gases to explain this situation: Perfume
scent fills the entire room. (5 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Scoring Rubrics
Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point
Accuracy of The facts, information The facts, The facts,
Content and explanation are information, and information and
clearly, concisely and explanation are explanations are
logically presented. clearly presented clearly presented
with supporting with no supporting
information. details.

2. An unknown gas has a volume of 250 mL at a pressure of 0.98 atm. What happens to
the pressure if the volume increases to 500 mL at constant temperature?
A. It will increase.
B. It will decrease.
C. It will remain the same.
D. It does’t have enough information.
3. Which of the following statements about KMT is incorrect?
A. Gases consist of tiny particles with various sizes and large distances from
one another.
B. Intermoleculatr forces among the particles are negligible.
C. Gas molecules undergo an elastic collision with each other.
D. The volume of the gas depends upon the volume of its coontainer.
4. Among the following values, which one is the equivalent of the absolute temperature?
A. 0 0C
B. 6.023 0C
C. -273.15 0C
D. 273.15 0C
5. Ideal Gas Law simplifies two postulates of KMT by assuming that dust particles exert
no attractive and repulsive forces upon one another. This explains why gas
particles____________
A. have elastic collision.
B. are separated by large distances.
C. are in constant random motion.
D. have no volume of their own.

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