STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 1.

All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all elements in a shopping
HANDOUT NO. 1 cart, and all students in a classroom.
TOPIC: Random Sampling, Parameter & Statistic 2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their favorite apparel
brand.
Objectives:
1. illustrate random sampling; (M11/12SP-IIId-2) Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic; (M11/12SP-IIId-3) observed directly. The statistic is a characteristic of a population or sample group. You
will get the sample statistic when you collect the sample and calculate the standard
deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain conclusions about
INTRODUCTION
the entire population.
Example:
If a researcher wants to observe, examine or test a theory or hypothesis, he will
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care proposal.
consider the problem by selecting a section of the population of the study using a
Researchers can’t ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they take
method called random sampling. In random sampling, all subjects in the population
samples or part of the population and calculate the rest.
listed in the study have the same chances of being chosen for the survey. This means
2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.
that, ultimately, each member of the sample retains characteristics, or impartial
characteristics, of the population. With random sampling, the conclusions of the post-
Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population,
hypothesis tests applied to the sample selection will apply to the entire population as
which is the subject of an investigation or experiment, where each point of the sample
well. This is due to the fact that the selection of the sample essentially represents the
has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling technique. An
characteristics of the population from which it is obtained, since each member of the
example of a simple random sample would be the names of 25 employees being
sample was drawn unbiased from the population data. When bias in sample selection is
chosen out of a hat from a company of 250 employees. In this case, the population is all
avoided, the results of a particular study are considered more conclusive and the error
250 employees, and the sample is random because each employee has an equal
is minimized.
chance of being chosen.
LECTURE
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling
The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In
1. Simple Random Sampling or Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which
research, the population does not always refer to people. It may mean a group
each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. An instance of
containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events,
this is when members of the population have their names represented by small pieces
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
of paper that are then randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the
members selected will be included.
A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or by
2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the population
non-random sampling. A sample is a representation of the population where it is hoped
are listed and samples are selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this
that valid conclusions will be drawn from the population.
technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from a randomly selected starting
point. For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a population of 6,000, we can
A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the
select every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the numbers between 1 and 30 will be
characteristics of the entire population (a mass of all the units under consideration that
chosen randomly to act as the starting point.
share common characteristics) based on all the elements within that population.
3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of the
Example:
population are grouped on the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is used when
there are a number of distinct subgroups in the population within which full _____ 3. This is a selection of n elements derived from a population N, which is the
representation is required. The sample is constructed by classifying the population into subject of the investigation or experiment, where each sample point has an equal
subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain characteristics of the population, such chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling technique.
as age, gender or socio-economic status. The selection of elements is then done _____ 4. A sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal
separately from within each stratum or division, usually by random or systematic chance of being selected.
sampling methods.
_____ 5. It refers to a sampling technique in which members of the population are listed
4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a
and samples are selected in intervals called sample intervals.
geographical basis. Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before going
down to lower levels. For example, samples are taken randomly from the provinces first,
B. Identify the type of sampling method.
followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and then from households.
_____ 1. The teacher writes all the names of students in a piece of paper and puts it in
a box for the graded recitation.
Non-Probability Sampling
_____ 2. The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th name in the list.
1. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method where units are selected
_____ 3. Every five files out of 500 files will be chosen.
for inclusion in the sample because they are the easiest for the researcher to access.
_____ 4. There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers, 45 middle aged and 55 senior citizens in
This can be due to geographical proximity, availability at a given time, or willingness to
a certain area. Samples are taken according to the total number of people in the area.
participate in the research.
_____ 5. All the names of the employees of the company are put in a raffle box.
2. Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method where new units are
_____ 6. A marketing researcher stands outside a shopping mall and surveys the first
recruited by other units to form part of the sample. Snowball sampling can be a useful
50 people who walk past him.
way to conduct research about people with specific traits who might otherwise be
_____ 7. A researcher posts an online survey on a forum and individuals who are
difficult to identify (e.g., people with a rare disease)
interested in the topic and willing to participate voluntarily fill out the survey.
3. Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method that relies on the non-random
_____ 8. A company wants to survey 100 customers, with 50 males and 50 females, so
selection of a predetermined number or proportion of units. This is called a quota. You
they randomly select and survey 50 male customers and 50 female customers.
first divide the population into mutually exclusive subgroups (called strata) and then
_____ 9. A political researcher surveys people on the street outside a political rally to
recruit sample units until you reach your quota.
gather data on their political affiliations.
4. Voluntary sampling occurs when researchers seek volunteers to participate in
_____ 10. A researcher asks a few participants in a study to refer other individuals who
studies. Volunteers can be solicited in person, over the internet, via public postings, and
may fit the study criteria and the process continues until enough participants are
a variety of other methods. A researcher using voluntary sampling typically makes little
gathered.
effort to control sample composition.
C. Decide whether the statement describes a parameter or statistic.
ASSESSMENT: Answer the following on your activity booklet. Indicate the date,
_____ 1. The average income of 40 out of 100 households in a certain Barangay is
handout no. and topic before writing your answers.
P 12, 213.00 a month.
_____ 2. Percentage of red cars in the Philippines.
A. Identify the terms being described and write your answer on a separate sheet of
_____ 3. Number of senior high schools in MIMAROPA Region.
paper.
_____ 4. A recent survey of a sample of 250 high school students reported the average
_____ 1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.
weight of 54.3 kg.
_____ 2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random _____ 5. Average age of students in East High School.
sampling technique. A sample is a representation of the population where one hopes to
draw valid conclusions from about population. For deeper discussion and explanation, you can visit the links below:
Random Sampling : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JMZT2lf1XQ
Parameter & Statistic : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxUby8bRbsU