ρf > ρfb

ρf < ρfb
ρf = ρfb
εcu

Af
 ρf ≥ 1.4 ρfb

ρf ≤ ρfb

ρfb < ρf < 1.4 ρfb

ρf > ρfb
ρf < ρfb
For the beam section shown, calculate moment strength based on static equilibrium using the equivalent
rectangular concrete stress distribution as shown in Fig. of this guide.
Assume fc′ = 28 Mpa(4000 Psi), f fu = 550 Mpa(80,000 psi), and Ef = 41,000 Mpa(6000 Ksi) .
neglect compression reinforcement

Calculations and discussion

No. 25 bar(#8) properties: 440.6-08, Table 7.1
db = 25.4 mm (1 in)
Af,bar = 510 mm2 (0.79in2)

1. Determine the strength reduction factor:

d = 400 – 38 – 12.7 – (25.4/2) = 337 mm (13.50 in)

Af = (3)(510 mm2 ) = 1530 mm2(2.37 in2)
b=250(10 in)
ρf = 0.01816
Ef εcu = (41,000)(0.003) = 123 Mpa (18 Ksi) ρf / ρfb = 1.81
CE = 0.8 440.1R, Table 6.2 Because ρf ≥ 1.4ρfb, the section is compression
f fu = CE f fu = (0.8)(550) = 440 Mpa(64 Ksi)
ρfb =0.01004 -controlled ( ϕ = 0.65 )
2. Determine nominal flexural strength Mn and design flexural strength ϕMn

ff = 314 Mpa(46.2 Ksi) ≤ 440 (64 Ksi)

a = Af ff / 0.85 f c’ b
=81 mm (3.22 in) a=As fy / 0.85 f’c b
Mn1= 142.4 × 106 N-mm = 142.4 kN-m (1302 in.-kip = 108.5 ft-kip)
Mn2= 142.4 × 106 N-mm = 142.4 kN-m (1302 in.-kip = 108.5 ft-kip)
ϕMn = (0.65)(142.3) = 92.5 kN-m
= 70.5 ft kip
For the beam section shown, calculate moment strength based on static equilibrium using the equivalent
rectangular concrete stress distribution as shown in Fig. of this guide.
Assume fc′ = 28 Mpa(4000 Psi), f fu = 620 Mpa(90,000 psi), and Ef = 41,000 Mpa(6000 Ksi) .
neglect compression reinforcement

Calculations and discussion

No. 16 bar(#5) properties: 440.6-08, Table 7.1
db = 15.9 mm (0.625 in)
Af,bar = 199 mm2 (0.31in2)
1. Determine the strength reduction factor:

d = 400 – 38 – 12.7 – (25.4/2) = 341 mm (13.69 in)

Af = (3)(199 mm2 ) = 597 mm2(0.93 in2)
ρf / ρfb= 0.86
b=250(10 in) Because ρf ≤ ρfb, the section is tension
ρf = 0.00700
-controlled and ( ϕ = 0.55)
Ef εcu = (41,000)(0.003) = 123 Mpa (18 Ksi)
CE = 0.8 440.1R, Table 6.2 φ = 0.9
f fu = CE f fu = (0.8)(620) = 496 Mpa(72 Ksi)
ρfb =0.00810
2. Determine nominal flexural strength Mn and design flexural strength ϕMn

Minimum reinforcement
The minimum reinforcement provisions
apply since the section is tension-controlled.
Af,min = minimum area of FRP reinforcement needed to
prevent failure of flexural members upon cracking, in2 (mm2 )

Determine stress in tensile reinforcement at ultimate

conditions. Because section is tension-controlled
ff=f fu = 496 Mpa(72 Ksi)

Cb = 68 mm(2.74 in)
εfu = f fu / Ef = 72/6000
d= 341 mm (13.69 in) Af,min = 395 mm2 (0.63 in2)
Mn= 92.4 × 106 N-mm = 92.4 kN-m( 839 in.-kip = 69.9 ft-kip)
ϕMn = (0.55)(92.4) = 50.8 kN-m ( 38.4 ft kip) Af ,(provded)=597 mm2(0.93 in2) > Af,min =395 mm2(0.63 in2) ok
One-way slabs beams
- According for ACI 440-15 code (7.3.2.3 Calculation of deflection)
“ The short-term deflections (instantaneous deflection under service loads) of an FRP
one-way flexural member can be calculated using the effective moment of inertia of
the FRP reinforced beam and the usual structural analysis techniques. The magnitude
of long-term deflection can be several times the short-term deflection, and both
short-term and long-term deflections under service loads should be considered in the
design. The long-term increase in deflection is a function of member geometry
(reinforcement area and member size), load characteristics (age of concrete at the
time of loading, and magnitude and duration of sustained load), and material
characteristics (elastic moduli of the concrete and FRP reinforcement, creep and
shrinkage of concrete, formation of new cracks, and widening of existing cracks). Data
on time-dependent deflections of FRP-reinforced members due to creep and
shrinkage indicate that the time-versus-deflection curves of FRP- and steel-reinforced
members have the same basic shape, indicating that the same fundamental approach
for estimating the long-term deflection can be used ”