𝑥!

𝟖 𝒙 𝟏
1. # ! "
𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙 − , 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 +6 + 𝑪
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

1
! "
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4
𝑥!
−𝑥 ! − 5𝑥 " − 4

5𝑥 " + 4
1−
𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 " + 4

5𝑥 " + 4
#1 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 " + 4
# 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
5𝑥 " + 4
# 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 " + 4
𝑢 = 𝑥 " → 𝑢" + 5𝑢 + 4 → (𝑢 + 4)(𝑢 + 1)
5𝑥 " + 4 5𝑥 " + 4
=
𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 " + 4 (𝑥 " + 4)(𝑥 " + 1)
5𝑥 " + 4 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= +
(𝑥 " + 4)(𝑥 " + 1) 𝑥 " + 4 𝑥 " + 1

5𝑥 " + 4 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
B = " + C (𝑥 " + 4)(𝑥 " + 1)
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 " + 1
" "

5𝑥 " + 4 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 " + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 " + 4)

5𝑥 " + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 # + 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 " + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 # + 4𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥 " + 4)

𝑥#; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶
𝑥"; 5 = 𝐵 + 𝐷
𝑥; 0 = 𝐴 + 4𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡; 4 = 𝐵 + 4𝐷

𝐴 = −𝐶 … (1)
𝐵 = 5 − 𝐷 … (2)
𝐴 = −4𝐶 … (3)
𝐵 = 4 − 4𝐷 … (4)

𝑒𝑞. (1)&(3)

−𝐶 = −4𝐶
−𝐶 + 4𝐶 = 0
3𝐶 = 0
𝑪=𝟎
𝑨=𝟎

𝑒𝑞. (2)&(4)
 5 − 𝐷 = 4 − 4𝐷
−𝐷 + 4𝐷 = 4 − 5
3𝐷 = −1
𝟏
𝑫=−
𝟑
𝐵 =5−𝐷
1
𝐵 = 5 − ,− 6
3
1
𝐵 =5+
3
𝟏𝟔
𝑩=
𝟑

16 1
5𝑥 " + 4 3 −3
= +
(𝑥 " + 4)(𝑥 " + 1) 𝑥 " + 4 𝑥 " + 1
5𝑥 " + 4 16 1
= " − "
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1) 3𝑥 + 12 3𝑥 + 3
" "

5𝑥 " + 4 16 1
# ! "
𝑑𝑥 = # " − " 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4 3𝑥 + 12 3𝑥 + 3

16 16 1 16 1 𝑥
# 𝑑𝑥 = # " 𝑑𝑥 = • arctan + 𝐶
3𝑥 " + 12 3 𝑥 +4 3 2 2
16 𝟖 𝒙
# " 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
3𝑥 + 12 𝟑 𝟐

1 1 1 1
# 𝑑𝑥 = # 𝑑𝑥 = arctan 𝑥 + 𝐶
3𝑥 " + 3 3 𝑥" + 1 3
1 𝟏
# " 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
3𝑥 + 3 𝟑
5𝑥 " + 4 16 1 𝟖 𝒙 𝟏
# ! "
𝑑𝑥 = # " − " 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4 3𝑥 + 12 3𝑥 + 3 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

𝑥! 𝟖 𝒙 𝟏
# ! "
𝑑𝑥 =𝒙 − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ] ^ + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5
2. # 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ! − 8𝑦 " + 16
𝑢 = 𝑦 " ; 𝑦 ! − 8𝑦 " + 16 = 𝑢" − 8𝑢 + 16 = (𝑢 − 4)"

𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5

= =
𝑦 ! − 8𝑦 " + 16 (𝑦 " − 4)" (𝑦 − 2)" (𝑦 + 2)"
𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + +
(𝑦 − 2)" (𝑦 + 2)" 𝑦 − 2 (𝑦 − 2)" 𝑦 + 2 (𝑦 + 2)"
 𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
B = + + + C (𝑦 − 2)" (𝑦 + 2)"
(𝑦 − 2) (𝑦 + 2)
" " 𝑦 − 2 (𝑦 − 2) " 𝑦 + 2 (𝑦 + 2)"

𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 2)" + 𝐵(𝑦 + 2)" + 𝐶(𝑦 − 2)" (𝑦 + 2) + 𝐷(𝑦 − 2)"
𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑦 " − 4𝑦 + 4)(𝑦 + 2)
+ 𝐷(𝑦 " − 4𝑦 + 4)
𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑦 # + 2𝑦 " − 4𝑦 − 8) + 𝐵(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑦 # − 2𝑦 " − 4𝑦 + 8) + 𝐷(𝑦 " − 4𝑦 + 4)
"

𝑦#; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶
"
𝑦 ; 1 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷
𝑦; −3 = −4𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 4𝐶 − 4𝐷
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡; 5 = −8𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 8𝐶 + 4𝐷

𝐴 = −𝐶 … (1)
1 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 … (2)
−3 = −4𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 4𝐶 − 4𝐷 … (3)
5 = −8𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 8𝐶 + 4𝐷 … (4)

(1)&(2)
1 = 2(−𝐶) + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷
1 = −4𝐶 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 … (5)

−3 = 4𝐵 − 4𝐷 … (6)

5 = −8(−𝐶) + 4𝐵 + 8𝐶 + 4𝐷
5 = 8𝐶 + 4𝐵 + 8𝐶 + 4𝐷
5 = 16𝐶 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐷 … (7)
(5)&(7)
(1 = −4𝐶 + 𝐵 + 𝐷)4
4 = −16𝐶 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐷
5 = 16𝐶 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐷
𝑎𝑑𝑑
9 = 8𝐵 + 8𝐷 … (8)

(6)&(8)
2(−3 = 4𝐵 − 4𝐷)
−6 = 8𝐵 − 8𝐷
9 = 8𝐵 + 8𝐷
𝑎𝑑𝑑
3 = 16𝐵
𝟑
𝑩=
𝟏𝟔

(8)
9 = 8𝐵 + 8𝐷
3
9 = 8 , 6 + 8𝐷
16
 3
9= + 8𝐷
2
15
8𝐷 =
2
𝟏𝟓
𝑫=
𝟏𝟔

(5)
3 15
1 = −4𝐶 + +
16 16
9
1 = −4𝐶 +
8
1
− = −4𝐶
8
𝟏
𝑪=
𝟑𝟐
𝟏
𝑨=−
𝟑𝟐

𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 −1 3 1 15
= + + +
(𝑦 − 2) (𝑦 + 2)
" " 32(𝑦 − 2) 16(𝑦 − 2) " 32(𝑦 + 2) 16(𝑦 + 2)"
−1 3 1 15
# + + + 𝑑𝑦
(
32 𝑦 − 2 ) (
16 𝑦 − 2 ) " (
32 𝑦 + 2 ) 16 𝑦 + 2)"
(
1 1 1
→− # 𝑑𝑦 = − ln|𝑦 − 2| + 𝐶
32 𝑦 − 2 32
3 1 3
→ # 𝑑𝑦 = − +𝐶
16 (𝑦 − 2) " 16(𝑦 − 2)
1 1 1
→ # 𝑑𝑦 = ln|𝑦 + 2| + 𝐶
32 𝑦 + 2 32
15 1 15
→ # 𝑑𝑦 = − +𝐶
16 (𝑦 + 2) " 16(𝑦 + 2)
𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 1 1 3 15
# ! 𝑑𝑦 = − ln|𝑦 − 2| + ln|𝑦 + 2| − − +𝐶
"
𝑦 − 8𝑦 + 16 32 32 16(𝑦 − 2) 16(𝑦 + 2)
1 𝑦−2 3 1 5
− ln f f− , + 6+𝐶
32 𝑦 + 2 16 𝑦 − 2 𝑦 + 2
𝑦 " − 3𝑦 + 5 𝟏 𝒚−𝟐 𝟗𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐
# ! "
𝑑𝑦 =− 𝐥𝐧 f f− 𝟐 +𝑪
𝑦 − 8𝑦 + 16 𝟑𝟐 𝒚+𝟐 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟑𝟐
 𝑦 # − 𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 3 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
3. # 𝑑𝑦 = # " + " 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2)
" " 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 (𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2)"
𝑦 # − 𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 3 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷
B " = " + " C (𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2)"
(𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2) " 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 (𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2)"
𝑦 # − 𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 3 = (𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵)(𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2) + (𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷)
𝑦 − 𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑦 # + 2𝑦 " + 2𝑦) + 𝐵(𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑦) + 𝐷
#

𝑦#; 1 = 𝐴
𝑦 " ; −1 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑦; 2 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡; 3 = 2𝐵 + 𝐷

𝑨=𝟏

−1 = 2(1) + 𝐵
𝑩 = −𝟑
2 = 2(1) + 2(−3) + 𝐶
𝑪=𝟔
3 = 2(−3) + 𝐷
𝑫=𝟗
# "
𝑦 − 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 3 𝑦−3 6𝑦 + 9
= " + "
(𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2)" 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 (𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2)"
𝑦+1 4 6𝑦 + 6 3
# " − " + " + 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 (𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2)" (𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2)"
𝑦+1 1 2𝑦 + 2 1
→# " 𝑑𝑦 = # " 𝑑𝑦 = ln|𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2| + 𝐶
𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 2
1 1
→ −4 # " 𝑑𝑦 = −4 # 𝑑𝑦 = −4 arctan(𝑦 + 1) + 𝐶
𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 (𝑦 + 1)" + 1
2𝑦 + 2 3
→ 3# " 𝑑𝑦 = − " +𝐶
(𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2) " 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2
1 1
→ 3# " 𝑑𝑦 = 3 # 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2)" ((𝑦 + 1)" + 1)"
𝑢 =𝑦+1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
1
3# " 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 + 1)"
𝑢 = tan 𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = sec " 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
sec " 𝑡
3# 𝑑𝑡
(tan" 𝑡 + 1)"
sec " 𝑡 1 1 1 1 1
3# !
𝑑𝑡 = 3 # "
𝑑𝑡 = 3 # cos " 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 3 # , + cos 2𝑡6 𝑑𝑡 = 3 , 𝑡 + sin 2𝑡6 + 𝐶
sec 𝑡 sec 𝑡 2 2 2 4
3 3 3 3
𝑡 + sin 2𝑡 + 𝐶 = 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 𝐶
2 4 2 2
3 3 𝑢 1 3 3𝑢
= arctan 𝑢 + , 6, 6 = arctan 𝑢 + +𝐶
2 2 √𝑢" + 1 √𝑢" + 1 2 2(𝑢" + 1)
3 3(𝑦 + 1)
arctan(𝑦 + 1) + +𝐶
2 2((𝑦 + 1)" + 1)
 3 3(𝑦 + 1)
arctan(𝑦 + 1) + +𝐶
2 2(𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2)
𝑦+1 4 6𝑦 + 6 3
# " − " + " + " 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 (𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2) " (𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2)"
1 3 3 3(𝑦 + 1)
= ln|𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2| − 4 arctan(𝑦 + 1) − " + arctan(𝑦 + 1) +
2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 2 2 𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2)
(
1 5 3 3(𝑦 + 1)
= ln|𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2| − arctan(𝑦 + 1) − " +
2 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2 2 𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2)
(
3 3
1 5 𝑦−2
= ln|𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 2| − arctan(𝑦 + 1) + " 2
2 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2
𝑦 # − 𝑦 " + 2𝑦 + 3 𝟏 𝟓 𝟑(𝒚 − 𝟏)
# 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐥𝐧o𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐o − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒚 + 𝟏) + +𝑪
(𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2)
" " 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐)

5𝑦 " − 32 (5𝑦 " − 32)

4. # 𝑑𝑦 = # 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 # − 64 (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16)
(5𝑦 " − 32) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= +
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16) 𝑦 − 4 𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16

(5𝑦 " − 32) 𝐴 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶

B = + " C (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16)
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 16) 𝑦 − 4 𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 16
"

5𝑦 " − 32 = 𝐴(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16) + (𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶)(𝑦 − 4)

5𝑦 " − 32 = 𝐴(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16) + 𝐵(𝑦 " − 4𝑦) + 𝐶(𝑦 − 4)
𝑦"; 5 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑦; 0 = 4𝐴 − 4𝐵 + 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡; −32 = 16𝐴 − 4𝐶

𝐴 = 5 − 𝐵 … (1)
0 = 4(5 − 𝐵) − 4𝐵 + 𝐶
0 = 20 − 4𝐵 − 4𝐵 + 𝐶
−20 = −8𝐵 + 𝐶 … (2)
−32 = 16(5 − 𝐵) − 4𝐶
−32 = 80 − 16𝐵 − 4𝐶
−112 = −16𝐵 − 4𝐶
28 = 4𝐵 + 𝐶 … (3)

(2)&(3)
−20 = −8𝐵 + 𝐶
−(28 = 4𝐵 + 𝐶)
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡
−48 = −12𝐵
𝑩=𝟒
𝐴 = 5 − 4
𝑨=𝟏
28 = 4(4) + 𝐶
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟐
(5𝑦 " − 32) 1 4𝑦 + 12 1 4𝑦 + 8 + 4
# 𝑑𝑦 = # + 𝑑𝑦 = # + 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16) 𝑦 − 4 𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16 𝑦 − 4 𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16
 1 4𝑦 + 8 4
# + " + " 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 4 𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 16 𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 16
1
→# 𝑑𝑦 = ln|𝑦 − 4| + 𝐶
𝑦−4
2𝑦 + 4
→ 2# " 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ln|𝑦 " + 4𝑦 + 16| + 𝐶
𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 16
4 1 4 𝑦+2
→# " 𝑑𝑦 = 4 # 𝑑𝑦 = arctan , 6+𝐶
𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 16 (𝑦 + 2) + 12
"
√12 √12
(5𝑦 " − 32) 𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐)
# 𝑑𝑦 =𝐥𝐧|𝒚 − 𝟒| + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧o𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟔o + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 s t+𝑪
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 16)
"
√𝟑 𝟐√𝟑

(17𝑥 " + 10𝑥 + 12) (17𝑥 " + 10𝑥 + 12)

5. # 𝑑𝑥 = # 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 # + 27 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9)
(17𝑥 " + 10𝑥 + 12) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= +
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9) 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9
(17𝑥 " + 10𝑥 + 12) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
B = + C (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9)
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9) 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9
17𝑥 " + 10𝑥 + 12 = 𝐴(𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 3)
17𝑥 " + 10𝑥 + 12 = 𝐴(𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9) + 𝐵(𝑥 " + 3𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 3)

𝑥 " ; 17 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑥; 10 = −3𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡; 12 = 9𝐴 + 3𝐶

𝐴 = 17 − 𝐵 … (1)
10 = −3(17 − 𝐵) + 3𝐵 + 𝐶
10 = −51 + 3𝐵 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶
61 = 6𝐵 + 𝐶 … (2)
4 = 3𝐴 + 𝐶
4 = 3(17 − 𝐵) + 𝐶
4 = 51 − 3𝐵 + 𝐶
−47 = −3𝐵 + 𝐶 … (3)

(2)&(3)
61 = 6𝐵 + 𝐶
−(−47 = −3𝐵 + 𝐶)
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡
108 = 9𝐵
𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐
𝐴 = 17 − 12
𝑨=𝟓
4 = 3𝐴 + 𝐶
4 = 3(5) + 𝐶
𝑪 = −𝟏𝟏
"
(17𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 12) 5 12𝑥 − 11
# #
𝑑𝑥 = # + " 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 27 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9
 5 12𝑥 − 18 + 7 5 12𝑥 − 18 7
# + " 𝑑𝑥 = # + " + " 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9
5
→# 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ln|𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
𝑥+3
2𝑥 − 3
→ 6# " 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ln|𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 9| + 𝐶
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9
3
1 1 2 ]𝑥 − 2^
→ 7# 𝑑𝑥 = 7 # 𝑑𝑥 = 7 • arctan u v+𝐶
9 27 3 27 √27 √27
]𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 4^ + 4 ]𝑥 − 2^ + 4
2
14 2𝑥 − 3
= arctan , 6+𝐶
3√3 3√3
(17𝑥 " + 10𝑥 + 12) 𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
# #
𝑑𝑥 =𝟓 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 + 𝟑| + 𝟔 𝐥𝐧o𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗o + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 , 6+𝑪
𝑥 + 27 𝟑√𝟑 𝟑√𝟑