9 August 2020

‫ن ا ْلعِْل ِم إِاَّل قَلِ ًيل‬ ِ ‫وما أُوتِيتُم‬

‫م‬
1441 ‫ ذو الحجة‬19

َ ْ ََ

Analog IC Design

Lecture 02
Review on Circuits and Systems Basics

Dr. Hesham A. Omran

Integrated Circuits Lab (ICL)
Electronics and Communications Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Ain Shams University
 Outline
❑ Circuits review
▪ Ohm’s law, KCL, KVL
▪ Thevenin and Norton equivalents
▪ Superposition
▪ Capacitance
❑ Systems review
▪ Laplace transform
▪ Poles and zeros
▪ Frequency response
▪ First-order system
▪ Second-order system

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 2

 Ohm’s Law

+ V –
V

I R I R

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 3
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
❑ The sum of all currents flowing into a node is zero.

Σ𝐼 = 0

𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 − 𝐼4 = 0

I2
I1 I3

I4

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 4

 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
❑ The sum of all voltage drops around any closed loop is zero
Σ𝑉 = 0
−𝑉𝐷𝐷 + 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑉𝐷𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 = 0
𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑉𝐷𝑆
VDD
ID ID
RD RD
vout vout
I=0 VDD I=0
vin VDS vin VDS

RS RS

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 5

 Resistor Combinations
❑ Resistors in series: Largest resistor dominates

R1 R2 R3

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

❑ Resistors in parallel: Smallest resistor dominates

R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 6
 Voltage and Current Dividers
❑ Voltage divider → the largest resistor takes most of the voltage
❑ Current divider → the smallest resistor (largest conductance) takes most of the current
▪ Remember that current flows in the least resistance path

𝑅3 𝐺3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 ⋅ 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑖𝑛 ⋅
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3
VDD
Iout
R1
Iin R1 R2 R3
R2
Vout
R3

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 7

 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
❑ Any one port circuit can be replaced by a voltage source and a series impedance
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝑜.𝑐.
𝑍𝑇𝐻 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 (turn OFF all independent sources)

Any circuit
Any circuit VTH=Vo.c. Deactivate
ind. sources ZTH=Zeq

ZTH

VTH

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 8

 Norton Equivalent Circuit
❑ Any one port circuit can be replaced by a current source and a parallel impedance
𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼𝑠.𝑐.
𝑍𝑁 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 (turn OFF all independent sources)
𝒁𝑵 = 𝒁𝑻𝑯
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝑽𝒐.𝒄. = 𝑰𝑵 × 𝒁𝑵

Any circuit
Any circuit IN=Is.c. Deactivate
ind. sources ZN=Zeq

IN ZN

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 9

 Superposition Theorem
❑ Deactivate all independent sources except one
▪ Independent voltage source → short circuit (s.c.)
▪ Independent current source → open circuit (o.c.)
▪ Do NOT deactivate dependent sources
❑ Solve the circuit
❑ Repeat the previous two steps for every source
❑ Algebraically add all the results

We use this frequently to separate DC and AC solutions

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 10

 Superposition Theorem

DC + AC = DC + AC

VDD VDD

RD RD RD
vout vout vout

vin vin vin

RS RS RS
VGG VGG

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 11

 Capacitance
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑉
𝑖= =𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 ⋅ 𝑅𝑒 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ⇒ 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

𝑑𝑉
𝑖=𝐶 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉
𝑑𝑡

𝑉 1 1 1
𝑍𝐶 = = = ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 =
𝑖 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑠𝐶 𝜔𝐶
𝜔 ↑↑ ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 → 0 ⇒ 𝑠. 𝑐.
𝜔 ↓↓ ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 → ∞ ⇒ 𝑜. 𝑐.
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 12
 Capacitance Combinations
❑ Capacitors in series: Smallest capacitor dominates

C1 C2 C3

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

❑ Capacitors in parallel: Largest capacitor dominates

C1 C2 C3

𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 13
 Laplace Transform (LT)

02: Circuits and Systems Basics [D. Rowell, MIT 2.004, 2008] 14
 Laplace Transform (LT)
Time domain Laplace domain
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎
𝑡
1
න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐹 𝑠
𝑠
0
𝑑𝑓 𝑡
𝑠𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝛿 𝑡 1
1
𝑢 𝑡
𝑠

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 15

 Impulse Response and Step Response
Time domain Laplace domain
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎
𝑡
1
න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐹 𝑠
𝑠
0
𝑑𝑓 𝑡
𝑠𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝛿 𝑡 1
1
𝑢 𝑡
𝑠

System response (output)

System input
in Laplace domain
Unit impulse: 𝛿 𝑡 𝐻 𝑠
1
Unit step: 𝑢 𝑡 𝐻 𝑠
𝑠
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 16
 Poles and Zeros
❑ Transfer function
𝑁 𝑠
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝐷 𝑠
❑ Zeros: roots of the numerator ➔ 𝑁 𝑠 = 0
❑ Poles: roots of the denominator (characteristic eq.) ➔ 𝐷 𝑠 = 0
❑ For physical systems, poles & zeros are real or complex conjugate
❑ Example:

02: Circuits and Systems Basics [D. Rowell, MIT 2.004, 2008] 17
 Real and Complex Poles

02: Circuits and Systems Basics [D. Rowell, MIT 2.004, 2008] 18
 LHP and RHP Poles
❑ Poles in LHP: Decaying exponential ➔ Stable system
▪ BIBO: Bounded input bounded output
❑ Poles in RHP: Growing exponential ➔ Unstable system

02: Circuits and Systems Basics [D. Rowell, MIT 2.004, 2008] 19
 Frequency Response
❑ Transfer function
𝑁 𝑠
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝐷 𝑠
❑ Fourier Transform is a special case of Laplace Transform: 𝑠 ⇒ 𝑗𝜔
▪ 𝜎 = 0 ➔ Steady state response for sinusoidal input
❑ Transfer function ➔ Frequency response: 𝑠 ⇒ 𝑗𝜔
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗𝜔
𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = = 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 𝑒 𝑗𝜙
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜔
❑ 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 Im
❑ 𝑟 = Magnitude 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
−1 𝑏 r
❑ 𝜃 = Phase 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 = tan 𝑎 b
θ Re
a
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 20
 Frequency Response
❑ Y-axis: magnitude of frequency response, x-axis: frequency

LPF BPF HPF

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 21

 First-Order LPF
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠 1/𝑠𝐶 1 1
𝐻 𝑠 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑅 + 1/𝑠𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝜏
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗𝜔 1/𝑗𝜔𝐶 1 1
𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜔 𝑅 + 1/𝑗𝜔𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔
𝜔𝑐
❑ 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶: time constant
R
1 1 Vin Vout
❑ 𝜔𝑐 = = : cutoff/corner frequency
𝜏 𝑅𝐶
1 C
❑ Poles: 𝑠𝑝 = − 𝜏 = −𝜔𝑐
❑ Zeros: ?
1 Vout
❑ 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =
𝜔 2 Iin
1+
𝜔𝑐 R C
𝜔
❑ 𝑃 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = −tan−1 𝜔
𝑐
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 22
 Bode Plot Rules
Pole Zero
Magnitude -20 dB/decade +20 dB/decade
Actual Mag @ pole: -3 dB Actual Mag @ zero: +3 dB
Phase -90o LHP zero:
Actual Phase @ pole: -45o +90o
Actual Phase @ zero: +45o
RHP zero:
-90o
Actual Phase @ zero: -45o

→ RHP: Right-half plane (𝑅𝑒 𝑠 > 0)

→ LHP: Left-half plane (𝑅𝑒 𝑠 < 0)

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 23

 First-Order LPF Bode Plot
20 log 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 𝑑𝐵

𝑪 ⇒ 𝒐. 𝒄. 𝑪⇒✓

𝑃 𝐻 𝑗𝜔

02: Circuits and Systems Basics [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 24

 First-Order LPF Impulse and Step Response
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠 1/𝑠𝐶 1 1
𝐻 𝑠 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑅 + 1/𝑠𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝜏

R
Vin Vout
C

Vout
Iin R C

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 25

 First-Order HPF
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠 𝑅 𝑠𝑅𝐶 𝑠𝜏
𝐻 𝑠 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑅 + 1/𝑠𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝜏
𝑗𝜔
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗𝜔 𝑅 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 𝜔𝑐
𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜔 𝑅 + 1/𝑗𝜔𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔
𝜔𝑐
1
❑ Poles: 𝑠𝑝 = − 𝜏 = −𝜔𝑐
C
❑ Zeros: 𝑠𝑧 = 0 Vin Vout
𝜔 R
𝜔𝑐
❑ 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =
𝜔 2
1+
𝜔𝑐
𝜔
❑ 𝑃 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = 90o −tan−1
𝜔𝑐

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 26

 Bode Plot Rules
Pole Zero
Magnitude -20 dB/decade +20 dB/decade
Actual Mag @ pole: -3 dB Actual Mag @ zero: +3 dB
Phase -90o LHP zero:
Actual Phase @ pole: -45o +90o
Actual Phase @ zero: +45o
RHP zero:
-90o
Actual Phase @ zero: -45o

→ RHP: Right-half plane (𝑅𝑒 𝑠 > 0)

→ LHP: Left-half plane (𝑅𝑒 𝑠 < 0)

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 27

 First-Order HPF Bode Plot
20 log 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 𝑑𝐵

𝑪⇒✓ 𝑪 ⇒ 𝒔. 𝒄.

𝑃 𝐻 𝑗𝜔

02: Circuits and Systems Basics [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 28

 Second-Order System: LC LPF
𝑍𝐶 1
𝐻 𝑠 = =
𝑅 + 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝐶 𝐿𝐶𝑠 2 + 𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1

1 𝜔𝑜 𝐿 1 1
𝜔𝑜2 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = = =
𝐿𝐶 𝑅 𝜔𝑜 𝑅𝐶 2𝜁

❑ Higher 𝑅 means higher damping 𝜁 and lower quality factor 𝑄

1 𝜔𝑜2 𝜔𝑜2
𝐻 𝑠 = 2 = 𝜔 = 2 2
𝑠 𝑠 2 𝑜 2 𝑠 + 2𝜁𝜔 𝑠 + 𝜔
+ + 1 𝑠 + 𝑄 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝜔𝑜 𝜔𝑜 𝑄

R L
Vin Vout
C
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 29
 Second-Order Passive LC LPF
1 𝜔𝑜2
𝐻 𝑠 = 2 = 𝜔𝑜
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + 𝜔 2
𝜔𝑜 + 𝜔𝑜 𝑄 + 1 𝑄 𝑜

𝜔𝑜
❑ The poles occur at 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑜2 = 0
𝑄

−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝜔𝑜 𝜔𝑜 1
𝑠𝑝1,2 = =− ± 2
−4
2𝑎 2𝑄 2 𝑄

R L
Vin Vout
C
02: Circuits and Systems Basics 30
 Second-Order System Poles
1 1
𝐻 𝑠 = 2 = 2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
+𝜔 𝑄+1 + +1
𝜔𝑜 𝑜 𝜔𝑜 𝜔𝑜 /2𝜁

𝜔𝑜 𝜔𝑜 1
𝑠𝑝1,2 =− ± 2
−4
2𝑄 2 𝑄
❑ If 𝑄 < 0.5 (𝜁 > 1): overdamped system, roots are real,
negative, and distinct, like two first-order RC filters in
cascade
❑ If 𝑄 = 0.5 (𝜁 = 1): critical damped system, roots are R L
Vin Vout
real, negative, and equal C
❑ If 𝑄 > 0.5 (𝜁 < 1): underdamped system, roots are
complex conjugate

02: Circuits and Systems Basics [Sedra/Smith, 2015] & [Johns and Martin, 2012] 31
 Ringing and Peaking
❑ 𝑄 > 0.5 (𝜁 < 1): Underdamped system (complex conjugate poles)
▪ Ringing (overshoot) in step response (time domain)
−𝜋
% overshoot= 100 𝑒 4𝑄2 −1

1
❑ 𝑄> 2
= 0.707 (𝜁 < 0.707): Peaking in frequency response

02: Circuits and Systems Basics [Sedra/Smith, 2015] & [Johns and Martin, 2012] 32
 Thank you!

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 33

 References
❑ T. Floyd and D. Buchla, “Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices, and Applications,” 8th
ed., Pearson, 2014.
❑ A. Sedra and K. Smith, “Microelectronic circuits,” Oxford University Press, 7th ed., 2015.
❑ B. Razavi, “Fundamentals of microelectronics,” 2nd ed., Wiley, 2014.

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 34

 Order of a Circuit
❑ The order of a circuit is the order of the differential equation describing the circuit
❑ Viewed in s-domain, it is the order of the denominator of the transfer function (the
characteristic equation)
▪ The number of poles of the system
❑ The order is also the number of state variables in the circuit (the variables that control the
behavior of the circuit)
▪ For C: state variable is voltage
▪ For L: state variable is current
❑ A practical rule of thumb:
▪ Find the number of independent inductor currents and capacitor voltages
▪ Or the number of independent initial conditions that can be assigned to state variables
❑ Beware of pole-zero cancellation (e.g., two capacitors forming a voltage divider)

02: Circuits and Systems Basics 35