TOÁN 12 - ĐỀ CƯƠNG HK2 2021 - 2022

TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
CHƯƠNG III: NGUYÊN HAM – TICH PHÂN VA ƯNG DUNG

BAI 1: NGUYÊN HAM.
I. ĐINH NGHIA
1. Định nghĩa:
Cho ham sô f  x  xac đinh trên khoang  a; b  . Ham sô F  x  đươc goi la môt nguyên ham cua
ham sô f  x  trên  a; b  nêu F '  x   f  x  , x   a; b  .
2. Ví dụ:
a/  sin x  '  cos x nên ta nói sinx la môt nguyên ham cua cosx
b/  x  '  2x
2
nên ta nói x2 la môt nguyên ham cua 2x.
II. TINH CHÂT
1. Định ly 1
Nêu F  x  la môt nguyên ham cua ham sô f  x  trên  a; b  thi moi nguyên ham cua ham sô
f  x  trên  a; b  cung có dang F  x   C (trong đó C la môt hăng sô tuy y)
Ki hiêu:  f  x  dx  F  x   C . Đươc goi la nguyên ham cua ham sô f  x  hay con goi la tich
phân bât đinh cua ham sô f  x  .
Ví dụ:
a /  cos xdx  sin x  C
b /  2 xdx  x 2  C
2. Định ly 2
Moi ham sô liên truc trên  a; b  đêu có nguyên ham trên  a; b  .

3. Định ly 3: Qui tăc tính nguyên ham
   f  x   g  x   dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx  F  x   G  x   C .
  k. f  x  dx  k. f  x  dx  k.F  x   C  k  0 
Ví dụ:
a /   cos x  2 x  dx  sin x  x 2  C
b /  3cos xdx  3 cos xdx  3sin x  C
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BANG ĐAO HAM CÁC HAM SÔ THƯƠNG GĂP

Ham sô y  f  x  Ham hơp y  f  u 
1.  c  '  0 ;  x'  1
2.  x n  '  nx n 1 2.  u n  '  nu n 1.u '
3.  x '  2 1 3.  u  '  2u 'u

x
4.  sin x  '  cos x 4.  sin u  '  cos u.u '
5.  cos x  '   sin x 5.  cos u  '   sin u.u '
u'
6.  tan x  ' 
1
 1  tan 2 x 6.  tan u  '  2
 1  tan 2 u  .u '
cos 2 x cos u
u'
1
7.  cot x  '   2   1  cot 2 x  7.  cot u  '   2   1  cot 2 u  .u '
sin x sin u
u'
8.  ln x  ' 
1 8.  ln u  ' 
x u
9.  e  '  e
x x 9.  e  '  e .u '
u u
u'
10.  log a x  ' 
1 10.  log a u  ' 
x ln a u ln a
11.  a  '  a .ln a
x x 11.  a  '  a .ln a.u '
u u
MỘT SÔ CÔNG THƯC LƯỢNG GIÁC THƯƠNG DÙNG TRONG NGUYÊN HAM
1. Công thưc lương giac cơ ban. 2. Công thưc nhân đôi – nhân ba.
 sin 2 u  cos 2 u  1  sin 2u  2sin u cos u

sin u cos u  cos 2u  cos 2 u  sin 2 u  2 cos 2 u  1  1  2sin 2 u
 tan u  ; cot u 
cos u sin u
1 1  sin 3u  3sin u  4 sin 3 u

2 2
 1  tan u  2
; 1  cot u 
 cos 3u  4 cos3 u  3cos u
cos u sin 2 u
3. Công thưc ha bâc 4. Công thưc biên đôi tích thanh tông.
1 1
 cos 2 u  1  cos 2u   cos a.cos b   cos  a  b   cos  a  b  
2 2
1 1
 sin 2 u  1  cos 2u   sin a.sin b   cos  a  b   cos  a  b  
2 2
1
 cos3 u   3cos u  cos 3u  1
4  sin a.cos b  sin  a  b   sin  a  b  
2
1
 sin 3 u   3sin u  sin 3u 
4
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BANG NGUYÊN HAM CÁC HAM SÔ THƯƠNG GĂP
Ham sô y  f  x  Ham sô y  f  ax  b 
1.  kdx  kx  C 1.  kdx  kx  C
1 n 1 1 1
x  C n   1 2.   ax  b  dx  . ax  b   C n   1 
n n 1
2.  x n dx  .
n 1 a n 1
1 1 1
3. dx  ln x  C 3. dx  .ln ax  b  C
x ax  b a
4. e x dx  e x  C 1
4. e ax b dx  .e ax b  C
a
ax 1 a bx c
5. a x dx   C  a  0; a  1  5. a bx c dx  .  C a  0; a  1 
ln a b ln a
6. sin xdx   cos x  C 1

6. sin  ax  b  dx   .cos  ax  b   C
a
7. cos xdx  sin x  C 1

7. cos  ax  b  dx  .sin  ax  b   C
a
1 1 1
8. dx   1  tan 2 x  dx  tan x  C 8. dx   1  tan 2  ax  b   dx  tan  ax  b   C
2
cos x cos  ax  b 
2
a
1 1 1
9. dx   1  cot 2 x  dx   cot x  C 9. dx   1  cot 2  ax  b   dx  cot  ax  b   C
sin 2 x sin  ax  b 
2
a
2 1 2
10. xdx  x x C 10. ax  bdx  .  ax  b  ax  b  C
3 a 3
11. tan xdx   ln cos x  C 1

11. tan  ax  b  dx   ln cos  ax  b   C
a
12. cot xdx  ln sin x  C 1

12. cot  ax  b  dx  ln sin  ax  b   C
a
1 1 1 1 1
13. dx   x  n dx  C 13. dx  .  C  n  1
x n
 n  1 .x n1  ax  b 
n
a  n  1 .  ax  b  n 1
1 1 1
14. dx  2 x  C 14. dx  .2 ax  b  C
x ax  b a
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 1: CHƯNG MINH F(X) LA MỘT NGUYÊN HAM CUA HAM SÔ f(x)
f(x) liên tuc trên khoang K, F(x) la nguyên ham cua f(x) trên K nêu F’(x) = f (x)
Bai 1: Chưng minh răng F(x) la môt nguyên ham cua f(x).
 
a/ F  x   ln x  x 2  1 ; f  x  
1
x2  1
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2x 1 3
b/ F  x   ln ; f  x  2
x 1 2x  x 1
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2
x 1
c/ F  x    x  1 ln x  1  x ln x ; f  x   x.ln 
2 2

 x 
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 2: TIM NGUYÊN HAM BĂNG ĐINH NGHIA, CÔNG THƯC

Bai 2: Tim cac nguyên ham sau.
 1 3 5
a/ x  3 x 2  x  1 dx b/   3
4
x  x  dx
x3 
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 2 x3  x 2  1 
c/  x  4 x  5 x dx  d/   5 x 2  dx
3
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dx 1
e/  1 x  x
f/  2x 1  2x 1
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

a/   2sin x  3cos x  1 dx b/   tan 2 x  cot x  1 dx
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  tanx  cotx 
2
c/  tan d/ dx
2
xdx
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2
5  x x
e/  1  cos 2 x dx f/   sin 2  cos 2  dx
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3 1  cos 2 x
g/  1  cos 2 x dx h/  1  cos 2 x dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
cos 2 x 1
i/  sinx  cosx dx k/  sin 2
x.cos 2 x
dx
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cos 2 x cos 2 x
l/  sin 2
x.cos 2 x
dx m/  cos 2
x
dx
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a/  e  5 x  1 dx b/  e  3x  1 dx
x 5 x 3
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x 5  x e x 
c/  e  2e  3e  e5 x  dx d/  
2x x x
e  2  e   dx
cos 2 x 
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
e  1
x 2
e3 x  1
e/  ex
dx f/  e x  1 dx
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Bai 5: Tim cac nguyên ham sau
1
  3x  2 
5
a/ dx b/   2 x  1 3
dx
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1 1 1  3
c/   x  2 x  3x  dx d/  2 x  1 dx
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dx 3
e/  3x  5 f/  2 x  1 dx
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dx dx
g/  5x  2
h/  3x  2
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
a/  sinx .cosx .dx b/  sin

2
xdx
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c/  cos d/  cos 2 x cos 4 xdx

2
2xdx
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e/  sin 3x cos 5 xdx f/  4sin 5 x sin 3xdx
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g/  sin h/   sin x  cos 4 x  dx

4 4
xdx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
i/   sin x  cos 4 x  dx j/   sin x  cos 6 x  dx

4 6
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VÂN ĐÊ 3: TIM NGUYÊN HAM CUA HAM SÔ f(x) THOA ĐÊU KIÊN KEM THEO
3
a/ Tim F ( x) la môt nguyên ham cua ham sô f ( x)  e x  2 x thỏa mãn F (0) 
2
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b/ Cho ham sô f ( x ) thỏa mãn f ( x )  3  5 sin x va f (0)  10 . Tim f ( x )
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1
c/ Cho ham sô y = f (x ) = . Nêu F (x ) la nguyên ham cua ham sô f (x ) va đồ thi y = F (x ) đi
sin 2 x
p
qua điểm M çç ;0÷÷÷
ç6
thi F (x ) la:
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 4: NGUYÊN HAM CUA HAM SÔ HỮU TỈ

P  x
A/ MÂU BÂC NHÂT I   dx .
 ax  b 
Phương phap: thưc hiên phep chia đa thưc rôi đưa tích phân vê dang:
P  x  k  k
I  dx    f  x    dx  F x   ln ax  b  C
ax  b  ax  b  a
k
B/ MÂU BÂC HAI, TƯ LA HĂNG SÔ I   dx 2
ax  bx  c
TRƯƠNG HỢP 1: Mâu có hai nghiêm phân biêt x1 ; x2 , ta sư dung đồng nhât thưc để tach.
TRƯƠNG HỢP 2: Mâu có nghiêm kep x  x0 , ta đưa vê dang:

dx 1 dx 1 1
I     . C
ax  bx  c a  x  x0 
2 2
a x  x0
TRƯƠNG HỢP 3: Mâu vô nghiêm, ta đưa vê dang:
dx 1 dx
I   ax 2

 bx  c a  b  
2
x  
 2a  4a 2
dx
Tóm lai có thể đưa vê dang:   Đăt Ax  B  k .tan t
 Ax  B 
2
 k2
 CHU Y: NÊU MÂU BÂC 2 VA TƯ LA ĐA THƯC BÂC LƠN HƠN HOĂC BĂNG 2
THI DÙNG PHEP CHIA ĐA THƯC CHUYÊN VÊ TƯ BÂC 1. SAU ĐO CHUYÊN
ĐƯỢC VÊ DANG TƯ LA HĂNG SÔ VA ÁP DUNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP Ơ TRÊN.
C/ MÂU TÙY Y: THÔNG THƯƠNG TA DÙNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐÔNG NHÂT THƯC
P  x
I  dx
 x  x1  x  x2  x  x3 
n
ax 2
 bx  c 
Trong đó:
 x1 ; x2 la nghiêm đơn:
 x3 la nghiêm bôi
 ax 2  bx  c vô nghiêm
Khi đó:
P  x A B Cx  D En En 1
      ...
 x  x1  x  x2  x  x3 
n
ax 2
 bx  c   x  x1   x  x2   ax  bx  c  x  x3
2

n
x  x3 
n 1
E2 E1
 
 x  x3 
2
 x  x3 
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
c c
Bai 8: Tim cac nguyên ham sau.  ax  b dx  a ln ax  b  C
3 2
a/  x  1 dx b/  3x  2 dx
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4x 4x  2
c/  2 x  1 dx d/  2 x  3 dx
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3  2x 3  5x
e/  1 x
dx f/  3x
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
2 x2  5x 1 x 2  3x  1
g/  x  2 dx h/ 
2 x 1
dx
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2 x3  5 x 2  x  1 2 x 4  5 x3  2 x  1
i/  dx j/  dx
x2 2  3x
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

3 2
a/   x  3 x  1 dx b/   x  3 x  4  dx
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2x  3 3  2x
c/   x  3 x  1 dx d/   x  2  x  5  dx
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x2 2x 1
e/ x 2
 2x
dx f/ x2
4
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
3 x5
g/ x 2
 5x  6
dx h/  2x 2
 5x  2
dx
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x2  2x  1 x3  x 2  2x  1
n/  x 2  x  2 dx o/  x 2  3x  2 dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

3 2
a/   x  1 2
dx b/ x 2
4 x  4
dx
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3  2x 3x 2  6 x  1
c/  x 2  4 x  4 dx d/  x 2  10 x  25 dx
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2 2x 1
e/ x 2
 2x  2
dx f/ x 2
 4x  5
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BAI 2: MỘT SÔ PHƯƠNG PHÁP PHÁP TIM NGUYÊN HAM

I/ PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐÔI BIÊN SÔ
Tim nguyên ham cua ham sô I   f  u  x   .u '  x  dx 1 , ta thưc hiên cac bươc sau
B1: Đăt t  u  x   dt  u '  x  dx (lây đao ham hai vê hay con goi la vi phân hai vê).
B2: Thay vao (1) ta đươc: I   f  t  dt  F  t   C  2 
B3: Thay t  u  x  ngươc trơ lai vao (2) ta đươc I  F  u  x    C la nguyên ham cân tim.
CÁC DANG BAI TÂP THƯƠNG GĂP: CĂN, CƠ, MU, MÂU, LOG, GOC.
  f  x .f '  x  dx Đăt t = Căn

k
   f  x  .f '  x  dx Đăt t = Cơ sô
 a .f '  x  dx
 
 f x
Đăt t = Mu
1
  f  x  .f '  x  dx Đăt t = Mâu
f  ln x 
  x dx Đăt t = lnx
  sin  u  x   .u '  x  dx Đăt t = Goc
Bai 11: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (CĂN)
a/ x b/ x .
2 3
x 2  1dx x 3  2dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
c/  sin x  1 cos xdx d/  e x  2e 2 x dx
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e/  sin 2 x  2.sin 2 xdx f/  x 2  1.x 5 dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 12: Tim cac nguyên ham sau. (CƠ)
 x.  x  2 
2021
a/ b/  sin x 1  cos x  2 dx
2
dx
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 e e  2  e e  1
2020 2021
c/ x x
dx d/ 2x x
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
e/  sin x f/  cos
12
.cos x 3dx 10
x.sin 5 x.dx
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Bai 13: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (MU)
ln 2
 x.e
 x2  2
a/ dx b/ 2 c/ e
x
. dx sinx
.cos xdx
x
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
 e 1  tan x  dx e
sin 2 x
d/ tanx 2
e/ sin 2 xdx
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x2
x
e e x 1
f/  x
dx g/   x  1 2
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 14: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (MÂU)
x ex
a/  x 2  1 dx b/  e x  2 dx
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x sin 2 x
c/   x  1 2015
dx d/  cos x dx
5
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
dx dx
e/ e f/ e
e  1
5 x
x x 1
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g/  tan xdx h/  cot xdx

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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 15: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (LOG)
ln 2 x ln 2 x  3ln x  5
a/  x dx b/  x ln x
dx
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ln x dx
c/  x  2  ln x dx d/  2x 2  ln x
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
dx ln x 3 2  ln 2 x
e/  x ln x ln ln x  f/  x
dx
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5  ln x  1 ln  x  1  ln x
2
g/  x
dx h/  x  x  1
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 16: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (TỔNG HỢP)

sin x
a/  2  sin x .cos xdx b/  cos 4
x
dx
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2x  3
c/  cos d/ 
3
x sin 2 xdx dx
2  3x
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x2 3x7
e/   x  2 dx f/  dx
1  x 
2021 4 2
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
 2 x  1 dx
2019
x 2011
g/  h/  dx
 3x  2   x 2  1
2021 1007
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 2 x  1
198
x2  4
i/  dx j/   x 2  2021x  4  x 2  2022 x  4  dx
x  2 x  1
2 100
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 17: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (TỔNG HỢP *)
sin 2 xdx
a/  b/  tan
2
xdx
1  cos x
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c/  tan d/  tan
3 4
xdx xdx
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e/  tan f/  tan
5 6
xdx xdx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
g/  cot h/  cot
2 5
xdx xdx
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i/  sin j/  sin
3
x cos 2 xdx 4
x cos3 xdx
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k/  sin l/  cos
5 5
xdx xdx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
sin x cos 3 x 1
m/  1  cos 2 x dx n/  cos 4
x
dx
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1 sin 2 x
p/  6 dx q/  6 dx
cos x cos x
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sin 4 x cos 6 x
r/  cos6 x dx s/  sin 4 x dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
dx dx
t/  sin x sin x  cos x  u/  cos x sin x  cos x 
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dx dx
v/  sin 2 x  sin 2
x
w/  sin 2
x cos 4 x
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ex  2 x 2  e x  2x 2e x
x/  x dx y/  dx
e 3 1  2e x
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
II/ PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGUYÊN HAM TỪNG PHẦN
Ta có:  uv  '  u ' v  v ' u   uv  ' dx   u ' vdx   v ' udx  uv   vdu   udv
Tư đó suy công thưc tich phân tưng phân:  udv  uv   vdu

Ap dung:  f  x  g  x dx
u  f  x   du  f '  x  dx
Đăt 
 dv  g  x  dx

   
  f  x  g  x  dx  uv  vdu

v   g x dx  G x
 GHI NHƠ: THƯ TƯ ƯU TIÊN KHI ĐĂT U: LÔ > ĐA > MU

a/   2 x  3 e dx b/  xe
x x
dx
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c/  1  x  sin xdx d/   2 x  1 cos 3x  2  dx

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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
e/  x ln xdx f/  ln xdx
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g/  x ln xdx h/  x ln  x  1 dx
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i/   x  1 ln xdx j/   2 x  1 ln  2 x dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
x 2x
k/  sin 2
x
dx l/  cos
2
3x
dx
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a/ x  2 x  5  e xdx b/  2x e
2 2 3 x 1
dx
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c/ x d/ x  3x  cos  3x  dx
2 2
sin 2 xdx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
e/  ln f/  x.ln
2 2
xdx xdx
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a/ e b/ e
x x
cos xdx sin xdx
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c/ e / e
x 2x
cos 2 xdx cos 2 xdx
d
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BAI 3: TICH PHÂN

1.Định nghĩa
Cho f ( x ) la ham sô liên tuc trên K va a, b la hai sô bât ki thuôc K . Gia sư F ( x ) la môt
nguyên ham cua f ( x ) trên K thi hiêu sô F (b ) - F (a ) đươc goi la tich phân cua f ( x ) tư a đên
b va ki hiêu la
b
b
ò f ( x ) dx = F (x ) a = F (b )- F (a ) .
a
Trong đó: a, b đươc goi la hai cân cua tich phân (a la cân dươi, b la cân trên)
f(x) la ham sô dươi dâu tich phân.

x la biên sô lây tich phân.
Chu y: Đôi vơi biên sô lây tich phân ta có thể chon môt biên bât ki thay cho biên x,tưc la:
b b b
 f ( x )dx   f (t )dt   f (u)du  ...  F (b)  F (a)
a a a
2.Y nghĩa hinh hoc:
Cho ham sô f(x) liên tuc va không âm trên đoan [a;b] thi diên tich cua hinh thang cong giơi han
bơi đồ thi cua ham sô y  f  x  , truc hoanh va cac đương thăng
b
x  a; x  b la: S   f  x  dx
a
3.Tính chât cua tích phân

a
1/  f ( x )dx  0
a
b a
2/  f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx
a b
b b
3/  kf ( x )dx  k  f ( x )dx
a a
b b b
4/   f ( x )  g( x ) dx   f ( x )dx   g( x )dx
a a a
b c b
5/  f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx
a a c
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
DANG 1: TICH PHÂN THEO CÔNG THƯC
PHƯƠNG PHÁP: Sư dung đinh nghia kêt hơp vơi cac tinh chât để tinh
Bai 21: Tinh cac tich phân sau
2 2
a)  ( x  2 x  1)dx b) e
3 3 x 1
dx
1 1
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2 3
3
c/  2 x  2dx d)  2 x  1 dx
1 1
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 
2 4
e)  sin 2xdx f)  cos x  cos 2 x dx
0 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022


 3
2
g)  sin(2 x  6 )dx h)  3 tan x dx
0 
4
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2 ln 3
 x 1 2 
i/ 1  e  e x  e 2 x  dx j/  e  e  x  dx
x
ln 2
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5 2
dx dx
k)  l) 
2 x2  x2 1 x 1  x 1
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
DANG 2: TICH PHÂN BĂNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐỔI BIÊN SÔ
ĐỔI BIÊN SÔ DANG 1:  f u  x  u '  x  dx

a
Đăt : t  u  x   dt  u '  x  dx
Đôi cân:
x a b
t u(a) u(b)
b u b 
u b 
Khi đó:  f u  x  u '  x  dx   f t dt  F t 
a u a 
ua 
CHU Y: PHƯƠNG PHÁP CƠ BAN GIÔNG NHƯ TIM NGUYÊN HAM DANG ĐỔI
BIÊN SÔ, CHỈ THÊM BƯƠC ĐỔI CÂN. CÁC DANG TOÁN THƯƠNG GĂP VÂN
LA: CĂN, CƠ, MU, MÂU, LOG, GOC
Bai 22: Tinh cac nguyên ham sau

3 2 2
a/ x b/ 
2
x  1dx x3 1  x 2 dx
0 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
ln 6 1
c/ e e  3dx d/ x
x x 3
1  x 2 dx
0 0
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7 3
x3
e/  f/ x
5
dx 1  x 2 dx
3 2
0 1 x 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
5 2
2 xdx dx
g/  x
1 x2 1
h/ 
2 x x2 1
3
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2 3 ln 6
dx
i/  j/ e
2x
e x  3dx
2
5 x x 4 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 23: Tinh cac nguyên ham sau

e e
2  ln x 1  3ln x ln x
a/ 
1
2x
dx b/ 
1
x
dx
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
e
3  2ln x 6
c/ x
1 1  2ln x
dx d/ 
0
1  4sin x cos xdx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
 
6
cos x 2
e/ 
0 1  4sin x
dx f/ 
0
1  2sin 2 x sin 2 xdx
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ln8 ln 5
ex e2 x
g/ 
0 1  3e x
dx h/
ln 2
 ex 1
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
ln8 ln 2
i/  k/ 
2x
e  1.e dx
x
e x  1dx
ln 3 0
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5
e 3 2 3
1  ln x .ln x 4
sin x  cos x
l/ 
1
x
dx m/ 
 1  sin 2 x
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

1 1
 x 1  x 
3 6
 x 1  x 
2015
a/ dx b/ 5
dx
0 0
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1 1
3x  1 x
c/   x  3
0
3
dx d/   x  1
0
3
dx
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 
2 4
e/  sin x cos f/  sin
9
5
xdx x cos3 xdx
0 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022


e
2
e2ln x 1
a/ e b/ 1 3x dx
2cos x 1
sin xdx

4
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
4 4 x 1
e 4
e 2  tan x
c/ 
0 x
dx d/ 0 cos 2 x dx
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
4 3
1  tan x  dx   x  1 e dx
2
e/ e f/
tan x 2 x 2 x
 2
8
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

1 1
x ex
a/ 0 x 2  1 dx b/ 0 e x  2 dx
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
1
x 4
sin 2 x
c/   x  1
0
2015
dx d/  cos x dx
0
5
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ln 2
dx 1
e x 1  x 
g/ 0
e 5
x
h/ 
0
1  xe x
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

e e2
1  ln 2 x 1  ln 2 x
a/  dx b/  dx
1
x e
x ln x
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e e
ln 2 x  ln x  3 1
c/ 1 x  ln x  1 dx d/  x  ln
1
2
x  2 ln x  1
dx
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

2
1 2x  8 3
e/ x
1
2
 5x  4
ln
x 1
dx f/  tan x ln
0
cos xdx
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 
ln
2 e2
sin  ln x 
g/  e x sin  e x  dx h/  dx
1
x
ln
3
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
ĐỔI BIÊN SÔ LOAI 2 (LƯỢNG GIÁC HOA)
DANG CÁCH ĐĂT
a 2   f  x  
2    
f  x   a sin t , t   ;  , a  0
 2 2
2
 f  x    a 2
a    
f  x  , t   ;  \ 0 , a  0
sin t  2 2
2 1    
a 2   f  x   hoăc 2
. f  x   a tan t , t   ; ,a  0
a 2   f  x    2 2
x  a  bx  a 2
x sin t
b
1 x x  cos t
1 x
Bai 28: Tinh cac tich phân sau đăt

1 1
dx dx
a/  b/ x
0
1  x2 0
2
3
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
1
2
dx 2
dx
c/ x
0
2
 2x  2
d/ 
0 1  x2
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3 1
x 2 dx 1  x 2 dx
e/ 
0 4  x2
f/  x2
2
2
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
DANG 3: TICH PHÂN TỪNG PHẦN
PHƯƠNG PHÁP: Giông như nguyên ham tưng phân, chi thêm cân vao rồi tinh.
Thư tư ưu tiên khi đăt u: LÔ, ĐA, MU

b b
b
Công thưc:  udv  u.v
a
a
  vdu
a


2 1
a/   x  1 cos xdx b/  xe
3x
dx
0 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

4 e
x
c/ 
0
cos 2 x
dx d/  ln xdx
1
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
5 6
xdx
e/  2x ln  x 1 dx
2
f/ 
 sin
2
2x
8
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
e 1
g/   x  1 ln 2 xdx h/  x ln  x  1 dx
2
1 0
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 
3
4
x 1
i/  x sin x.cos xdx
0
k/ 
 sin
2
x
dx
4
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
1 e2
x 1 ln x
l/  x dx m/  dx
0
e 1 x
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
2
2
ln x
n/  x sin xdx o/  dx
2
0 1
x2
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022


1 2
x 2
x
a/ e dx b/ x
2
x
sin dx
0 0
2
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e 1
  x.ln x  x  2 x  1 e x dx
2
c/ dx d/ 2
1 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
 
4 2
e/  x.tan f/ e
2 x
xdx cos xdx
0 0
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e ln 2
 1
g/   x   ln xdx h/ e
2x
ln 1  e x  dx
1
x 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
b
DANG 4: TICH PHÂN CHƯA DÂU GIÁ TRI TUYÊT ĐÔI  f  x  dx
a
PHƯƠNG PHÁP:
Cach 1:
Tim nghiêm cua f(x) = 0, gia sư có nghiêm c   a; b 
Xet dâu f(x) trên đoan  a; b 
b c b
Dung công thưc:  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx va căn cư va dâu vưa xet để bỏ dâu

a a c
gia tri tuyêt đôi rồi tinh tich phân.

Cach 2:
Tim nghiêm cua f(x) = 0, gia sư có nghiêm c   a; b 
b c b c b
Dung công thưc:  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x dx

a a c a c

2 2
a)  x  2 dx b) x
2
 x dx
0 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
2 3
c/  x 2  2 x  3dx d)  x 2  1 dx
0 3
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5 3
x
e)  ( x  2  x  2 )dx f) 2  4 dx
2 0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
MỘT SÔ TICH PHÂN ĐĂC BIÊT

Daïng 1. Tích phaân cuûa haøm soá chaün, haøm soá leû
a
 Neáu haøm soá f(x) lieân tuïc vaø laø haøm soá leû treân [-a; a] thì  f ( x )dx  0
a
a a
 Neáu haøm soá f(x) lieân tuïc vaø laø haøm soá chaün treân [-a; a] thì  f ( x )dx  2  f ( x )dx
a 0
Vì caùc tính chaát naøy khoâng coù trong phaàn lyù thuyeát cuûa SGK neân khi tính caùc tích phaân coù
daïng naøy ta coù theå chöùng minh nhö sau:
a 0 a  0 a 
Böôùc 1: Phaân tích I   f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx  J   f ( x )dx; K   f ( x )dx 
 
a a 0  a 0 
0
Böôùc 2: Tính tích phaân J   f ( x )dx baèng phöông phaùp ñoåi bieán. Ñaët t = – x.
a
– Neáu f(x) laø haøm soá leû thì J = –K  I = J + K = 0
– Neáu f(x) laø haøm soá chaün thì J = K  I = J + K = 2K
Daïng 2. Neáu f(x) lieân tuïc vaø laø haøm chaün treân R thì:
 
f ( x)
 x dx   f ( x)dx (vôùi   R+ vaø a > 0)
 a  1 0
Ñeå chöùng minh tính chaát naøy, ta cuõng laøm töông töï nhö treân.
 0  
f ( x) f ( x) f ( x) 0
f ( x) 
f ( x) 
I  dx   dx   dx J   dx; K   dx 
ax  1 x x  x x 
  a  1 0 a 1   a  1 0 a 1 
Ñeå tính J ta cuõng ñaët: t = –x.

 
  2 2
Daïng 3. Neáu f(x) lieân tuïc treân  0;  thì  f (sin x )dx   f (cos x )dx
 2 0 0

Ñeå chöùng minh tính chaát naøy ta ñaët: t
x
2
Daïng 4. Neáu f(x) lieân tuïc vaø f (a  b  x )  f ( x ) hoaëc f (a  b  x )   f ( x )
thì ñaët: t = a + b – x
Ñaëc bieät, neáu a + b =  thì ñaët t=–x
neáu a + b = 2 thì ñaët t = 2 – x
Daïng 5. Tính tích phaân baèng caùch söû duïng nguyeân haøm phuï
Ñeå xaùc ñònh nguyeân haøm cuûa haøm soá f(x) ta caàn tìm moät haøm g(x) sao cho nguyeân haøm cuûa
caùc haøm soá f(x)  g(x) deã xaùc ñònh hôn so vôùi f(x). Töø ñoù suy ra nguyeân haøm cuûa f(x). Ta thöïc
hieän caùc böôùc nhö sau:
Böôùc 1: Tìm haøm g(x).
Böôùc 2: Xaùc ñònh nguyeân haøm cuûa caùc haøm soá f(x)  g(x), töùc laø:
 F( x )  G( x )  A( x )  C1
 (*)
 F( x )  G( x )  B( x )  C2
1
Böôùc 3: Töø heä (*), ta suy ra F ( x )   A( x )  B( x )   C laø nguyeân haøm cuûa f(x).
2
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BAI 4: ƯNG DUNG CUA TICH PHÂN

I. DIÊN TICH HINH PHĂNG.( y  f ( x ) , y  g( x ) liên tuc trên đoan  a;b  )
1. Diên tích S cua miên giơi han
 y  f(x) b

D1 :  y  0 la S   f ( x ) dx
 x  a; x  b a

2. Diên tích S cua miên giơi han y

 y  f(x) b y = f (x )

D2 :  y  g( x ) la S   f ( x )  g( x ) dx
 x  a; x  b a
 y = g (x )
x
O a
b
 x f( y) b

3. Diên tích S cua miên giơi han D3 :  x  g( y ) la S   f ( y )  g( y ) dy
 y  a; y  b a

II.THÊ TICH KHÔI TRÒN XOAY. ( y  f ( x ) , y  g( x ) liên tuc trên đoan  a;b  )
1.Thể tích cua khôi tròn xoay sinh ra khi quay miên giơi han
 y  f(x) b

D1 :  y  0 quanh Ox môt vong la : V    f 2  x .dx . y
 x  a; x  b a
 y = f (x)
x
a b
O
2. Thể tích cua khôi tròn xoay sinh ra khi quay miên giơi han
 y  f(x) b

D2 :  y  g( x ) quanh Ox môt vong la : V    f 2  x   g 2  x  .dx .
 x  a; x  b a

Lưu y đô thị cua f(x) va g(x) phai năm cung phía vơi trục Ox. Hay f(x).g(x) > 0
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Chu y:
b b
+ Nêu f ( x ) không đôi dâu trên đoan  a;b  thi S   f ( x ) dx   f ( x )dx .
a a
y  f ( x )
 x1 , h( x )  g( x ) có
+ Miên phăng D4 :  y  g  x  trong đó f ( x )  g( x ) có nghiêm
 y  hx

nghiêm x 3 f ( x )  h( x ) có nghiêm x2 ,( Gia sư x1  x2  x3 )
x2 x3
Khi đo diên tích miên D4 la: S  f  x   g  x  dx   h  x   g  x  dx

x1 x2
III. THÊ TICH VÂT THÊ

Goi B la phân vât thể giơi han bơi hai măt phăng vuông góc vơi truc Ox tai cac điểm a va b ,
S  x  la diên tich thiêt diên cua vât thể bi cắt bơi măt phăng vuông góc vơi truc Ox tai điểm x ,
 a  x  b  . Gia sư S  x  la ham sô liên tuc trên  a; b . Khi đó, thể tich cua vât thể B đươc xac
b
đinh V   S  x dx
a
IV. LIÊN QUAN ĐÊN CHUYÊN ĐỘNG
ĐAO HAM NGUYÊN HAM
s'(t)  v(t)  v  t  dt  s  t   C
v'(t)  a(t)  a t  dt  v t   C
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 1: TINH DIÊN TICH HINH PHĂNG

Bai 38: Tinh diên tich hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac đương sau.
a/ y  x 3  x ; y  2x ; x  1, x  1 3 2
b/ y  x  11x  6 ; y  6 x , x  0, x  2
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c/ y = x2 + 2 va y = 3x d/ y = x3 -x va đồ thi ham sô y = x - x 2.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
x2 27
e/ y  x 2 , y  ,y f/ y  2 x 2 , y  x 2  4 x  4, y  8
27 x
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Bai 39: Tinh diên tich hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac đương sau.
2
a/ Diên tich hinh phăng giơi han bơi đồ thi ham sô y= 2
, truc hoanh, đương thăng x =0 va
( x + 1)
đương thăng x=4 la:

8 8 2 4
A. S =- . B. S= . C. S= . D. S= .
5 5 25 25
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
b / Tinh diên tich hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac đương y = x ln x , truc hoanh va đương thăng x =e .
2
+1 e 2 +1 e 2 +1 e 2 +1
A. S = e . B. S= . C. S= . D. S= .
4 6 8 2
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c/ Diên tich hinh phăng giơi han bơi đồ thi ham sô y = ex + x , truc hoanh, truc tung va đương thăng
x =1 la:
1 1
A. S =e+ . B. S =e- . C. S = e + 1. D. S = e - 1.
2 2
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d / Diên tich hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac đương y = ex + x , x - y +1 = 0 va x = ln 5 la:
A. S = 5 + ln 4 . B. S = 5 - ln 4 . C. S = 4 + ln 5 . D. S = 4 - ln 5 .
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
e/ Goi S la diên tich hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac đương y = (e + 1) x va y = (1 + e x ) x . Gia tri S cân
tim la:
A. S = e + 2 . B. S=
e
. C. S=
e -2
. D. S=
e -2
.
2 2 2 4
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f/ Diên tich hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac đương y = e x +1 , truc hoanh va hai đương thăng x = ln 3 ,
x = ln 8 nhân gia tri nao sau đây:

2 3 3 3
A. S = 2 + ln . B. S = 2 + ln . C. S = 3 + ln . D. S = 2 - ln
3 2 2 2
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g/ Diên tich cua hinh phăng giơi han bơi hai đương cong có phương trinh x - y2 = 0 va x + 2 y 2 - 12 = 0
băng:
A. S = 15. B. S = 32 . C. S = 25. D. S = 30.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 2: TINH THÊ TICH VÂT THÊ - KHÔI TRÒN XOAY
A. TINH THÊ TICH VÂT THÊ
Bai 40: (Đê minh hoa lần 3 – Bộ GD & ĐT năm 2017) Tinh thể tich V cua phân vât thể giơi han bơi hai
măt phăng x  1, x  3 , biêt răng khi cắt vât thể bơi măt phăng tuy y vuông góc vơi truc Ox tai điểm có
hoanh đô x 1  x  3 thi đươc thiêt diên la môt hinh chữ nhât có hai canh la 3x va 3x 2  2
Giai:
 Diên tich thiêt diên S  x   3x 3x 2  2
3
124
 Suy ra thể tich vât thể tao thanh la V   3x 3x 2  2dx 
1
3
Bai 41: Tinh thể tich V cua phân vât thể giơi han bơi hai măt phăng x  0, x  3 , biêt răng khi cắt vât thể
bơi măt phăng tuy y vuông góc vơi truc Ox tai điểm có hoanh đô x  0  x  3 thi đươc thiêt diên la
môt hinh chữ nhât có hai canh la x va 2 9  x 2
Giai:
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Bai 42: Tinh thể tich V cua phân vât thể năm giữa hai măt phăng x  0, x  2 , biêt răng khi cắt vât thể
bơi măt phăng tuy y vuông góc vơi truc Ox tai điểm có hoanh đô x  0  x  2 la môt hinh tron có
đương kinh la 5x 2
Giai:
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
B. KHÔI TRÒN XOAY

Câu 1. (ĐÊ MINH HỌA QUÔC GIA NĂM 2017) Viêt công thưc tinh thể tich V cua khôi tron
xoay đươc tao ra khi quay hinh thang cong, giơi han bơi đồ thi ham sô y = f ( x ), truc Ox va hai
đương thăng x = a, x = b (a < b ), xung quanh truc Ox .
b b
A. V = p ò f 2 (x ) dx . B. V = ò f 2 (x ) dx .
a a
b b
C. V = p ò f (x ) dx . D. V = ò f (x ) dx .
a a
Câu 2. Cho hinh phăng trong hinh (phân tô đâm) quay quanh truc hoanh. Thể tich khôi tron xoay
tao thanh đươc tinh theo công thưc nao?
b
A. .
2
V = ò f (x )- g (x ) dx
a
B. V = p ò f 2 (x )- g 2 (x ) dx .
a
C. .
2
V = p ò f (x )- g (x ) dx
a
D. V = p ò f (x )- g (x ) dx .
a
Câu 3. Viêt công thưc tinh thể tich V cua phân vât thể giơi han bơi hai măt phăng vuông góc vơi
truc Ox tai cac điểm x = a, x = b (a < b ), có thiêt diên bi cắt bơi măt phăng vuông góc vơi truc
Ox tai điểm có hoanh đô x (a x b) la S (x ) .
b b
A. V = p ò S (x ) dx . B. V = p ò S (x ) dx .
a a
b b
C. V = ò S (x ) dx . D. V = p 2 ò S (x ) dx .
a a
Câu 4. (ĐÊ MINH HỌA QUÔC GIA NĂM 2017) Viêt Ki hiêu ( H ) la hinh phăng giơi han bơi
đồ thi ham sô y = 2 ( x - 1)e x , truc tung va truc hoanh. Tinh thể tich V cua khôi tron xoay thu
đươc khi quay hinh ( H ) xung quanh truc Ox .
A. V = 4 - 2e . B. V = (4 - 2e ) p. C. V = e 2 - 5. D. V = (e 2 - 5) p.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Câu 5. Thể tich cua phân vât thể giơi han bơi hai măt phăng x =0 va x =3, có thiêt diên bi cắt
bơi măt phăng vuông góc vơi truc Ox tai điểm có hoanh đô x (0 x 3) la môt hinh chữ nhât
có hai kich thươc băng x va 2 9 - x2 , băng:

A. V =3. B. V = 18. C. V = 20. D. V = 22.
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Câu 6. Tinh thể tich vât thể năm giữa hai măt phăng có phương trinh x =0 va x = 2 , biêt răng thiêt
diên cua vât thể bi cắt bơi măt phăng vuông góc vơi truc Ox tai điểm có hoanh đô x Î [0;2 ] la môt
phân tư đương tron ban kinh 2x 2 , ta đươc kêt qua nao sau đây?
16
A. V = 32p. B. V = 64 p. C. V= p. D. V = 8p.
5
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Câu 7. (TRICH ĐÊ THPT QG 2017) Cho hinh phăng D giơi han bơi đương cong

y 2  cos x , truc hoanh va cac đương thăng x  0, x  . Khôi tron xoay tao thanh khi quay D
2
quanh truc hoanh có thể tich V băng bao nhiêu ?
A. V    1 B. V  (  1) C. V  (  1) D. V    1
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Câu 8. Hinh phăng C giơi han bơi cac đương y = x2 +1 , truc tung va tiêp tuyên cua đồ thi ham sô
y = x2 +1 tai điểm (1;2 ) , khi quay quanh truc Ox tao thanh khôi tron xoay có thể tich băng:
4 28 8
A. V= p. B. V= p. C. V= p. D. V = p.
5 15 15
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Câu 9. Khôi tron xoay tao nên khi ta quay quanh truc Ox hinh phăng D giơi han bơi đồ thi
( P ) : y = 2 x - x 2 va truc Ox sẽ có thể tich la:
16p 11p 12 p 4p
A. V= . B. V= . C. V= . D. V= .
15 15 15 15
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Câu 10. (TRICH ĐÊ THPT QG 2017) Cho hinh phăng D giơi han bơi đương cong
y  2  sin x , truc hoanh va cac đương thăng x  0, x   . Khôi tron xoay tao thanh khi quay D
quanh truc hoanh có thể tich V băng bao nhiêu ?

A. V  2(  1) B. V  2 (  1) C. V  2 2 D. V  2
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Câu 11. (TRICH ĐÊ THPT QG 2017) Cho hinh phăng D giơi han bơi đương cong y  e x , truc
hoanh va cac đương thăng x  0, x  1 . Khôi tron xoay tao thanh khi quay D quanh truc hoanh có
thể tich V băng bao nhiêu ?

 e2  (e2  1) e2  1  (e2  1)
A. V  B. V  C. V  D. V 
2 2 2 2
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Câu 12. (TRICH ĐÊ THPT QG 2017) Cho hinh phăng D giơi han bơi đương cong y  x 2  1 ,
truc hoanh va cac đương thăng x  0, x  1. Khôi tron xoay tao thanh khi quay D quanh truc hanh
có thể tich V băng bao nhiêu ?
4 4
A. V  B. V  2 C. V  D. V  2
3 3
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Câu 13. Hinh phăng giơi han bơi đồ thi hai ham sô y = 2x - x 2 va y=x khi quay quanh truc Ox
tao thanh khôi tron xoay có thể tich băng:

p p p
A. V= . B. V= . C. V= . D. V = p.
3 4 5
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Câu 14. Thể tich vât thể tron xoay sinh ra khi hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac parabol y = 4-x2 va
y = 2+ x2 quay quanh truc Ox la kêt qua nao sau đây?
A. V = 10p. B. V = 12p. C. V = 14 p. D. V = 16p.
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Câu 15. Thể tich vât thể tron xoay sinh ra khi hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac đương 4y = x2 , y = x
qua quanh truc hoanh băng bao nhiêu?

124 p 126 p 128p 131p
A. V= . B. V= . C. V= . D. V= .
15 15 15 15
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Câu 16. Cho hinh phăng ( H ) giơi han bơi cac đương y= x , y = -x va x=4. Tinh thể tich cua
khôi tron xoay tao thanh khi quay hinh ( H ) quanh truc hoanh nhân gia tri nao sau đây:
41p 40 p 38p 41p
A. V= . B. V= . C. V= . D. V= .
3 3 3 2
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Câu 17. Thể tich cua khôi tron xoay tao nên khi quay quanh truc Ox hinh phăng giơi han bơi
(C ) : y = ln x , truc Ox va đương thăng x = e la:
A. V = p (e - 2 ). B. V = p (e - 1). C. V = pe . D. V = p (e + 1).
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Câu 18. Thể tich vât thể tron xoay sinh ra khi hinh phăng giơi han bơi cac đương y= x ,
y = -x + 2 , y = 0 quay quanh truc Oy , có gia tri la kêt qua nao sau đây?
1 3 32 11
A. V = p. B. V= p. C. V= p. D. V= p.
3 2 15 6
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 3: TOÁN CHUYÊN ĐỘNG
Ví dụ 1: Môt ôtô đang chay vơi vân tôc 20m / s thi ngươi lai hãm phanh. Sau khi hãm phanh, ôtô
chuyển đông châm dân đêu vơi vân tôc v  t   4t  20 (m / s ) , trong đó t la khoang thơi gian tinh
băng giây kể tư luc bắt đêu hãm phanh. Hỏi tư luc hãm phanh đên khi dưng hăn, ôtô con di chuyển
đươc bao nhiêu met ?
Giai:
 Khi vât dưng lai thi v  0  4t  20  0  t  5  s 

5 5
 Quãng đương: s  t    v  t  dt    4t  20  dt   2t 2  20t  50  50 m
0 0
Ví dụ 2: Môt ôtô đang chay vơi vân tôc 15m / s thi ngươi lai hãm phanh. Sau khi hãm phanh, ôtô
chuyển đông châm dân đêu vơi vân tôc v  t   5t  15 (m / s) , trong đó t la khoang thơi gian tinh
băng giây kể tư luc bắt đêu hãm phanh. Hỏi tư luc hãm phanh đên khi dưng hăn, ôtô con di chuyển
đươc bao nhiêu met ?
Giai:
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Ví dụ 3: Môt chât điểm đang chuyển đông vơi vân tôc v0  16m / s thi tăng tôc vơi gia tôc
 
a  t   t 2  3t m / s 2 . Tinh quãng đương chât điểm đó đi đươc trong khoang thơi gian 4s kể tư luc
bắt đêu tăng tôc.
Giai:
t 3 3t 2
 Ta có :  
v  t    a t  dt   t 2  3t dt 
3

2
C
t 3 3t 2
 Khi đó v0  v  0   C  16  v t     16
3 2
 Quãng đương chât điểm đó đi đươc trong khoang thơi gian 4s kể tư luc bắt đâu tăng tôc la
4 4
 t 3 3t 2   t4 t3  352
s  t    v  t  dt      16  dt     16t  4
0  m
0 0
3 2   12 2  3
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 4: Môt chât điểm đang chuyển đông vơi vân tôc v0  18m / s thi tăng tôc vơi gia tôc
 
a  t   t 2  5t m / s 2 . Tinh quãng đương chât điểm đó đi đươc trong khoang thơi gian 3s kể tư luc
bắt đêu tăng tôc.
Giai:
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Ví dụ 5: Môt vât đang chuyển đông vơi vân tôc 10m / s thi tăng tôc vơi gia tôc
 
a  t   t 2  3t m / s 2 . Tinh quãng đương vât đó đi đươc trong khoang thơi gian 10s kể tư luc bắt
đêu tăng tôc.
Giai:
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
CHƯƠNG IV: SÔ PHƯC

Bai 1: SÔ PHƯC
I. Định nghĩa.
Môi biểu thưc dang a  bi , trong đó a, b  , i 2  1 đươc goi la môt sô phưc
Đôi vơi sô phưc z  a  bi , ta nói a la phần thưc, b la phần ao cua z .
Tâp hơp cac sô phưc ki hiêu la  .
Chu y:
 Môi sô phưc vơi phân ao băng 0 đươc xem như la môt sô thưc: a  a  0i ,như vây ta
có   
 Sô phưc vơi phân thưc băng 0 đươc goi la sô thuần ao ( hoăc sô ao): z  0  bi  bi
 Sô 0  0  0i vưa la sô thưc vưa la sô ao; sô i đươc goi la đơn vị ao.
Ví dụ 1: Tim phân thưc va phân ao cua cac sô phưc sau.
a. z  2  3i b. z  3  2i c. z  ei d. z  
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Ví dụ 2: Xac đinh m để
a/ z   2m 2  m  1   4m 2  1 i la sô thưc.
b/ z   2m 2  m  1   4m 2  1 i la sô thuân ao khac 0.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
II. Hai sô phưc băng nhau.

Cho hai sô phưc z  a  bi, z '  a ' b ' i  a, b, a ', b '  R  .Hai sô phưc la băng nhau nêu phân thưc va
a  a '
phân ao tương ưng cua chung băng nhau: z  z '  a  bi  a ' b ' i   .
b  b '
Ví dụ 3: Tim cac sô thưc x, y để hai sô phưc sau băng nhau.
a/ z1   x  2 y    x  y  i; z2  3  5i
b/ z1   x  y  2    x  y  i; z2   2 x  y    3x  4 y  i
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III. Điểm biểu diên hinh hoc cua sô phưc.
Điểm M (a; b) trong hê truc toa đô Oxy đươc goi la điểm biểu diên sô phưc z  a  bi .
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Chu y:
 Góc toa đô O biểu diên sô 0.
 Cac điểm trên truc hoanh Ox biểu diên cac sô thưc, do đó truc Ox con goi la truc thưc.
 Cac điểm trên truc tung Oy biểu diên cac sô ao, do đó truc Oy con goi la truc ao.
Ví dụ 4: Biểu diên trên măt phăng phưc cac sô phưc sau: z1  2  3i, z2  3i, z3  3 .
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
IV. Môđun cua sô phưc.

Gia sư sô phưc z  a  bi đươc biểu diên bơi M (a; b) trên măt phăng toa đô. Đô dai cua vectơ

OM đươc goi la môđun cua sô phưc z va ki hiêu la | z | .

Vây: | z || OM | hay | z | a 2  b 2 .
Chu y:
 Môđun cua sô phưc z co điểm biểu diên M la đoan OM.
 z 0 z0
Ví dụ 5: Tim môđun cua cac sô phưc sau: z1  3  4i, z2  1  2i, z3  5i .
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Ví dụ 6: Tim môđun cua cac sô phưc sau: z1  1  2i, z2  2  3i, z3  3 .
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V. Sô phưc liên hơp.
Cho sô phưc z  a  bi , a, b   . Sô phưc liên hơp cua z ki hiêu la z va z  a  bi .
Chu y:
 z va z có điểm biểu diên đôi xưng qua truc hoanh.
 z  z
 zz
Ví dụ 7: Tim sô phưc liên hơp cua cac sô phưc sau.
a/ z  2  3i b/ z  5  3i c/ z  3i d/ z  3
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 2: CÁC PHEP TINH TRÊN SÔ PHƯC

I. Phep cộng, trư sô phưc.
Cho hai sô phưc z1  a  bi, z2  c  di  a, b, c, d  R 
Phep công va phep trư hai sô phưc đươc thưc hiên theo quy tắc công, trư hai đa thưc.
Tông quat:
z1  z 2  ( a  bi)  ( c  di)  ( a  c)  ( b  d ) i
z1  z 2  ( a  bi)  ( c  di)  ( a  c)  ( b  d ) i
Ví dụ 1: Cho hai sô phưc z1  2  3i, z2  5  8i . Tinh:
a/ z1  z2 b/ z1  z2
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II. Nhân hai sô phưc.
Phep nhân hai sô phưc đươc thưc hiên theo quy tắc nhân đa thưc rồi thay i 2  1 trong kêt qua
nhân đươc.
Tông quat:
z1 .z 2  (a  bi).(c  di)  (ac  bd )  (ad  bc)i.
Ví dụ 2: Cho hai sô phưc z1  3  2i, z2  5  i . Tinh:
a/ z1.z2 b/ 2 z1  5 z2  3 z1 z2
2 2
c/ z1  3 z 2
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
III. Phep chia sô phưc.

z1 a  bi
Vơi z2  c  di  0 , để tinh thương  , ta nhân ca tư va mâu vơi sô phưc liên hơp cua
z2 c  di
z2
z1 z1 .z2  ac  bd   bc  ad i
Cu thể:   .
z 2 z 2 .z 2 c2 d 2
Ví dụ 3: Cho ba sô phưc z1  1  i, z2  3  2i, z3  2  2i . Tinh:
z1 z2 z3
a/ b/ c/
z2 z3 z1
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IV. Một sô tính chât đăc biêt cua sô phưc.
Cho hai sô phưc z1  a1  b1i; z2  a2  b2i; a1 , b1 , a2 , b2   ta có:
 Tinh chât 1: Sô phưc z la sô thưc  z  z
 Tinh chât 2: Sô phưc z la sô ao  z   z
 Tinh chât 3: z1  z2  z1  z2
 Tinh chât 4: z1.z2  z1.z2
 z1  z1
 Tinh chât 5:    ; z2  0
 z2  z2
 Tinh chât 6: | z1.z2 || z1 | . | z2 |
z1 | z1 |
 Tinh chât 7:  ; z2  0
z2 | z2 |
 Tinh chât 8: | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |
 Tinh chât 9: Nêu z1 có điểm biểu diên la M 1 , z2 có điểm biểu diên la M 2 , thi
z1  z2  M1M 2 .
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
V. Tâp hơp điểm biểu diên cua sô phưc z thỏa điêu kiên K
Goi M ( x; y) la điểm biểu diên cua sô phưc z  x  yi . Khi đó tư đêu kiên K , ta biên đôi vê cac dang
phương trinh thương găp sau:
ax  by  c  0 Phương trình đường thẳng.
Phương trình đư ờ ng tròn tâm I (a; b) , bán kính
( x  a)2  ( y  b)2  R2
R.
y  ax 2  bx  c (a  0) Phương trình đường Parabol.
ax  b
y Phương trình đường Hyperbol.
cx  d
2 2
x y
2
 2  1, (a  b  0) Phương trình đường Elip.
a b
Ví dụ 4: Tim sô phưc z biêt.

a/ iz  2  1  0 b/ 1  2i  z  3  2i  4  i
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z
c/ 1  3i  z   2  i    2  i  z d/   2  3i   5  2i
4  3i
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 5: Tim sô phưc z, biêt:

b/  2  3i  z  5i  z  1  2i 
2
a/ z  2 z  2  4i
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
5 z i   2i
c/    
z  z 1  i   z  z  2  3i   4  i d/
z 1
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 6: Tim sô phưc z, biêt:

a/ z 2  z  0 b/ z  1  3i  z i  0
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25 10
c/ z   8  6i c/ 1  2i  z  2i
z z
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
 z 1
 1
 z i
Ví dụ 7: Tim sô phưc z, biêt: 
 z  3i
3
 zi
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 8: Tim tâp hơp điểm biểu diên cua cac sô phưc thỏa:
a/ z  i  1 b/ z  1  i  1
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c/  3  4i  z  1  7i  25 d/ z  3  2 z  3i
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 9: Tim tâp hơp điểm biểu diên cua sô phưc z thỏa:

a/ z  1  z  i b/ z  z  3  4i
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z i
c/ 1 d/ z  2  i  z  4  7i  6 2
z i
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 10: Tim tâp hơp điểm biểu diên cua sô phưc z biêt.
1 z i
a/ la sô ao. b/ la sô thưc dương.
z i z i
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Ví dụ 11: Cho sô phưc z thỏa z  1  i  3 , tim tâp hơp điểm biểu diên cua sô
phưc w   3  4i  z  2  i .
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BAI 3: PHƯƠNG TRINH BÂC HAI

I. Căn bâc hai cua sô phưc.
 Cho sô phưc z, môi sô phưc w thỏa mãn w2  z đươc goi la căn bâc hai cua z.
 Cach tim căn bâc hai cua sô phưc z.
Cho sô phưc z  a  bi, a, b   . Tim căn bâc hai cua z
 Nêu z  0 thi z có môt căn bâc hai la: 0
 Nêu z  a  0 thi z có hai căn bâc hai la:  a
 Nêu z  a  0 thi z có hai căn bâc hai la: i a
 Nêu z  a  bi, b  0
 Goi w  x  yi  x, y   la căn bâc hai cua z .
2  x2  y 2  a
 Khi đó ta có: w  a  bi  
2 xy  b
 Giai hê tim x, y. Tư đó kêt luân sô căn bâc hai cua z
Chu y: Môi môt sô phưc khac 0 luôn có hai căn bâc hai la hai sô đôi nhau.
Ví dụ 1: Tim căn bâc hai cua cac sô phưc sau: 4; -9 ; -5 + 12i.
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II. Phương trinh bâc hai.
Xet phương trinh bâc hai: az 2  bz  c  0 (a  0) (a, b, c la cac sô thưc)
Tinh   b 2 4ac
b  
 Nêu   0 thi phương trinh có 2 nghiêm thưc phân biêt z 
2a
b
 Nêu   0 thi phương trinh có nghiêm kep thưc z 
2a
 Nêu   0    i 2 (  ) thi phương trinh có 2 nghiêm phưc phân biêt
b  i 
z
2a
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 2: Giai cac phương trinh sau trên tâp hơp sô phưc.

a/ z 2  2 z  5  0 b/ 3z 2  2 z  1  0
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Ví dụ 3: Giai cac phương trinh sau trên tâp hơp sô phưc.
a/ z 4  z 2  6  0 b/ z 4  7 z 2  10  0
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c/ z 3  8  0 d/ z 3  8  0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 4: Giai cac phương trinh sau.

a/ ( z 2  i)( z 2  2iz  1)  0 b/ z 2  (1  3i) z  2(1  i)  0
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Ví dụ 5: Giai cac phương trinh sau:
a/ z 4  z 3  6 z 2  8 z  16  0 b/ ( z  3)2 .( z  3)2  4 z 2  0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
III. Định ly Viet

Cho phương trinh bâc hai ax 2  bx  c  0  a  0  có hai nghiêm x1; x2 . Khi đó ta có hê thưc Viet
 b
 S  x1  x2  a

P  x x  c
 1 2
a
Ví dụ 6: Tim cac sô thưc a, b sao cho phương trinh z 2  az  b  0 có môt nghiêm z  1  i .
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Ví dụ 7: Tim cac sô thưc a, b, c sao cho phương trinh z 3  az 2  bz  c  0 có nghiêm la 1 va
2i .
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
MỘT SÔ BAI TÂP VÂN DUNG CAO

Bai 1: Trong cac sô phưc z thoa mãn điêu kiên z  1  5i  z  3  i , tim sô phưc có môđun nhỏ
nhât
Lơi giai:
Goi z  x  yi  x; y  R 
z  1  5i  z  3  i  ( x  1)2  ( y  5)2  ( x  3)2  ( y  1)2
 x  3y  4  0  x  4  3y
2
2 2 2 2 2  6  8 2 10
z  x  y  (4  3 y )  y  10 y  24 y  16  10  y    
 5 5 5
6 2
Đăng thưc xay ra khi y   x 
5 5
2 10 2 6
Vây z đat gia tri nhỏ nhât băng khi z   i
5 5 5
2 6
Vây z   i la sô phưc cân tim.
5 5
Bai 2: Trong cac sô phưc z thoa mãn z  3  4i  4 . Tim gia tri lơn nhât, gia tri nhỏ nhât cua z
Goi z  x  yi  x; y  R   M ( x; y) biểu diên cho sô phưc z trong hê toa đô Oxy
z  3  4i  4  ( x  3) 2  ( y  4) 2  4  ( x  3) 2  ( y  4) 2  16
Vây điểm M biểu diên cho sô phưc z thuôc đương tron (T) có tâm I (3; 4) , ban kinh R = 4.
z  x 2  y 2  OM ; OI  5
Max z  OI  R  5  4  9 ; min z  OI  R  5  4  1
Tim z : Đương thăng OI cắt đương tron (T) tai hai điểm phân biêt
 3 4   27 36 
A  ;   ; B  ;    OA  1; OB  9
5 5  5 5 
3 4 27 36
Vây z nhỏ nhât băng 1 khi z   i ; z lơn nhât băng 9 khi z   i
5 5 5 5
Bai 3: Trong cac sô phưc z thoa mãn điêu kiên z ( z  2  4i) la môt sô ao, tim sô phưc z sao
cho   z  1  i có môđun lơn nhât
Lời giai:
Goi z  x  yi  x; y  R   M ( x; y ) biểu diên cho sô phưc z trong hê toa đô Oxy
z ( z  2  4i)  ( x  yi)  ( x  2)  ( y  4)i   x( x  2)  y ( y  4)   x( y  4)  y ( x  2) i
z ( z  2  4i) la môt sô ao
 x( x  2)  y ( y  4)  0  x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  0  ( x  1) 2  ( y  2) 2  5
 M biểu diên cho z thuôc đương tron (T) có tâm I (1;2) , ban kinh R  5
  z  1  i  ( x  1)  ( y  1)i  ( x  1) 2  ( y  1) 2  AM vơi A(1;1)
IA  5  A  (T )
Vi M la điểm di đông trên (T) nên AM lơn nhât  AM la đương kinh cua (T)
 M đôi xưng vơi A qua I  I la trung diểm cua AM  M (3;3)  z  3  3i    4  2i
Vây  lơn nhât băng 2 5 khi z  3  3i
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 4: Goi C  la tâp hơp cac điểm trên măt phăng biểu diên sô phưc z  x  1  yi , ( x, y  )
thỏa mãn z  1 va N la điểm biểu diên sô phưc z 0  1  i . Tim điểm M thuôc C 
sao cho MN có đô dai lơn nhât.
1 3
A. M 1;1 . B. M  ;  . C M 1;0 . D. M 0;0 .
2 2 
Hương dân giai
Chon A.
Ta có: M  x; y  năm trên đương tron  C  :  x  1  y  1 . Tâm I 1; 0 
2 2
Do N 1; 1   C  nên MN có đô dai lơn nhât khi MN la đương kinh, hay I 1;0 la
trung điểm cua MN . Vây M 1;1
Bai 5: Cho hai sô phưc z1 ; z2 thỏa mãn z1  5  5; z2  1  3i  z2  3  6i . Tim gia tri nhỏ nhât
cua z1  z2 .
5 121 25 49
A. B. C. D.
2 6 6 6
Lời giai
Chon A
Goi z1  a1  b1i, z2  a2  b2i (a1 , b1 , a2 , b2  ) .
Khi đó z1  5  5   a1  5  b12  25 .
2
Tâp hơp điểm biểu diên z1 la đương tron tâm I  5; 0  ; R  5
Cung theo gia thiêt, ta có:
z2  1  3i  z2  3  6i   a2  1   b2  3   a2  3   b2  6 
2 2 2 2
 8a2  6b2  35  0.
Tâp hơp điểm biểu diên z2 la đương thăng  : 8 x  6 y  35  0

5.8  35
15
d ( I , )   d  I ,   R
82  62 2
5
 min z1  z2  d  I ,    R  .
2
Bai 6: Cho hai sô phưc z1 , z2 thỏa mãn z1  1  i  2 va z2  iz1 . Tim gia tri nhỏ nhât m cua
biểu thưc z1  z2 ?
A. m  2  1. B. m  2 2. C. m  2. D. m  2 2  2.
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Lời giai
Chon D.
Do z1  1  i  2 nên điểm biểu diên M 1 cua z1 thuôc đương tron tâm I  1;1 ban kinh R  2 .
Do z2  iz1 nên điểm M 2 (điểm biểu diên cua z2 ) la anh cua M 1 qua phep quay tâm O , góc
quay 900 . Suy ra z1  z2  M 1 M 2  2OM 1 ngắn nhât khi OM 1 ngắn nhât.
Ta có: min OM1  R  OI  2  2 .
Vây: m  2  2  2   2 2  2 .
Đê xuât
Do z1  1  i  2 nên điểm biểu diên M 1 cua z1 thuôc đương tron tâm I  1;1 ban kinh R  2 .
z1  z2  z1  iz1  1 i  z1  2 z1  2OM  2 R  OI   2 2  2  2 2  2 .  

BaI 7: (ĐÊ THI THPT QUÔC GIA NĂM 2019): Xet cac sô phưc z thỏa mãn z  2 . Trên măt
4  iz
phăng toa đô Oxy , tâp hơp điểm biểu diên cua cac sô phưc w  la môt đương tron
1 z
có ban kinh băng
A. 34. B. 26. C. 34. D. 26.
Lời giai
Chon A
4  iz
Ta có w   w(1  z )  4  iz  z  w  i   4  w  2 w  i  4  w
1 z
Đăt w  x  yi  x, y   
2. x 2   y  1   x  4  y 2  2  x 2  y 2  2 y  1  x 2  8 x  16  y 2
2 2
Ta có
 x 2  y 2  8 x  4 y  14  0   x  4    y  2   34
2 2
Vây tâp hơp điểm biêu diên cua cac sô phưc w la đương tron có ban kinh băng 34
BaI 8: Cho z1 , z2 la hai sô phưc thỏa mãn phương trinh 2 z  i  2  iz , biêt z1  z2  1 Tinh gia
tri cua biểu thưc: P  z1  z2 .
3 2
A. P  . B. P  2 . C. P  . D. P  3 .
2 2
Lời giai
Chon D.
2 2
HD: Cach 1. Ta có: 2 z  i  2  iz  2 z  i  2  iz  (2 z  i )(2 z  i )  (2  iz )(2  i z )
 4 z.z  2iz  2iz  i 2  4  2iz  2iz  i 2 z.z  3z.z  3

TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
2
 z.z  1  z  1  z  1  z1  1 va z2  1
2
Chu y: a.a  a 2  2 z  i  (2 z  i )(2 z  i )  (2 z  i )(2 z  i ) y M
Tâp hơp điểm biểu diên sô phưc z1 , z2 la đương tron tâm O M2

ban kinh R  1 .
Goi M1 ( z1 ), M 2 ( z2 )  OM1  OM 2  1 M1
   O x
Ta có: z1  z2  OM 1  OM 2  M 2 M 1  1 OM 1M 2 đêu
  
Ma z1  z2  OM 1  OM 2  OM  OM vơi M la điểm thỏa
mãn OM 1MM 2 la hinh thoi canh 1  OM  3  P  3 .
Cach 2. Đăt z  x  yi,  x, y    , ta có 2 z  i  2 x  (2 y  1)i va 2  iz  2  y  xi .
 z1  1
Khi đó: 2 z  i  2  iz  4 x 2  (2 y  1) 2  ( y  2) 2  x 2  x 2  y 2  1  z  1  
 z2  1
2
Sư dung công thưc z1  z2  z1  z2  2 z1  z2
2
 2 2
 z z
1 2
2
 3  z1  z2  3 . Chon
Bai 9: Goi T la tông phân thưc va phân ao cua sô phưc w  i  2i  3i  ....  2018i . Tinh gia
2 3 2018
tri cua T ?
A. 0 . B. 1 . C. 2 . D.  2 .
Đăt f  x   1  x  x 2  x 3  ....  x 2017  x 2018
f   x   1  2 x  3 x 2  ...  2017 x 2016  2018 x 2018
xf   x   x  2 x 2  3 x 3  ...  2017 x 2017  2018 x 2018 1
Măt khac:
x 2019  1
f  x   1  x  x  x  ....  x
2 3 2017
x 2018

x 1
f  x 

2019 x 2018  x 1   x 2019 1  Thay x  i vao 1 va  2  ta đươc:
 x  1
2
2019 x 2018  x 1    x 2019 1 

 xf   x   x. 2 
 x  1
2
2019i 2018  i  1   i 2019  1 

w  i.
 i  1
2
2019i  2019  i  1
i  1010  1009i.
2i
Suy ra tông phân thưc va phân ao cua sô phưc w băng 1 .
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BAI 1: HÊ TỌA ĐỘ TRONG KHÔNG GIAN.

A. LY THUYÊT.
I. HÊ TỌA ĐỘ Oxyz.
 Điểm O la gôc toa đô.

 Truc xOx’ la truc hoanh; Truc yOy’ la truc tung; Truc zOz’ goi la truc cao.
 Cac măt phăng chưa hai truc toa đô goi la măt phăng
 
toa đô, bao gồm: (Oxy); (Oxz); (Oyz).
 Vecto đơn vi cua cac truc Ox, Oy, Oz lân lươt la i, j , k .
 Cac vecto đơn vi đôi môt vuông góc vơi nhau va có đô dai băng 1.
2  2  2    
Tưc la: i  j  k  1 va i. j  i.k  k. j  0 .
II. TỌA ĐỘ CUA ĐIÊM.  
Trong không gian cho môt điểm M tuy y. Vi ba vecto i, j , k không đồng phăng nên có môt bô
   
sô duy nhât  xM ; yM ; z M  sao cho: OM  xM .i  yM . j  zM .k . Khi đó ta goi bô ba sô  xM ; yM ; z M 
la toa đô điểm M va ki hiêu la: M  xM ; yM ; z M 
Vi
du: Xac đinh toa đô điểm M biêt:
   
a/ OM  2i  3 j  k :…………………………………………………………………………………….

.  
b/ OM  5i  3k :………………………………………………………………………………………
.
CHU Y:
 Điểm O  0;0;0  .
 Điểm M  Ox  M  x;0;0  ; M  Oy  M  0; y;0  ; M  Oz  M  0;0; z 
 Điểm M   Oxy   M  x; y;0  ; M   Oxz   M  x;0; z  ; M   Oyz   M  0; y; z 
 Cho điểm M  x; y; z 
o Tim hinh chiêu cua điểm M lên cac truc toa đô hoăc cac măt phăng toa đô.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
o Tim điểm đôi xưng cua M qua cac truc toa đô hoăc cac măt phăng toa đô
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
o Tim khoang cach tư M đên cac tru toa đô hoăc cac măt phăng toa đô
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
I. TỌA ĐỘ CUA VECTO.


Trong không gian vơi hê toa đô Oxyz cho vecto a khi đó tôn tai duy nhât bô ba sô  a1; a2 ; a3 
    
sao cho : a  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k . Ta goi bô ba sô  a1; a2 ; a3  la toa đô cua vecto a , ki hiêu:

a   a1 ; a2 ; a3 
Vi du:
  
a/ a  2i  j :……………………………………………………………………………………………
   
 
b/ b  3i  2 3 j  5k :………………………………………………………………………………
CHU Y: 
 Trong hê toa đô Oxyz toa

đô cua điểm M cung chinh la toa đô cua vecto OM .
 Vecto không, ki hiêu: 0   0;0;0 
  
 i  1;0;0  ; j   0;1;0 ; k  0;0;1 
 Vơi hai điểm A  xA ; y A ; z A  , B  xB ; y B ; zB  bât ki, khi đó:
 
AB   x B  x A ; y B  y A ; z B  z A  ; AB  AB   x B  x A    y B  y A   z B  z A 
2 2 2
IV. MỘT SÔ CÔNG THƯC QUAN TRỌNG. 

Trong không gian Oxyz cho a  (a1; a2 ; a3 ), b  (b1; b2 ; b3 ), k  R
 
1. a  b  (a1  b1; a2  b2 ; a3  b3 )

2. ka  (ka1; ka2 ; ka3 )

3. Đô dai vecto: a  a12  a22  a32
   a1  b1

4. Hai vecto băng nhau: a  b  a2  b2
a  b
 3 3
     
5. Tich vô hương giữa hai vecto: a.b  a1.b1  a2 .b2  a3.b3 hoăc a.b  a . b .c os a; b  

  a.b a1b1  a2 b2  a3b3
6. Góc tao bơi hai vecto: cos(a, b )    
a.b a12  a22  a32 . b12  b22  b32
7.
 Hai
 vecto
  vuông góc vơi nhau khi va chi khi tich vô hương cua chung băng 0:
a  b  a.b  0  a1b1  a2 b2  a3b3  0
   
 
8. Hai vecto a; b a, b  0 cung phương
   a1  kb1
 a1 a2 a3
 a  kb (k  R)  a2  kb2    , (b1 , b2 , b3  0)
 a  kb b1 b2 b3
 3 3

 x B  x A    y B  y A   z B  z A 
2 2 2
9. đô dai đoan thăng AB: AB  AB 
 x A  x B y A  yB zA  zB 
10. Trung điểm I cua đoan thăng AB: I  ; ; 
 2 2 2 
 x x x y y y z z z 
11. Trong tâm G cua tam giac ABC: G  A B C ; A B C ; A B C 
 3 3 3 
 x  kxB yA  kyB zA  kzB 
12. Toa đô điểm M chia đoan thăng AB theo ti sô k  k  1 M  A ; ; 
 1 k 1 k 1 k 
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
B. BAI TÂP
  
Bai 1 : Trong không gian Oxyz cho ba vecto a   2; 5; 3 , b   0; 2; 1 , c  1; 7; 2  . Tim toa đô
  1        2
cac vecto sau:a) u  4a  b  3c b) u  a  4b  2c c) u  4b  c
2 3
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          
 
Bai 2: Trong không gian Oxyz, cho ba vecto: u  i  2 j ; v  3i  5 j  k ; w  2i  k  3 j .
  
a/ Tim toa đô cac vecto u, v, w .
     
b/ Tinh cac tich vô hương: u.v; u.w; w.v
     
 
c/ Tinh góc tao bơi cac căp vecto: u , v ; u , w ; v, w .  
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

Bai 3: Trong không gian vơi hê toa đô Oxyz, tim toa đô cua vecto x . Biêt răng:
       
a) a  x  0 ; a  1; 2;1 b) a  x  4a ; a   0; 2;1
    
c) a  2 x  b ; a   5; 4; 1 , b   2; 5; 3
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-------- 

Bai 4: Trong không gian Oxyz, cho vecto a  (1; 3; 4) . Tim y va z đê a cung phương vơi

b   2; y; z 
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 5: Trong không gian Oxyz, cho ba điểm A 1; 2;3 , B 1; 2; 3 , C  7; 4; 2  .
a/ Tim hinh chiêu cua điểm A lên cac măt toa đô va truc toa đô.
b/ Tim điểm đôi xưng cua điểm B qua cac truc toa đô va măt toa đô.
c/ Tim khoang cach cua điểm C đên cac truc toa đô va măt toa đô.
    
d/ Tinh AB, 2 AC  3k , 3BC  2 AC .
e/ Tim điểm M  m;1;5 sao cho MA  5 .
 
f/ Tim điểm E sao cho CE  2 EB .
   
g/ Tim điểm N sao cho: NA  3NB  2OC  0 .
h/ Tim điểm D sao cho ABCD la hinh binh hanh.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 6: Trong không gian Oxyz, cho ba điểm A 1; 2;3 , B  0;3;1 , C  4; 3; 2 
a/ Chưng minh ba điểm A, B, C không thăng hang.
b/ Tim toa đô trung điểm I cua BC, trong tâm G cua tam giac ABC.
c/ Tim điểm D sao cho ADBC la hinh binh hanh, tim tâm H cua hinh hanh đó.
d/ Tim toa đô A’ la điểm đôi xưng cua A qua B.
e/ Tim toa đô điểm E sao cho C la trung điểm cua AE.
f/ Tim toa đô điểm K thuôc mp (Oxy) sao cho A, B, K thăng hang.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
V. TICH CO HƯƠNG CUA HAI VECTO

 
1. Định nghĩa. Trong không gian Oxyz cho hai vecto a  (a1; a2 ; a3 ), b  (b1; b2 ; b3 ) .
   
Tich có hương cua hai vecto a va b la môt vecto ki hiêu la  a, b 
  a a a a a a 
Đươc tinh theo công thưc:  a, b    2 3 ; 3 1 ; 1 2 
 b2 b3 b3 b1 b1 b2 
2. Tính chât.
    
 a va b cung phương   a, b   0 .
     
  a , b   a;  a , b   b .
   
   
  a , b     b, a 
   
     
 [a, b]  a . b .sin  a, b 
3. Ưng dụng.
     
 Ba vecto a, b, c đồng phăng   a, b  .c  0 .
  
 Bôn điểm A, B, C, D tao thanh tư diên   AB, AC  . AD  0 .
 
 Diên tich hinh binh hanh ABCD: S ABCD   AB , AD 
1    
 Diên tich tam giac ABC: S ABC   AB , AC 
2
  
 Thể tich hinh hôp ABCD.A’B’C’D: VABCD. A ' B ' C ' D '  [ AB, AD]. AA '
1   

 Thể tich khôi tư diên ABCD: VABCD  [ AB , AC ].AD
6
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai7: Tinh tich có hương cua hai vecto


sau:   
a/ a  1; 2; 3  , b  0;1; 2  b/ a   1; 2;1 , b   2; 1; 2  c/ a  1;0; 3  , b  0;1; 2 
  
Bai 8: Tinh  a, b  .c , biêt:
     
a/ a  1;1; 3  , b   0;1; 5  , c  1;1; 3  b/ a   1;1;0  , b   2;1;3  , c  2;0; 3 
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Bai 9: Cho 4 điểm A 1;1;1 , B  1;1;0  , C  3;1; 1 , D  2; 2;3 .

a/ Chưng minh ABCD la môt tư diên, rồi tinh thể tich cua tư diên ABCD, đương cao ha tư A
cua tư diên ABCD.
b/ Tinh diên tich tam giac BCD va đương cao ha tư B cua tam giac BCD.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
CÁC ĐIÊM ĐĂC BIÊT TRONG TAM GIÁC.

  
1/Ba điểm A, B, C tao thanh môt tam giac   AB, AC   0
 
 AH  BC
2/ H la chân đương cao ha tư A cua ABC    
 BC  k BH
 
 AH  BC
  
3/ H la trưc tâm cua ABC  BH  AC
   
  AB, AC  . AH  0
 
 IA  IB
  

4/ I la tâm đuơng tron ngoai tiêp cua ABC   IA  IC
   
  AB, AC  . AI  0

 AB 
5/ E la chân đương phân giac trong cua ABC  EB   .EC .
AC
 AB 
6/ F la chân đương phân giac ngoai cua ABC  FB  .FC .
AC
Bai 10: Trong không gian Oxyz cho ba điểm A 1; 2; 1 , B  2;1;1 , C  0;1; 2 
a/ Chưng minh ba điểm A, B, C tao thanh môt tam giac. Tinh diên tich tam giac đó.
b/ Tim toa đô điểm H la trưc tâm cua tam giac ABC.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BAI 2: PHƯƠNG TRINH MĂT CẦU
A. LY THUYÊT
I. PHƯƠNG TRINH MĂT CẦU
 Trong không gian vơi hê truc toa đô Oxyz, phương trinh măt câu có tâm I  a; b; c  va ban
kinh R la:
x  a   y  b   z  c  R
2 2 2 2
 Phương trinh dang: x 2  y 2  z 2  2ax  2by  2cz  d  0

vơi điêu kiên: a 2  b 2  c 2  d  0 la phương trinh măt câu vơi tâm I  a; b; c  va ban kinh
R  a 2  b2  c 2  d .
Ví dụ 1: Xac đinh tâm va ban kinh cua cac măt câu sau.
2 2
a)  x  2    y  3  z2  9 b) x 2  y 2  z2  4x  8y  2z  4  0
c) x 2  y 2  z2  2x  4y  4z  0 d) x 2  y 2  z2  6x  4y  2z  86  0
e) x 2  y 2  z2  12x  4y  6z  24  0 f) x 2  y 2  z2  6x  12y  12z  72  0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Ví dụ 2: Xac đinh tât ca cac gia tri cua m để phương trinh sau la phương trinh cua măt câu:
a) x 2  y 2  z2  2(m  2)x  4my  2mz  5m 2  9  0
b) x 2  y 2  z2  2(3  m )x  2(m  1)y  2mz  2m 2  7  0
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II. CÁC DANG PHƯƠNG TRINH MĂT CẦU THƯƠNG GĂP.
Ñeå vieát phöông trình maët caàu (S), ta caàn xaùc ñònh taâm I vaø baùn kính R cuûa maët caàu.
Daïng 1: (S) coù taâm I(a; b; c) vaø baùn kính R:
(S): ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  ( z  c) 2  R 2
Daïng 2: (S) coù taâm I(a; b; c) vaø ñi qua ñieåm A: Khi ñoù baùn kính R = IA.
Daïng 3: (S) nhaän ñoaïn thaúng AB cho tröôùc laøm ñöôøng kính:
x A  xB y  yB z z
– Taâm I laø trung ñieåm cuûa ñoaïn thaúng AB: x I  ; yI  A ; zI  A B .
2 2 2
AB
– Baùn kính R = IA = .
2
Daïng 4: (S) ñi qua boán ñieåm A, B, C, D (maët caàu ngoaïi tieáp töù dieän ABCD):
– Giaû söû phöông trình maët caàu (S) coù daïng: x 2  y 2  z2  2ax  2by  2cz  d  0 (*).
– Thay laàn löôït toaï ñoä cuûa caùc ñieåm A, B, C, D vaøo (*), ta ñöôïc 4 phöông trình.
– Giaûi heä phöông trình ñoù, ta tìm ñöôïc a, b, c, d Phöông trình maët caàu (S).
Daïng 5: (S) ñi qua ba ñieåm A, B, C vaø coù taâm I naèm treân maët phaúng (P) cho tröôùc:
Giaûi töông töï nhö daïng 4.
Daïng 6: (S) coù taâm I vaø tieáp xuùc vôùi maët caàu (T) cho tröôùc:
– Xaùc ñònh taâm J vaø baùn kính R cuûa maët caàu (T).
– Söû duïng ñieàu kieän tieáp xuùc cuûa hai maët caàu ñeå tính baùn kính R cuûa maët caàu (S).
(Xeùt hai tröôøng hôïp tieáp xuùc trong vaø tieáp xuùc ngoaøi)
 I1I 2  R1  R2  I1I 2  R1  R2 ) tieáp xuùc ngoaøi
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
B. BAI TÂP
Bai 11: Viêt phương trinh măt câu (S) trong cac trương hơp sau:
a/ Có tâm I (1; 3; 5), va ban kinh R  3.
b/ Có tâm I (2; 4; 1) va đi qua điểm A(5; 2; 3).
c/ Có đương kinh AB vơi: A(2; 4; 1), B(5; 2; 3).
d/ Ngoai tiêp tư diên ABCD vơi: A(5; 7; 2), B(3;1; 1), C (9; 4; 4), D(1; 5; 0).
e/ Đi qua ba điểm A(1; 2; 0), B(1;1; 3), C (2; 0; 1) va có tâm I năm trên măt phăng (Oxz).
f/ Tâm I thuôc truc Oz va đi qua hai điểm A(3; 1; 2), B(1;1; 2).
g/ Có tâm I va tiêp xuc vơi măt câu (T)
 I (5;1;1)  I (3; 2; 2)
i)  2 2 2 ii)  2 2 2
(T ) : x  y  z  2 x  4 y  6z  5  0 (T ) : x  y  z  2 x  4 y  8z  5  0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BAI 3: PHƯƠNG TRINH MĂT PHĂNG

A. LY THUYÊT
I. VECTO PHÁP TUYÊN CUA MĂT PHĂNG.  
 Cho măt phăng   . Nêu vecto n  0 va có gia vuông góc vơi măt phăng   thi n đươc
goi la vecto phap tuyên (VTPT) cua   .
 Chu y:
o Môt măt

phăng thi có vô sô vecto phap tuyên.
o Nêu n la môt VTPT cua   thi k.n cung la môt VTPT cua   .
 
o Cho hai vecto không cung phương a va b có gia song song hoăc năm trong mp  
    
Khi đó: a va b la môt căp vecto chi phương (VTCP) cua   va n   a, b  la môt VTPT
cua  
II. PHƯƠNG TRINH MĂT PHĂNG.
o Trong không gian vơi hê truc toa đô Oxyz, cho mp   đi qua điểm M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  va có

VTPT la n   A; B; C  , khi đó mp   có phương trinh:
A  x  x0   B  y  y0   C  z  z0   0
o Phương trinh dang: Ax  By  Cz  D  0 A 2
 B 2  C 2  0  đươc goi la phương trinh tông

quat cua măt phăng vơi VTPT n   A; B; C  .
o Phương trinh đoan chắn: Nêu mp() cắt cac truc toa đô lân lươt tai cac điểm
x y z
A(a; 0; 0),B (0; b; 0),C (0; 0; c) thi phương trinh cua mp() la:   1
a b c
o Cac trương hơp đăc biêt.
Caùc heä soá Phöông trình maët phaúng () Tính chaát maët phaúng ()
D=0 Ax  By  Cz  0 () ñi qua goác toaï ñoä O
A=0 By  Cz  D  0 () // Ox hoaëc ()  Ox
B=0 Ax  Cz  D  0 () // Oy hoaëc ()  Oy
C=0 Ax  By  D  0 () // Oz hoaëc ()  Oz
A=B=0 Cz  D  0 () // (Oxy) hoaëc ()  (Oxy)
A=C=0 By  D  0 () // (Oxz) hoaëc ()  (Oxz)
B=C=0 Ax  D  0 () // (Oyz) hoaëc ()  (Oyz)
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
III. VI TRI TƯƠNG ĐÔI CUA HAI MĂT PHĂNG.
Cho hai maët phaúng (), () coù phöông trình: (): A1 x  B1y  C1z  D1  0
(): A2 x  B2 y  C2 z  D2  0
 (), () caét nhau  A1 : B1 : C1  A2 : B2 : C2
A1 B1 C1 D1
 () // ()    
A2 B2 C2 D2
A1 B1 C1 D1
 ()  ()    
A2 B2 C2 D2
 ()  ()  A1 A2  B1B2  C1C2  0
IV. KHOANG CÁCH TỪ ĐIÊM ĐÊN MĂT PHĂNG.
 Khoang cach tư điểm M0(x0; y0; z0) đên măt phăng (): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
A x 0  B y 0  C z0  D
d  M 0 , ( )  
A2  B2  C 2
 Khoang cach giữa hai măt phăng song song băng khoang cach tư môt điểm bât ki trên măt
phăng nay đên măt phăng kia.
V. GOC TAO BƠI HAI MĂT PHĂNG.
Cho hai maët phaúng (), () coù phöông trình: (): A1x  B1y  C1z  D1  0
(): A2 x  B2 y  C2 z  D2  0
 
Goùc giöõa (), () baèng hoaëc buø vôùi goùc giöõa hai VTPT n1, n2 .
 
n1.n2 A1 A2  B1B2  C1C2
cos  ( ),(  )     
n1 . n2 A12  B12  C12 . A22  B22  C22
Chuù yù:  00  
( ),(  )   900 .  ( )  (  )  A1 A2  B1B2  C1C2  0
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
B. BAI TÂP
VÂN ĐÊ 1: VIÊT PHƯƠNG TRINH MĂT PHĂNG.

LOAI 1: TIM TRƯC TIÊP ĐƯỢC VTPT n.
YÊU CẦU: VIÊT PHƯƠNG TRINH MP   TRONG CÁC TRƯƠNG HỢP SAU:

Dang 1: đi qua M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  va có VTPT la n   A; B; C 
PP: Ap dung công thưc cua PTMP: (): A  x  x0   B  y  y0   C  z  z0   0
Dang 2: đi qua M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  va song song vơi măt phăng (): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
 
PP: Vi   / /     n  n   A; B; C 
Dang 3: đi qua M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  va vuông góc vơi đương thăng AB vơi A  xA ; y A ; z A  , B  xB ; yB ; zB 
 
PP: n  AB
Dang 4: la măt phăng trung trưc cua đoan AB vơi A  xA ; y A ; z A  , A  xB ; yB ; zB 
 
PP:   đi qua trung điểm I cua AB va n  AB
Bai 12: Viêt phương trinh măt phăng trong cac trương hơp sau.

a/ (P1) đi qua M 1; 2;3 va có VTPT la n   3; 3;9 
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b/ (P2) đi qua M  1; 2;5 va song song vơi (): 2 x  3 y  z  3  0
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c/ (P3) đi qua đi qua M  2;0; 3 va vuông góc vơi đương thăng AB vơi A  1;1;3 , B  2; 2;0 
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d/ (P4) la măt phăng trung trưc cua đoan AB vơi A 1; 2;3 , A  3; 4; 5
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

LOAI 2: TIM n THÔNG QUA CĂP VECTO CHỈ PHƯƠNG.
YÊU CẦU: VIÊT PHƯƠNG TRINH MP   TRONG CÁC TRƯƠNG HỢP SAU:
 
Dang 5: đi qua M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  va có căp VTCP la a , b
  
PP: n   a, b 
Dang 6: đi qua ba điểm A  xA ; y A ; z A  , B  xB ; yB ; zB  , C  xC ; yC ; zC  không thăng hang.
  
PP: n   AB, AC 
Dang 7: đi qua M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  va vuông góc vơi hai măt phăng cắt nhau 1  ,  2 
  
PP: n   n1 , n 2 
Dang 8: đi qua hai điểm A  xA ; y A ; z A  , B  xB ; yB ; zB  va vuông góc vơi mp    :Ax  By  Cz  D  0
  
PP: n   AB, n  
Dang 9: đi qua hai điểm A  xA ; y A ; z A  , B  xB ; yB ; zB  va song song vơi đương thăng d.
  
PP: n   AB, ud 

Dang 10: đi qua M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  vuông góc vơi mp   va song song vơi đương thăng d
  
PP: n   n , ud 
---CÒN NỮA---CHƠ BAI SAU.

Bai 13: Viêt phương trinh măt phăng trong cac trương hơp sau
 
a/ (P5) đi qua M  1;7;3 va có căp VTCP la a   1; 3; 5  , b  1;1; 3 
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b/ (P6) đi qua ba điểm A 1; 2;5 , B 1; 2;3 , C  2;1; 7 

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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
c/ (P7) đi qua M  3; 5; 2  va vuông góc vơi hai măt phăng 1  : 2 x  y  3  0,  2  : 3x  y  2 z  0
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d/ (P8) đi qua hai điểm A  2;1;1 , B 1; 2;7  va vuông góc vơi mp    : x  3 y  3  0
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e/ (P9) đi qua hai điểm A  1;3;0  , B  2;0;6  va song song vơi truc Ox.
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f/ (P10) đi qua M  3; 5; 2  vuông góc vơi mp 1  : 2 y  z  3  0 va song song vơi truc Oz.
,
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
LOAI 3: LIÊN QUAN ĐÊN KHOANG CÁCH TỪ ĐIÊM ĐÊN MĂT PHĂNG.
Bai toan: Viêt PTMP   song song vơi mp    :Ax  By  Cz  D  0 va khoang cach tư
M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  đên   băng k.
PP:
Vi   / /       :Ax  By  Cz  D '  0  D '  D 
Vi khoang cach tư M đên   băng k  d  M ;     k  D '
Bai 14:
a/ Viêt PTMP   song song vơi mp    :2x  2 y  z  1  0 va khoang cach tư M 1;1; 1 đên
  băng 5.
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b/ Viêt PTMP   song song vơi mp    :x  2 y  z  1  0 va khoang cach tư M 1;3; 2  đên

  băng 2 6 .
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
LOAI 4: LIÊN QUAN ĐÊN MĂT CẦU.
Dang 1: Viêt PTMP   tiêp xuc vơi măt câu (S) tai điểm M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  .
 
PP: Xac đinh tâm I cua măt câu (S) => n  IM
Dang 2: Viêt PTMP   song song vơi mp    :Ax  By  Cz  D  0 va tiêp xuc vơi măt câu
(S).
PP:
Xac đinh tâm I va ban kinh R cua măt câu (S).
Vi   / /       :Ax  By  Cz  D '  0  D '  D 
Vi   tiêp xuc (S)  d  I ;     R  D '
Dang 3: Viêt PTMP   song song vơi mp    va cắt măt câu (S) theo môt đương tron giao
tuyên có ban kinh băng r.
PP:
Xac đinh tâm I va ban kinh R cua măt câu (S).
Vi   / /       :Ax  By  Cz  D '  0  D '  D 
Tinh khoang cach tư tâm I đên mp   : R 2  d 2  r 2  d  R 2  r 2 .
  d  I ;     d  D '
Bai 15: Viêt phương trinh măt phăng trong cac trương hơp sau
a/   tiêp xuc vơi măt câu (S) : x 2  y 2  z 2  2 x  4 y  6 z  5  0 tai điểm M  2;0;1 .

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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
b/   song song vơi mp    :x  2 y  2 z  3  0 va tiêp xuc vơi măt câu

(S) : x 2  y 2  z 2  2 x  4 y  6 z  11  0
.
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c/   song song vơi mp    :2x  y  2 z  3  0 va cắt măt câu (S) : x 2  y 2  z 2  2 x  4 y  6 z  11  0
theo đương tron giao tuyên giao tuyên có ban kinh băng 4.
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 2: TIM HINH CHIÊU H CUA ĐIÊM M LÊN MP   ,

ĐIÊM ĐÔI XƯNG M’ CUA M QUA MP   .
Bai toan: Trong không gian Oxyz cho điểm M  x0 ; y0 ; z0  va mp   :Ax  By  Cz  D  0 .

a/ Tim H la hinh chiêu cua M lên   .
b/ Tim M’ la điểm đôi xưng cua M qua   .
PP:
 
 MH  k .n
a/ Goi H  x; y; z  la hinh chiêu cua M lên mp    H
 H   
b/ Vi M’ đôi xưng vơi M qua   => H la trung điểm MM’.
=> Dung công thưc trung điểm suy ra M’.
Bai 16: Trong không gian Oxyz cho điểm M 1; 2; 1 va mp   :x  y  2 z  1  0 .
a/ Tim H la hinh chiêu cua M lên   . b/ Tim M’ la điểm đôi xưng cua M qua   .
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Bai 17: Trong không gian Oxyz cho điểm M  2; 2; 1 va mp   :x  y  2 z  8  0 .

a/ Tim H la hinh chiêu cua M lên   . b/ Tim M’ la điểm đôi xưng cua M qua   .
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 3: XET VI TRI TƯƠNG ĐÔI CUA HAI MĂT PHĂNG.

TINH GOC TAO BƠI HAI MĂT PHĂNG.
Bai 18: Xet vi tri tương đôi sau đó tinh góc tao bơi cac căp măt phăng sau:
a) 2 x  3y  2 z  5  0 b) 3 x  4 y  3z  6  0 c) 5 x  5 y  5z  1  0

3 x  4 y  8 z  5  0 3 x  2 y  5z  3  0 3 x  3y  3z  7  0
2 x  2 y  4z  5  0

d)  6 x  4 y  6 z  5  0 f) 3 x  2 y  6 z  23  0
 
e)  25
12 x  8 y  12 z  5  0 5 x  5 y  10 z  2  0 3 x  2 y  6 z  33  0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 19: Xac đinh m, n để cac căp măt phăng sau song song vơi nhau.
a) 3 x  my  2 z  7  0 b) 5 x  2 y  mz  11  0 c) 2 x  my  3z  5  0
  
 nx  7 y  6 z  4  0  3 x  ny  z  5  0 nx  6 y  6 z  2  0
Bai 20: Xac đinh m để cac căp măt phăng sau vuông góc vơi nhau:
a) 2 x  7 y  mz  2  0 b) (2m  1) x  3my  2 z  3  0 c) mx  2 y  mz  12  0
 3 x  y  2 z  15  0  mx  (m  1) y  4 z  5  0  x  my  z  7  0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
BAI 4: PHƯƠNG TRINH ĐƯƠNG THĂNG

A. LY THUYÊT.
I. VECTO CHỈ PHƯƠNG CUA ĐƯƠNG THĂNG.
 
 Vecto a  0 đươc goi la vecto chi phương (VTCP) cua đương thăng (d) nêu gia cua nó
song song hoăc trung vơi đương thăng (d).
 CHU Y.
o Môt đương thăng có vô sô vecto

chi phương.

o Nêu a la môt VTCP thi k .a  k  0  cung la môt VTCP cua đơng thăng (d).
    
o Nêu có hai vecto b, c cung vuông góc vơi đương thăng (d) thi a  b, c  la môt VTCP cua
(d).
II. PHƯƠNG TRINH THAM SÔ VA CHINH TẮC CUA ĐƯƠNG THĂNG.
Phương trinh tham sô cua đương thăng (d) đi qua điểm M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va có VTCP


a  (a1; a2 ; a3 ) la:
 x  xo  a1t

(d ) :  y  yo  a2 t ( t  R)
z  z  a t
 o 3
 Khi a1 , a2 , a3  0 , phương trinh chinh tắc cua đương thăng (d) la:
x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
(d ) :  
a1 a2 a3
III. VI TRI TƯƠNG ĐÔI CUA HAI ĐƯƠNG THĂNG.
Xet vi tri tương đôi cua hai đương thăng  d1  va  d2  trong không gian.
 
 Xac đinh VTCP a1 va điểm đi qua M 1 cua  d1  ,VTCP a2 va điểm đi qua M 2 cua  d2  .
  
Nêu thê M 1 vao  d2  => thỏa
 a1 , a2   0 Trung nhau
 
Song song Nêu thê M 1 vao  d2  => không thỏa
  
    a1 , a2  .M 1M 2  0
 
 a1 , a2   0 Cắt nhau
    
Cheo nhau  a1 , a2  .M 1M 2  0
 
 
a1.a2  0 Vuông góc Hai đương thăng vuông góc thi có thể cắt nhau
hoăc có thể cheo nhau.
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
IV. VI TRI TƯƠNG ĐÔI CUA ĐƯƠNG THĂNG VA MĂT PHĂNG.

 x  x 0  ta1

Trong không gian Oxyz, cho măt phăng (): Ax  By  Cz  D  0 va đương thăng d:  y  y0  ta2
 z  z  ta
 0 3
Xet phương trinh A( x0  ta1 )  B( y0  ta2 )  C( z0  ta3 )  D  0 (aån t) (*)
 d // ()  (*) voâ nghieäm.

 d caét ()  (*) coù ñuùng moät nghieäm.
 d ()  (*) coù voâ soá nghieäm.
    
Chu y: nếu n  k.a d hoặc  n , ad   0 thì đường thẳng (d) vuông góc với mp().
V. KHOANG CÁCH.
1. Tư 1 điểm đên 1 đường thẳng.

Cho ñöôøng thaúng d ñi qua M0 vaø coù VTCP a vaø ñieåm M.
 
 
 M0 M , a 
d(M , d )  
a
2. Tư 1 đường thẳng đên măt phẳng song song.

Khoaûng caùch giöõa ñöôøng thaúng d vôùi maët phaúng (  ) song song vôùi noù baèng khoaûng caùch töø moät
ñieåm M baát kì treân d ñeán maët phaúng ().
3. Khoang cach giữa hai đường thẳn cheo nhau.

Cho hai ñöôøng thaúng cheùo nhau d1 vaø d2.
 
d1 ñi qua ñieåm M1 vaø coù VTCP a1 , d2 ñi qua ñieåm M2 vaø coù VTCP a2
  
 a1 , a2  .M1M 2
d ( d1 , d2 )   
 a1 , a2 
Chuù yù: Khoaûng caùch giöõa hai ñöôøng thaúng cheùo nhau d1, d2 baèng khoaûng caùch giöõa d1 vôùi maët
phaúng () chöùa d2 vaø song song vôùi d1.
VI. VI TRI TƯƠNG ĐÔI CUA ĐƯƠNG THĂNG VA MĂT CẦU.

 x  x0  ta1

Cho ñöôøng thaúng d:  y  y0  ta2 (1) vaø maët caàu (S): ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  ( z  c) 2  R 2 (2)
 z  z  ta
 0 3
Ñeå xeùt VTTÑ cuûa d vaø (S) ta thay (1) vaøo (2), ñöôïc moät phöông trình (*).
 d vaø (S) khoâng coù ñieåm chung  (*) voâ nghieäm  d(I, d) > R
 d tieáp xuùc vôùi (S)  (*) coù ñuùng moät nghieäm  d(I, d) = R
 d caét (S) taïi hai ñieåm phaân bieät  (*) coù hai nghieäm phaân bieät  d(I, d) < R
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VII. GOC GIỮA HAI ĐƯƠNG THĂNG

 
Cho hai ñöôøng thaúng d1, d2 laàn löôït coù caùc VTCP a1, a2 .
 
Goùc giöõa d1, d2 baèng hoaëc buø vôùi goùc giöõa a1, a2 .
 
  a1.a2
cos  a1 , a2    
a1 . a2
VIII. GOC GIỮA ĐƯƠNG THĂNG VA MĂT PHĂNG.

 
Cho ñöôøng thaúng d coù VTCP a  (a1; a2 ; a3 ) vaø maët phaúng () coù VTPT n  ( A; B; C ) .
Goùc giöõa ñöôøng thaúng d vaø maët phaúng () baèng goùc giöõa ñöôøng thaúng d vôùi hình chieáu d cuûa noù
treân ().
Aa1  Ba2  Ca3
sin  
d ,( )  
A2  B 2  C 2 . a12  a22  a32
Ví dụ 1: Xac đinh môt VTCP va môt điểm đi qua cua cac đương thăng sau.
x  1 t  x  3t
  x 1 y  3
a/  d2  :  y  2  2t b/  d1  :  y  1  2t c/  d3  :   x2
 z  1  3t z  2 2 1
 
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x  1 t

Ví dụ 2: Tim giao điểm cua đương thăng  d  :  y  2  2t vơi măt phăng   : x  y  2 z  6  0 .
 z  1  3t

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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
B. BAI TÂP
VÂN ĐÊ 1: VIÊT PHƯƠNG TRINH ĐƯƠNG THĂNG.
LOAI 1: CHỈ RA TRƯC TIÊP VECTO CHỈ PHƯƠNG.

Daïng 1: d ñi qua ñieåm M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) vaø coù VTCP a  (a1; a2 ; a3 ) :
 x  xo  a1t

(d ) :  y  yo  a2t ( t  R)
z  z  a t
 o 3
Daïng 2: d ñi qua hai ñieåmA,

 B:
PP: Moät VTCP cuûa d laø AB .
Daïng 3: d ñi qua ñieåm M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) vaø song song vôùi ñöôøng thaúng  cho tröôùc:
PP: Vì d //  neân VTCP cuûa  cuõng laø VTCP cuûa d.
Daïng 4: d ñi qua ñieåm M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi maët phaúng (P) cho tröôùc:
PP: Vì d  (P) neân VTPT cuûa (P) cuõng laø VTCP cuûa d.
Bai 21: Viêt phương trinh đương thăng (d) trong


cac trương hơp sau.
a/  d1  đi qua điểm M 1; 1;0  va có VTCP a   2;1;1 .
b/  d2  đi qua hai điểm A 1;0; 3 , B  2; 2;1 .
x 1 y 1
c/  d3  đi qua điểm M  5; 1; 2  va song song vơi đương thăng  :  z.
1 2
d/  d4  đi qua điểm M  0;1; 3 va vuông góc vơi măt phăng   : x  2 y  2 z  1  0 .
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
LOAI 2: TIM VECTO CHỈ PHƯƠNG THÔNG QUA TICH CO HƯƠNG VA MỘT SÔ
DANG KHÁC.
Daïng 5: d laø giao tuyeán cuûa hai maët phaúng (P), (Q):
 Caùch 1: Tìm moät ñieåm vaø moät VTCP.
– Tìm toaï ñoä moät ñieåm A  d: baèng caùch giaûi heä phöông trình ( P ) (vôùi vieäc choïn giaù
(Q )
trò cho moät aån)
  
– Tìm moät VTCP cuûa d: a   nP , nQ 
 Caùch 2: Tìm hai ñieåm A, B thuoäc d, roài vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua hai ñieåm ñoù.
Daïng 6: d ñi qua ñieåm M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi hai ñöôøng thaúng d1, d2:
  
Vì d  d1, d  d2 neân moät VTCP cuûa d laø: a   ad , ad 
 1 2 
Daïng 7: d ñi qua ñieåm M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) , vuoâng goùc vaø caét ñöôøng thaúng .
 Caùch 1: Goïi H laø hình chieáu vuoâng goùc cuûa M0 treân ñöôøng thaúng .
H 
  
 M0 H  u
Khi ñoù ñöôøng thaúng d laø ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua M0, H.
 Caùch 2: Goïi (P) laø maët phaúng ñi qua A vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi d; (Q) laø maët phaúng ñi qua A vaø
chöùa d. Khi ñoù d = (P)  (Q)
Daïng 8: d ñi qua ñieåm M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) vaø caét hai ñöôøng thaúng d1, d2:
 Caùch 1: Goïi M1  d1, M2  d2. Töø ñieàu kieän M, M1, M2 thaúng haøng ta tìm ñöôïc M1, M2. Töø
ñoù suy ra phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng d.
 Caùch 2: Goïi (P) = ( M0 , d1 ) , (Q) = ( M0 , d2 ) . Khi ñoù d = (P)  (Q). Do ñoù, moät VTCP cuûa d
  
coù theå choïn laø a   nP , nQ  .
Daïng 9: d naèm trong maët phaúng (P) vaø caét caû hai ñöôøng thaúng d1, d2:
Tìm caùc giao ñieåm A = d1  (P), B = d2  (P). Khi ñoù d chính laø ñöôøng thaúng AB.
Daïng 10: d song song vôùi  vaø caét caû hai ñöôøng thaúng d1, d2:
Vieát phöông trình maët phaúng (P) chöùa  vaø d1, maët phaúng (Q) chöùa  vaø d2.
Khi ñoù d = (P)  (Q).
Daïng 11: d laø ñöôøng vuoâng goùc chung cuûa hai ñöôøng thaúng d1, d2 cheùo nhau:
 MN  d
 Caùch 1: Goïi M  d1, N  d2. Töø ñieàu kieän  1 , ta tìm ñöôïc M, N.
 MN  d 2
Khi ñoù, d laø ñöôøng thaúng MN.
 Caùch 2:
  
– Vì d  d1 vaø d  d2 neân moät VTCP cuûa d coù theå laø: a   ad , ad  .
 1 2 
– Laäp phöông trình maët phaúng (P) chöùa d vaø d1, baèng caùch:
+ Laáy moät ñieåm A treân d1.
  
+ Moät VTPT cuûa (P) coù theå laø: nP   a , ad  .
 1 
– Töông töï laäp phöông trình maët phaúng (Q) chöùa d vaø d2.
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Daïng 12: d laø hình chieáu cuûa ñöôøng thaúng  leân maët phaúng (P):
 Laäp phöông trình maët phaúng (Q) chöùa  vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi maët phaúng (P) baèng caùch:
– Laáy M  .
  
– Vì (Q) chöùa  vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi (P) neân nQ   a , nP  .
Daïng 13: d ñi qua ñieåm M, vuoâng goùc vôùi d1 vaø caét d2:
 Caùch 1: Goïi N laø giao ñieåm cuûa d vaø d2. Töø ñieàu kieän MN  d1, ta tìm ñöôïc N.
Khi ñoù, d laø ñöôøng thaúng MN.
 Caùch 2:
– Vieát phöông trình maët phaúng (P) qua M vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi d1.
– Vieát phöông trình maët phaúng (Q) chöùa M vaø d2.
Bai 22: Viêt phương trinh đương thăng (d) trong cac trơng hơp sau.
( P ) : 6 x  2 y  2 z  8  0
a/  d1  la giao tuyên cua hai măt phăng 
(Q ) : 3 x  5 y  2 z  2  0
b/  d2  đia qua điểm M 1; 1;0  va vuông góc vơi hai đương thăng
 x  1  2t x  1 t '
 
1 :  y  3  2t , 2 :  y  2  t '
 z  1  t  z  1  3t '
x  t

c/  d3  đi qua A(1; 2; 2), vuông góc va cắt đương thăng  :  y  1  t
 z  2t
 x  1  2t x  1 t '
 
d/  d4  đi qua điểm A(1; 0; 5), va cắt hai đương thăng 1 :  y  3  2t , 2 :  y  2  t '
 z  1  t  z  1  3t '
e/  d5  năm trong măt phăng ( P ) : y  2 z  0 va cắt hai đương thăng
x  2  t
x 1 y z 
1 :   , 2 :  y  4  2t
1 1 4  z  1
x y 1 z 1
f/  d6  song song vơi đương thăng  :   va cắt hai đơng thăng
2 1 2
x 1 y z 1 x  2 y 1 z  3
1 :   ; 2 :  
1 2 1 3 2 1
g/  d7  la đương vuông góc chung cua hai đương thăng cheo nhau
 x  3  2t  x  2  3t '
 
1 :  y  1  4t , 2 :  y  4  t '
 z  2  4t  z  1  2t '
x  2 y  3 z 1
h/  d8  la hinh chiêu cua  :   lên mp ( P ) : 2 x  y  2 z  3  0
2 1 3
 x  1
x 1 y  2 z 
i/  d9  đi qua A(0;1;1) vuông góc vơi 1 :   va cắt 2 :  y  t
3 1 1  z  1  t
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 2: TIM HINH CHIÊU, ĐIÊM ĐÔI XƯNG CUA ĐIÊM ĐÔI VƠI ĐƯƠNG THĂNG.
TIM ĐIÊM THUỘC ĐƯƠNG THĂNG THOA ĐIÊU KIÊN CHO TRƯƠC.
Bai 23: Tim hinh chiêu H va điểm đôi xưng M’ cua M qua đương thăng d.
 x  2  2t  x  1  4t
 
a) M (1; 2; 6), d : y  1  t b) M (2; 3;1), d : y  2  2t
 z  t  3  z  4t  1
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
 x  1  4t

Bai 24: Tim điểm M thuôc đương thăng d :  y  2  2t sao cho khoang cach tư M đên măt
 z  4t  1
phăng  P  : x  y  2 z  3  0 băng 3.
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x  1 t
 MA  3 3 vơi A(1;-1;2)
Bai 25: Tim điểm M thuôc đương thăng d :  y  2  2t sao cho
 z  3t
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 3: XET VI TRI TƯƠNG ĐÔI.

Bai 26: Xet vi tri tương đôi cua cac căp đương thăng sau:
x 1 y  2 z  3 x 7 y 6 z5
a) d1 :   ; d2 :  
9 6 3 6 4 2
x 1 y  5 z  3 x  6 y 1 z  3
b) d1 :   ; d2 :  
2 1 4 3 2 1
x  2 y z 1 x 7 y2 z
c) d1 :   ; d2 :  
4 6 8 6 9 12
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bai 27: Xet vi tri tương đôi cua đương thăng va măt phăng sau
a) d :  x  2t; y  1  t; z  3  t ; ( P) : x  y  z  10  0
b) d :  x  3t  2; y  1  4t; z  4t  5 ; ( P ) : 4 x  3y  6 z  5  0
x  12 y  9 z  1
c) d :   ; ( P ) : 3x  5y  z  2  0
4 3 1
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
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Bai 28: Xet vi tri tương đôi cua măt phăng va măt câu sau:
a) d :  x  2  t; y  t; z  3  t ; (S ) : x 2  y 2  z2  2 x  4 y  2z  2  0
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b) d :  x  1  2t; y  2  t; z  3  t ; (S ) : x 2  y 2  z2  2 x  4 y  6z  2  0
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c) d :  x  1  t; y  2  t; z  4 ; (S ) : x 2  y 2  z2  2 x  4 y  6z  2  0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 4: XÁC ĐINH GOC.

Bai 29: Tính goùc giöõa hai ñöôøng thaúng:
a) d1 :  x  1  2t , y  1  t , z  3  4t ; d2 :  x  2 t , y  1  3t , z  4  2t
x 1 y  2 z  4 x  2 y 3 z 4
b) d1 :   ; d2 :  
2 1 2 3 6 2
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Bai 30: Tinh góc tao bơi đương thăng va măt phăng sau:
----------
x 1 y 1 z  3
a) d :   ; ( P ) : 2x y 2z 10  0 .
1 2 3
 x  4 y  2z  7  0
b) d :  ; (P ) : 3x  y z  1  0
3 x  7 y  2 z  0
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
VÂN ĐÊ 5: CÁC DANG PHƯƠNG TRINH MĂT PHĂNG CÒN LAI.
 Daïng 1: Maët phaúng (P) ñi qua ñieåm A vaø ñöôøng thaúng d:

– Treân ñöôøng thaúng d laáy hai ñieåm B, C.
  
– Moät VTPT cuûa (P) laø: n   AB, AC  .
 Daïng 2: Maët phaúng (P) chöùa hai ñöôøng thaúng song song d1, d2:

– Xaùc ñònh VTCP a cuûa d1 (hoaëc d2).
– Treân d1 laáy ñieåm A, treân d2 laáy ñieåm B. Suy ra A, B  (P).
  
– Moät VTPT cuûa (P) laø: n   a , AB  .
 Daïng 3: Maët phaúng (P) chöùa hai ñöôøng thaúng caét nhau d1, d2:
– Laáy ñieåm A  d1 (hoaëc A  d2)  A  (P).
 
– Xaùc ñònh VTCP a cuûa d1, b cuûa d2.
  
– Moät VTPT cuûa (P) laø: n   a, b  .
 Daïng 4: Maët phaúng (P) chöùa ñöôøng thaúng d1 vaø song song vôùi ñöôøng thaúng d2 (d1, d2 cheùo nhau):
 
– Xaùc ñònh caùc VTCP a , b cuûa caùc ñöôøng thaúng d1, d2.
  
– Moät VTPT cuûa (P) laø:   a, b  .
n
– Laáy moät ñieåm M thuoäc d1  M  (P).
 Daïng 5: Maët phaúng (P) ñi qua ñieåm M vaø song song vôùi hai ñöôøng thaúng cheùo nhau d1, d2:
 
– Xaùc ñònh caùc VTCP , b cuûa caùc ñöôøng thaúng d1, d2.
a
  
– Moät VTPT cuûa (P) laø: n   a, b  .
Bai 31: Viêt phương trinh măt phăng (P) trong cac trương hơp sau:
 x  4  2t

a/ (P1) ñi qua ñieåm A(2; 3;1), vaø ñöôøng thaúng d :  y  2  3t
 z  3  t
x 1 y  3 z  2 x  2 y 1 z  4
b/ (P2) chưa hai ñt song song d1, d2: d1 :   , d2 :  
2 3 4 2 3 4
c/ (P3) ñi qua hai ñt caét nhau d1, d2: d1 :  x  3t; y  1  2t; z  3  t ; d2 : x  1  t '; y  2t '; z  4  t '
d/ Maët phaúng (P) chöùa ñöôøng thaúng d1 vaø song song vôùi ñöôøng thaúng d2
d1 : x  1  2t; y  3  t; z  2  3t ; d2 : x  2t '; y  1  t '; z  3  2t '
e/ Cho hai ñöôøng thaúng cheùo nhau d1, d2. Vieát phöông trình maët phaúng (P4) chöùa d1 vaø song
song vôùi d2: d1 : x  1  2t; y  3  t; z  2  3t ; d2 : x  2t '; y  1  t '; z  3  2t '
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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
ÔN TÂP CHƯƠNG III

Bai 32: Viêt phương trinh măt cầu (S) trong cac trường hơp sau
a) S  có tâm I  2019; 2020; 2021 va đi qua điểm A  2022; 2024; 2023 .
b) S  có đương kinh la PQ , vơi P 1;0; 3 , Q  2;3;1 .
c) S  có tâm I  2;3; 1 va tiêp xuc vơi măt phăng   : 2 x  y  3 z  4  0 .
d) S  có tâm I  2;3;5 ,  S  tiêp xuc vơi S ' có tâm A  2; 1;3 va ban kinh la r  17 .
e) S  đi qua hai điểm M  3;0; 2 , N  4; 1; 2 va có tâm thuôc truc Ox
f) S  đi qua 4 điểm A 1;3;3 , B  3;1;3 , C  3;3;1 , D 3;3;3 .
g) S  có tâm I  2;3; 1 va tiêp xuc vơi măt phăng (Oxy)
h) S  có tâm I  2;3; 1 va tiêp xuc vơi truc Oz.
Bai 33: Viêt phương trinh măt phẳng (P) trong cac trường hơp sau.

a) đi qua M  2;3; 4  va có vectơ phap tuyên la n   2;3; 1 .
b) đi qua N  4;3; 5 va vuông góc vơi truc Oy .
c) đi qua K  7; 1; 2  va song song vơi măt phăng    : 7x  7 y  2z  1  0 .

d) đi qua ba điểm P 1;0; 3 , Q  2;3;1 , L  0; 1; 2  .
e) chưa truc Oz va vuông góc vơi    : 2 x  6 y  z  10  0 .

f) đi qua hai điểm E 1;1;1 , F  2; 2; 2  va song song vơi truc Oy .
g) đi qua T  2;5; 6  va vuông góc vơi hai măt phăng   : x  y  2 z  3  0 va

   : 4 x  y  3z  1  0 .
h/ chưa điểm M  2;3; 4  va truc Oy.
i) Viêt phương trinh măt phăng   đi qua hinh chiêu cua M  2;  5;3 lên cac truc toa đô.
k) la măt phăng trung trưc cua đoan thăng AB, vơi A  2;3; 4  , B  4; 1;0 
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
Bài 34: Viết phương trình đường thẳng (d) trong các trường hợp sau
x y 1 z  3
a) d qua A  2; 1;3 vuông góc vơi d1 :   va song song vơi ( P ) : x  y  2 z  5  0
3 4 1
b) d đi qua điểm A  2; 1;3 va vuông góc vơi măt phăng   : x  y  z  5  0 .
 x  1  2t

c) d đi qua điểm B  2;0; 3 va song song vơi đương thăng  :  y  3  3t .
 z  4t

d) d đi qua hai điểm P 1; 2;3 , Q  5; 4; 4  .
x y 1 z  3
e) d đi qua điểm A  3; 1;1 va vuông góc vơi hai đương thăng d1 :   ,
3 4 1
x 1 y  2 z 1
d2 :   .
2 3 1
f) d la giao tuyên cua hai măt phăng ( P ) : x  y  2 z  5  0 ,  Q  : x  2 z  3  0 .
g) d qua điểm A  2; 1;1 va song song vơi đương thăng d’ la giao tuyên cua hai măt phăng
 P  : x  3 y  5  0,  Q  : 2 x  3x  z  1  0 .
 x  3  2t

h) d đi qua điểm A  4; 2; 4  , cắt va vuông góc đương thăng  :  y  1  t .
 z  1  4t

x  1 t

i) d năm trong măt phăng   : y  2 z  0 va cắt hai đương thăng d1 :  y  t ,
 z  4t

x  2  t '

d 2 :  y  4  2t ' .
z  4

x y 1 z  5 x 1 y  2 z  2
j) d song song vơi d1 :   va cắt hai đương thăng d2 :   ,
3 1 1 2 4 3
x4 y7 z
d3 :   .
5 9 1
 x  1  2t  x  2  t '
 
k) d qua điểm A  2; 1;5 , đồng thơi cắt hai đương thăng d1 :  y  t va d 2 :  y  3  2t ' .
z  3  t z  t '
 
TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022
x  2  t

l) d năm trong măt phăng   : 2 x  y  2 z  0 , đồng thơi cắt hai đương thăng d1 :  y  4  3t va
 z  1  2t

x  1 t '

d2 :  y  t ' .
 z  4t '

x  2 y 1 z 1
m) d qua điểm A  0;1;1 , vuông góc đương thăng d1 :   va cắt đương thăng
3 1 1
 x  1

d2 :  y  t .
z  1 t

x  1 t
x 1 y  2 z 
n) d la đương vuông góc chung cua d1 :   , d 2 :  y  3  2t .
1 2 3 z  1

x  1
o) d năm trong   : x  y  z  1  0 đồng thơi cắt va vuông góc vơi va d1 :  y  t
z  1 t

p) d đi qua A(1; 2; 4) song song vơi ( ) : 2 x  y  z 1  0. va cắt đương thăng
x 1 y
:   z  5.
2 3
x2 y2 z2
q) d la hinh chiêu cua :   lên   : x  2 y  z  5  0 .
2 3 1
x  3 y 1 z  7
d:  
r) trong không gian Oxyz cho điểm 
A 1; 2;3 2 1 2 .
va đương thăng
Đương thăng đi qua A , vuông góc vơi d va cắt truc Ox có phương trinh la
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TOÁN 12 - ĐỀ CƯƠNG HK2 2021 - 2022

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TOÁN 12 - ĐỀ CƯƠNG HK2 2021 - 2022

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TOÁN 12 - HK2 NĂM HỌC: 2021 - 2022

CHƯƠNG III: NGUYÊN HAM – TICH PHÂN VA ƯNG DUNG

II. TINH CHÂT

a /  cos xdx  sin x  C

Moi ham sô liên truc trên  a; b  đêu có nguyên ham trên  a; b  .

b /  3cos xdx  3 cos xdx  3sin x  C

BANG ĐAO HAM CÁC HAM SÔ THƯƠNG GĂP

3.  x '  2 1 3.  u  '  2u 'u

 sin 2 u  cos 2 u  1  sin 2u  2sin u cos u

1 1  sin 3u  3sin u  4 sin 3 u

BANG NGUYÊN HAM CÁC HAM SÔ THƯƠNG GĂP

6. sin xdx   cos x  C 1

7. cos xdx  sin x  C 1

11. tan xdx   ln cos x  C 1

12. cot xdx  ln sin x  C 1

VÂN ĐÊ 2: TIM NGUYÊN HAM BĂNG ĐINH NGHIA, CÔNG THƯC

Bai 3: Tim cac nguyên ham sau.

Bai 4: Tim cac nguyên ham sau.

Bai 5: Tim cac nguyên ham sau

Bai 6: Tim cac nguyên ham sau.

a/  sinx .cosx .dx b/  sin

c/  cos d/  cos 2 x cos 4 xdx

e/  sin 3x cos 5 xdx f/  4sin 5 x sin 3xdx

g/  sin h/   sin x  cos 4 x  dx

i/   sin x  cos 4 x  dx j/   sin x  cos 6 x  dx

VÂN ĐÊ 4: NGUYÊN HAM CUA HAM SÔ HỮU TỈ

TRƯƠNG HỢP 2: Mâu có nghiêm kep x  x0 , ta đưa vê dang:

TRƯƠNG HỢP 3: Mâu vô nghiêm, ta đưa vê dang:

Bai 9: Tim cac nguyên ham sau

Bai 10: Tim cac nguyên ham sau

BAI 2: MỘT SÔ PHƯƠNG PHÁP PHÁP TIM NGUYÊN HAM

B2: Thay vao (1) ta đươc: I   f  t  dt  F  t   C  2 

  f  x .f '  x  dx Đăt t = Căn

Bai 11: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (CĂN)

c/  sin x  1 cos xdx d/  e x  2e 2 x dx

e/  sin 2 x  2.sin 2 xdx f/  x 2  1.x 5 dx

Bai 12: Tim cac nguyên ham sau. (CƠ)

Bai 13: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (MU)

Bai 14: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (MÂU)

g/  tan xdx h/  cot xdx

Bai 15: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (LOG)

Bai 16: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (TỔNG HỢP)

Bai 17: Tim cac nguyên ham sau (TỔNG HỢP *)

II/ PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGUYÊN HAM TỪNG PHẦN

Tư đó suy công thưc tich phân tưng phân:  udv  uv   vdu

 GHI NHƠ: THƯ TƯ ƯU TIÊN KHI ĐĂT U: LÔ > ĐA > MU

c/  1  x  sin xdx d/   2 x  1 cos 3x  2  dx

Bai 19: Tim cac nguyên ham sau

Bai 20: Tim cac nguyên ham sau

BAI 3: TICH PHÂN

f(x) la ham sô dươi dâu tich phân.

3.Tính chât cua tích phân

DANG 1: TICH PHÂN THEO CÔNG THƯC

Bai 21: Tinh cac tich phân sau

DANG 2: TICH PHÂN BĂNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐỔI BIÊN SÔ

ĐỔI BIÊN SÔ DANG 1:  f u  x  u '  x  dx

Bai 22: Tinh cac nguyên ham sau

Bai 23: Tinh cac nguyên ham sau

Bai 24: Tinh cac tich phân sau

Bai 25: Tinh cac tich phân sau

Bai 26: Tinh cac tich phân sau

Bai 27: Tinh cac tich phân sau

ĐỔI BIÊN SÔ LOAI 2 (LƯỢNG GIÁC HOA)

DANG CÁCH ĐĂT