GLOBAL WARMING

UNIT 6
(LANGUAGE FOCUS)
A. Gerund and present participle
The gerund and the present participle có cùng một dạng là verb + ing
Ví dụ: working, running, smoking, etc.
I. GERUND
Danh động từ làm chức năng của một động từ và danh từ trong cùng một lúc. Nó thường được theo
sau bởi một tân ngữ. Nó có thể là chủ ngữ (subject), tân ngữ (object) hoặc bổ ngữ (complement) trong
câu.
l. Làm chủ ngữ
Ví dụ: Smoking is harmful to your health, (subject)
(Việc) (Hút thuốc lá có hại cho sức khoẻ)
2. Làm tân ngữ cho một động từ
Ví dụ: He enjoyed listening to music.(object of the verb "enjoy”)
(Cậu ấy thích nghe nhạc.)
3. Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ
Ví dụ: He earns his living by selling newspapers, (object of the preposition “by”)
(Cậu ấy kiếm sống bằng việc bán báo.)
4. Làm bổ ngữ
Ví dụ: My hobby is collecting books, (complement of the verb “be”)
(Thú tiêu khiển của tôi là sưu tập sách.)
5. Được dùng sau một số động từ như enjoy, stop, avoid, suggest, admit, etc.
Ví dụ: He enjoys eating out. (Cậu ấy thích ăn ở ngoài.)
II. PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Hiện tại phân từ làm chức năng của một động từ hoặc tính từ.
Hiện tại phân được dùng trong các trường hợp sau:
1. Thành lập thì hiện tại tiếp diễn
Ví dụ: He is reading. (Cậu ấy đang đọc sách.)
2. Được dùng như tính từ
Ví dụ: English is an interesting subject. (Tiếng Anh là môn học thú vị.)
3. Để thay cho mệnh đề tính ngữ (còn gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đi trước nó.
  Ví dụ: The man talking to Ba is my teacher.
(Người đàn ông đang nói chuyện với Ba là thầy tôi.)
(= The man who is talking to Ba is my teacher.)
4. Để thay cho subject + verb trong mệnh đề phụ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian hoặc lý do.
Ví dụ: Having graduated from university, Minh began looking for a job.
(= When he had graduated from university, Minh began looking for a job.)
Walking along the street, I met a friend.
(= While/When I was walking along the street, I met a friend.)
(Trong khi đi dạo trên phố, tôi đã gặp một người bạn.)

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 Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis.
(= Jim hurt his arm while he was playing tennis.)
(Jim bị thương ở cánh tay khi chơi ten-nít.)
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
(=Because I felt tired, I went to bed early.)
(Vì mệt nên tôi đi ngủ sớm.)
Being unemployed, he doesn't have much money.
(= Because he is unemployed, he doesn't have much money.)
(Vì thất nghiệp nên anh ấy không có nhiều tiền.)
5. Dùng sau những động từ chỉ giác quan see, hear, watch ... trong cấu trúc: verb + object + present
participle.
Ví dụ: I saw him walking to school every day.
6. Dùng sau have + object, và catch / find / leave + object:
Ví dụ: She has her audience listening attentively.
(Bà ấy đã khiến cho khán giả phải chăm chú lắng nghe.)
They caught him stealing their money.
(Họ bắt được anh ta đang ăn trộm tiền.)
Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.
(Đừng để bà ta đợi ở ngoài dưới trời mưa.)
We found Jack sleeping on the sofa when we arrived.
(Chúng tôi tìm thấy Jack ngủ trên ghế xô-pha khi chúng tôi đến.)
7. Dùng sau những động từ như go, come, spend, waste (time), be busy.
Ví dụ: I'll go shopping with you later.
(Tôi sẽ đi mua sắm với bạn sau.)
Don't waste time copying that lesson again.
(Đừng lãng phí thời gian để chép lại bài học đó.)
B. Perfect gerund and perfect participle
I. Perfect Gerund là dạng hoàn thành của danh động từ: having + p.p;
Nó được dùng để thay cho danh động từ khi chúng ta muốn nhấn mạnh một hành động đã hoàn thành
trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ: Joe admitted having broken the vase.
(Joe thú nhận là đã làm vỡ bình hoa.)
The athlete denied having taken banned drugs.
(Người vận động viên đã từ chối việc dùng các loại thuốc cấm.)
II. Perfect Participle (having + p.p; active) là dạng hoàn thành của hiện tại phân từ. Nó được dùng để
thay cho hiện tại phân từ khi có một hành động xảy ra và hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong quá
khứ trong câu có cùng chủ ngữ, ta dùng having done cho hành động đầu tiên.
Ví dụ: Having found a hotel, we looked for someplace to have dinner.
(Tìm được một khách sạn xong, chúng tôi tìm một nơi nào đó để ăn tối.)
(= After we had found a hotel, we looked for someplace to have dinner.)

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 Having finished her work, she went home.
(Hoàn thành xong công việc, cô ấy về nhà.)
(= After she had finished her work, she went home.)
Lưu ý:
- Khi hai hành động xảy ra kế tiếp nhau, ta dùng -ing form cho hành động đầu tiên.
Ví dụ: Taking the key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
(= When he took the key out of his pocket, he opened the door.)
(Lấy chìa khóa ra khỏi túi, anh ấy mở cửa.)
- Khi có hai hành động cùng đồng thời xảy ra, ta dùng - ing phrase thay cho một trong hai hành động.
Ví dụ: Carol is in the kitchen making coffee.
(= she is in the kitchen and she is making coffee.)
(Carol đang trong bếp pha cà phê.)
A man ran out of the house shouting.
(= A man ran out of the house and he was shouting)
(Người đàn ông chạy ra khỏi nhà và la to.)
C. PAST PARTICIPLE(-ED PHRASE)
1. Cụm động tính từ quá khứ (- ed phrase) hay còn gọi là quá khứ phân từ được dùng để thay cho mệnh
đề tính ngữ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đi trước nó, mang nghĩa bị động.
Ví dụ: This is the book written in English.
(= This is the book which is written in English.)
(Đây là quyển sách được viết bằng tiếng Anh.)
The boy injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
(= The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.)
(Cậu bé bị thương trong tai nạn đó đã được đưa vào bệnh viện.)
2. Cụm động tính từ quá khứ (-ed phrase) còn đuợc dùng để thay cho mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian,
hoặc điều kiện (If) mang nghĩa bị động.
Ví dụ:
Seen from above, the Halong cliffs do resemble a dragon's crest.
(= When (If) the Halong cliffs were seen from above, they do resemble a dragon's crest.)
(Khi nhìn từ trên cao xuống, các vách đá Vịnh Hạ Long trông giống như sống lưng của con rồng.)
When offered this job, he agreed to take it.
(=When he was offered this job, he agreed to take it.)
(Khi được trao công việc, anh ấy đồng ý nhận nó.)
Having been bitterly beaten, he lay dead in the street.
(= After he had been beaten bitterly, he lay dead in the street.)
(Sau khi bị đánh một cách tàn nhẫn, ông ấy nằm chết trên đường phố.)

PRACTICE TEST 1
A. LANGUAGE
I. PRONUNCIATION

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Exercise 1: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others.
1. A. average B. absorb C. awareness D. alarming
2. A. capture B. mature C. nurture D. temperature
3. A. conservation B. scene C.increase D. ecology
4. A. shortage B. average C. message D. massage
Exercise 2: Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others.
1. A. atmosphere B. infectious C. ecology D. sustainable
2. A. environment B. temperature C. alternative D. efficient
3. A. harvest B. reduce C. climate D. impact
4. A. responsible B. remarkable C. exotic D. biosphere
II. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
Choose the best answer which best fits each space in each sentence.
1. After we read the report on how the burning of petrol in cars __________ to climate change, we were
determined to reduce our carbon footprint.
A. devote B. contribute C. result D. cause
2. Overharvesting brought North American alligators to __________in their natural habitats.
A. nearly extinct B. near extinction C. extinct near D. extinction nearly
3. You will be more willing to change your lifestyle if you understand the __________ of global
warming.
A. effect B. affect C. influence D. impact
4. The deforestation for farmland, wood and paper contributes __________ higher temperatures which
lead __________ the melting of polar ice caps and rising of sea levels.
A. to/to B. for/to C. to/in D. in/at
5. The main threat to the survival of these creatures comes from their loss of __________.
A. habitation B. habitat C. habitant D. inhabitant
6. __________ for twelve hours, I felt marvelous.
A. Having slept B. Have slept C. Having been slept D. Have been slept
7. Tom was accused of __________ some top secret document.
A. steal B. having stolen C. stealing D. to have stolen
8. I object to him __________ private calls on the office phone.
A. having made B. to have made
C. to have been made D. having been made
9. Air pollution poses a __________ to both human health and our environment.
A. jeopardy B. difficulty C. problem D. threat
10. “I regret __________ so much trouble”. – “Well. Let’s forget all about that.”
A. caused B. to cause C. having caused D. to have caused

III. WORD FORM

Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

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 Global warming is occurring more rapidly than it was ORIGIN
(1)__________ expected to — only forty years ago, the big (2) WORRIED
__________was global cooling. World temperatures are projected to
rise from between 2 to 4.5 degrees Celsius by the year 2100. Global
warming already disrupts millions of lives daily in the forms of
DESTROY
(3)__________weather patterns and (4) __________of habitat. What is
already happening is only the tip of the melting iceberg, for it is our LOSE
children and grandchildren who may suffer most from the effects of
global warming. Hundreds of millions of people may be exposed to SHORT
famine, water (5) __________, extreme weather conditions and a 20 -
30% loss of animal and plant species if we do not reduce the rate of EMIT
global warming and reduce greenhouse gas (6)__________On the
WARM
other hand, having (7) __________winters means longer growing
TEMPERATELY
seasons in (8) __________and subarctic climes, sometimes allowing an
(9) __________crop to be planted and harvested each year, or simply ADDITION
making the existing crops more (10) __________This passage outlines PRODUCE
some ways that you can act to help prevent the earth from warming
further.

IV. ERROR CORRECTION

Identify the underlined part of each sentence that must be changed in order for the sentence to be
correct.
1. She is looking forward to see her grandparents again soon.
A. is looking B. to see C. grandparents D. soon
2. The differential attractions of the sun and the moon have a direct effect in the rising and falling of the
tides.
A. have B. in C. rising D. of
3. Although it can be derived from oil, coal, and tar, kerosene is usually produced by refine it from
petroleum.
A. it B. derived from C. produced D. by refine
4. Although we are concerned about the problem of energy sources, we must not fail recognizing the need
for environmental protection.
A. concerned about B. must not C. recognizing D. for
5. It is necessary that one met with a judge before signing the final papers for a divorce.
A. met B. before signing C. the final papers D. for a divorce

B. READING
Exercise 1: Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
DROUGHT IN THE UNITED STATES
The Southwestern States of the United States suffered one of the worst droughts in their history from
1931 to 1938. The drought (1) __________ the entire country. Few food crops could be grown. Food
became (2) __________, and prices went up (3) __________the nation. Hundreds of families in the Dust

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Bowl region had to be moved to farms in other areas with the help of the federal government. In 1944,
drought brought great damage to (4) __________ all Latin America. The drought moved to Australia and
then to Europe, (5) __________it continued throughout the summer of 1945. From 1950 to 1954 in the
United States, the South and Southwest suffered a (6) __________drought. Hundreds of cattle ranchers
had to ship their cattle to other regions because (7) __________lands had no grass. The federal
government again (8) __________an emergency drought-relief program. It offered farmers (9)
__________credit and seed grains (10) __________low prices.
1. A. pushed B. incurred C. occurred D. affected
2. A scarce B. mystified C. hidden D. uncommon
3. A over B. throughout C. all D. across
4. A near B. totally C. almost D. factually
5. A which B. that C. where D. when
6. A heavy B. sharp C. strict D. severe
7. A pasture B. culture C. moisture D. manure
8. A carried B. conducted C. convened D. conformed
9. A emergency B. crisis C. tension D. disaster
10. A to B. in C. over D. at
Exercise 2: Read the following article and choose the best answer.
The world's oceans have warmed 50 per cent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due
to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean
temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small
island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around the
globe.
The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings
about the pace and consequences rising oceans. It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued
last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to the
authors.
Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water
from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits atop
Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet),
which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically
important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. But up
to now, there has been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate models, and
the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans.
The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research,
is the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures
to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a
0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC.
1. What happens when the ocean's temperature rises?
A. It causes sea levels to rise.
B. It causes sea levels to remain constant.

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 C. It causes sea levels to decrease.
2. The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and:
A. low-lying urban areas.
B. all coastal cities.
C. people who live on the beach.
3. The new study:
A. shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.32 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levels.
B. did not reveal anything that scientists didn't already know.
C. used new techniques to assess ocean temperatures.
4. Ultimately, the new study should help scientists to:
A. lower water levels.
B. better predict climate change.
C. bury sea-level cities like Dhaka and Shanghai.
5. What was the main finding of the study?
A. That not enough is being done about global warming.
B. That ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought.
C. That the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat.

C. WRITING
Complete the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
1. "Peter, you've eaten all the ice-cream!", said his mother.
Peter's mother accused ____________________.
2. Daniel said he had seen the jewels but hadn't stolen them.
Daniel had said he had seen the jewels but denied____________________.
3. Neil wishes he hadn't sold the car.
Neil regrets____________________.
4. Sue left the house. But first she checked that she had her keys.
Having____________________.
5. Jack left the office before I arrived there.
When____________________.

PRACTICE TEST 2
LANGUAGE
I. PRONUNCIATION
Exercise 1: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others.
1. A. drought B. cousin C. tough D. trouble
2. A. vapour B. considerate C. fortunate D. temperature
3. A. process B. efficient C. principal D. electricity
4. A. conserve B. diverse C. severe D. preserve
Exercise 2: Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others

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1. A. atmosphere B. consequence C. devastating D. disposal
2. A. evaluate B. evidence C. alternative D. endangered
3. A. disaster B. detergent C. disappear D. contaminate
4. A. responsibility B. biodiversity C. environmental D. catastrophic

II. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

Choose the best answer which best fits each space in each sentence.
1. One of the aims of Greenpeace is to raise awareness of the environmental problems __________ our
planet.
A. facing B. causing C. resulting D. threatening
2. The huge oil slick is moving slowly towards Ireland, and several miles of coastline are __________
threat.
A. at B. in C. under D. on
3. Rising water temperatures is a result of global warming and may eventually increase sea levels due to
the dissolving of __________.
A. mountains B. wetlands C. glaciers D. river beds
4. As air pollution continues to be released into the atmosphere, __________ becomes more depleted,
resulting in an increase of ultraviolet radiation on earth.
A. ozone layer B. oceans C. rainforests D. carbon dioxide
5. __________ is a greenhouse gas that is released by human activities and speeds up global warming.
A. petroleum B. natural gas C. carbon dioxide D. nuclear power
6. Too many greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere may block heat from escaping into space and trap too
much heat next to the Earth's surface causing __________
A. another ice age B. global warming C. earthquakes D. volcanic eruptions
Choose the closest meaning A, B, C or D to the original.
7. After fighting the fire for 12 hours, the firemen succeeded in putting it out.
A. The fireman managed in vain to put the fire out after a 12-hour fight.
B. Having fought the fire for 12 hours, the firemen were able to put it out.
C. The firemen wasted 12 hours putting the fire out.
D. Fighting the fire for 12 hours, the fire was put out.
Choose the best answer which best fits each space in each sentence.
8. __________in dark colors, the room needed some bright lights.
A. Having painted B. To have painted
C. Having been painted D. To have been painted
9. She's angry about __________to the farewell party last night.
A. not having invited B. not to have invited
C. not having been invited D. not to have been invited
10. After we identified the causes of global warming, we __________some solutions to reduce its effects.
A. worked out B. carried out C. put out D. carried on

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III. WORD FORM
Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
How will climate change affect us?
The scale of potential impacts is (0) uncertain. The changes could CERTAIN
drive freshwater (1) __________, bring sweeping changes in food SHORT
production conditions, and increase the number of deaths from floods,
storms, heat waves and droughts. This is because climate change is
FREQUENT
expected to increase the (2) __________of extreme weather events -
though linking any single event to global warming is complicated.
Scientists forecast more rainfall overall, but say the risk of drought in
inland areas during hot summers will increase. More flooding is expected
from storms and (3) __________sea levels. There are, however, likely to RISE
be very strong regional (4) __________in these patterns. VARY
Poorer countries, which are least equipped to deal with rapid change,
could suffer the (5) __________ MUCH
Plant and animal (6) __________are predicted as habitats change EXTINCT
faster than species can adapt, and the World Health Organization (WHO)
has warned that the health of millions could be threatened by increases in
NUTRIENT
malaria, water-borne disease and (7) __________
As an increased amount of CO2 is released into the atmosphere, there
is increased uptake of CO2 by the oceans, and this leads to them
becoming more acidic. This ongoing process of acidification could pose
major problems for the world's coral reefs, as the changes in chemistry
prevent coidls from forming a calcified skeleton, which is essential for
their (8) __________ SURVIVE
Computer models are used to study the dynamics of the Earth's
climate and make projections about future temperature change. But these
climate models (9) __________ on "climate sensitivity" – the amount of
DIFFERENT
warming or cooling that occurs as a particular factor, such as CO2 goes up
or down.
Models also differ in the way that they express "climate feedbacks".
Global warming will cause some changes that look likely to create
further heating, such as the release of large quantities of the greenhouse
gas methane as permafrost (10) __________ frozen soil found mainly in PERMANENCE
the Arctic) melts. This is known as a positive climate feedback.
But negative feedbacks exist that could offset warming. Various
"reservoirs" on Earth absorb CO2 as part of the carbon cycle - the process
through which carbon is exchanged between, for example, the oceans and
the land.

IV. ERROR CORRECTION

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Identify the underlined part of each sentence that must be changed in order for the sentence to be
correct.
1. An organ is a group of tissues capable to perform some special function, as, for example, the heart, the
liver or the lungs.
A. is B. of tissues C. to perform D. for example
2. Some methods to prevent soil erosion are plowing parallel with the slopes of hills, to plant trees on
unproductive land, and rotating crops.
A. Some B. to prevent C. are D. to plant
3. It is said that Einstein felt very badly about the application of his theories to the creation of weapons of
war.
A. It is said B. very C. badly D. to
4. Dr Frank Conrad's musical radio broadcasts in 1919 led Westinghouse open the first fully licensed
commercial broadcasting system in the United States on November 2, 1920.
A. musical B. open C licensed D. on
5. Alpine Saint Bernards are too good at following the scent of humans, even in snow, that they are used
by ski patrols as rescue dogs.
A. too B. following C. are used D. as

B. READING
Exercise 1: Read questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best
fits each space. There is an example at the beginning.
GLOBAL WARMING
Few people now (0) question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate.
Many scientists (1) __________ the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in the world's
temperatures and are convinced that, more than (2) __________before, the Earth is at (3)
__________from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. (4) __________ to them, global warming is making
extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, even more (5) __________and causing sea
levels all around the world to (6) __________.
Environmental groups are putting (7) __________on governments to take action to reduce the
amount of carbon dioxide which is given (8) __________by factories and power plants, thus attacking the
problem at its source. They are in (9) __________of more money being spent on research into solar, wind
and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power (10) __________.
Some scientists, (11) __________, believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other
gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait (12) __________ hundred years to notice the
results. Global warming, it seems, is to stay.
0. A. hesitate B. question C. disagree D. concern
1. A. give B. put C. take D. have
2. A. yet B. never C. once D. ever
3. A. threat B. danger C. risk D. harm
4. A. Concerning B. Regarding C. Depending D. According
5. A. strict B. severe C. strong D. heavy
6. A. raise B. arise C. rise D. lift

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7. A. force B. pressure C. persuasion D. encouragement
8. A. off B. away C. up D. over
9. A. belief B. request C. favour D. suggestion
10. A. factories B. generations C. houses D. stations
11. A. but B. although C. despite D. however
12. A. several B. over C. numerous D. various
Exercise 2: Match the questions to the answers about climate change.
1. What is climate change?
2. What is the 'greenhouse effect?'
3. What is the evidence of global warming?
4. How will the weather change?
5. What is the international community doing?
A. Sea levels have risen by 10 - 20 cm. This is due to the expansion of warming oceans. Temperature
records show that the average temperature has increased by about 0.62C in the 20th century.
B. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) commits industrialised countries to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions. It suffered a huge set back in 2001 when the USA, responsible for a quarter of global
emissions, pulled out.
C. The planet's climate is constantly changing but now scientists believe that the extreme changes
taking place today are a result of human activity. The changes we see today may affect the stability of
the climate on which much life on the planet depends.
D. The term refers to the role played by the layer of gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide, which trap the heat from the sun in the earth's atmosphere. We need the layer to keep
in some of the heat but now the concentration of gases, especially CO2 is increasing and retaining
more heat.
E. It is difficult to predict, but we can expect more extreme weather conditions like floods, storms
and heat waves. Scientists believe there will be more rain but also a higher risk of drought in inland
areas

C. WRITING
Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence. Write between two and rive words.
1. It's Carl's job to read the barometer every morning. RESPONSIBILITY
Carl ____________________ the barometer every morning.
2. CFC's have badly affected the ozone layer. EFFECT
CFC's have____________________ the ozone layer.
3. At least he said he was sorry that he'd ruined my joke! APOLOGISED
At least he____________________my joke!
4. There's no point trying to persuade him to recycle bottles and paper. WASTE
It____________________trying to persuade him to recycle bottles and paper.
5. Even though he'd robbed twice, Red still enjoyed living in the city. HAVING
Red still enjoyed living in the city ____________________twice.

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 GLOBAL WARMING
UNIT 6
PRACTICE TEST 1
A. LANGUAGE
I. PRONUNCIATION
Exercise 1:
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. D
Exercise 2:
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. D
II. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
Choose the answer which best fit each space in each sentences.
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. C
III. WORD FORM
1. originally 2. worry 3. destructive 4. loss 5. shortages
6. emissions 7. warmer 8. temperate 9. additional 10. productive
IV. ERROR CORRECTION
1. B (to seeing) 2. B (on) 3. D. (by refining)
4. C (to recognize) 5. A (meet)
B. READING
Exercise 1:
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. D
Exercise 2:
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B
C. WRITING
1. Peter’s mother accused him of having eaten all the ice-cream.
2. Daniel had said he had seen the jewels but denied having stolen them.
3. Neil regrets having sold the car.
4. Having checked that she had her keys, Sue left the house.
5. When I arrived, Jack had left the office.
PRACTICE TEST 2
A. LANGUAGE
I. PRONUNCIATION
Exercise 1:
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C
Exercise 2:
1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D
II. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
Choose the answer which best fit each space in each sentences.

1
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. A
III. WORD FORM
1. shortages 2. frequency 3. rising 4. most 5. variations
6. extinctions 7. mainutrition 8. survival 9. differ 10. permanently
IV. ERROR CORRECTION
1. C (of performing) 2. D (planting) 3. C. (bad) 4. B (to open) 5. A (so)
B. READING
Exercise 1:
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. D
7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. A
Exercise 2:
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. E 5. B
C. WRITING
1. has (the) responsibility for reading the barometer every morning. 
2. CFC’s have had a bad effect on the ozone Sayer.
3. At least he apologised for having ruined my joke!
4. It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to recycle bottles and paper.
5. Red still enjoyed living in the city in spite of having been robbed twice.