STREET LIGHTING FACILITIES IN LILA, BOHOL

AND CRIME REDUCTION: A PROPOSED

SAFETY MEASURES

FRITZI T. DIGAL
JEPHTY JHEEV A. GEÑOSO
JOHN LEE B. HEWE
JAYRINO B. OLAIVAR
RYAN PAIG

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

BIT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
CITY OF TAGBILARAN
MARCH 2023
 STREET LIGHTING FACILITIES IN LILA, BOHOL
AND CRIME REDUCTION: A PROPOSED
SAFETY MEASURES

______________________

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Criminal Justice
BIT International College
City of Tagbilaran

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

________________________

FRITZI T. DIGAL
JEPHTY JHEEV A. GEÑOSO
JOHN LEE B. HEWE
JAYRINO B. OLAIVAR
RYAN PAIG
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in
Criminology, this thesis entitled “STREET LIGHTING FACILITIES IN LILA,
BOHOL AND CRIME REDUCTION: A PROPOSED SAFETY MEASURES”
prepared and submitted by FRITZI T. DIGAL, JEPHTY JHEEV A. GEÑOSO,
JOHN LEE B. HEWE, JAYRINO B. OLAIVAR and RYAN PAIG, is hereby
recommended for the admission to oral examination.

MRS. CHARITO C. CADELIÑA, MAEd

Adviser

Approved by the tribunal at the Oral Examination Conducted on

_______________ with a grade of______________________.

THE EXAMINING TRIBUNAL

ENGR. DIONISIO NEIL A. BALITE, JD, PhD, DPO

Chairman

ENGR. DIONISIO A. BALITE, JR., Ph.D.

Member

ANECITO P. MORENO
Member

CHARITO C. CADELIÑA, MA
Member

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

MRS. IVY G. CALIAO

Dean, College of Criminal Justice
 CERTIFICATION OF THESIS ACCEPTABILITY

This thesis entitled ““STREET LIGHTING FACILITIES IN LILA,

BOHOL AND CRIME REDUCTION: A PROPOSED SAFETY MEASURES”
prepared and submitted by FRITZI T. DIGAL, JEPHTY JHEEV A. GEÑOSO,
JOHN LEE B. HEWE, JAYRINO B. OLAIVAR and RYAN PAIG, was carefully
reviewed and found to be acceptable in partial fulfillment for the degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY.

FACULTY REVIEW COMMITTEE

DR. DIONISIO VICTOR A. BALITE, Ph.D.

Chairman

DR. VALENTINA D. RAMISO, Ph.D.

Member

MS. MA. LILIBETH R. TAGA-AN, MSBA, LLB, LPT

Member
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research paper is part of the journey to the future of becoming a

criminologist. This could not have been made possible without the help of few

people who were with the researchers in the accomplishment of this endeavor.

To the adviser, Mrs. Charito C. Cadeliña, MAEd

for her guidance and sacrifices she shared in spite of her busy schedule;

To the research participants, of BIT International College-Tagbilaran Campus, for

sparing their time in answering the questionnaire;

Dear families, friends and significant others for being with them through

their ups and downs, giving them their love and support and for the

encouragements. They made them stand up in times when they stumbled, in

order to go on and finish this work;

And above all, to Almighty God, for granting them courage, strength

and perseverance up to the of the research work. The researchers express

gratitude to the Creator for giving them the light to go on despite all odds. With

Him they can do all things.

The Researchers
 DEDICATION

This humble piece of work is dedicated to the researcher’s parents,

brothers and sisters for their understanding, and providing financial support, to

the fellow students and faculty members of College Criminal Justice and

panelists, namely;

Engr. Dionisio Neil A. Balite, Ph.D.;

Engr. Dionisio A. Balite, Jr. Ph.D.;

and Mr. Anecito P. Moreno, for their brilliant ideas shared to the

researchers.

To the supporters, friends and special someone who helped and give

wisdom and inspiration all throughout towards the success of this study. And

most of all, the creator and provider, for without Him, this work would be

impossible to accomplish.

Researchers
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Are your children safe in school? Are the securities enough to prove your

child is safe? Security guards at school are known to ensure the campus’ safety.

They must maintain the safety and peacefulness of the school’s environment as

violence at school could result in hindering the growth or progress of the

students and could as well affect their personalities. There are several reasons

on why security guards are being appointed in schools.

Security guards can patrol even if there are classes to ensure the safety of

the students and faculty. It is their job to make rounds around the campus as

students and faculties are busy with their own businesses. Patrolling on campus

maintains a protection level and are able to do security checks and even resolve

student fights inside the campus.

Guidance for parents’ is another reason why security guards are

important in schools. They assure the parents that the school is safe from

intruders and other types of violence that can occur outside the premises.

Strangers need to surrender themselves to the security to take note of their

entry and exit.

 

Well-trained security guards know how to act at the time of emergency

and can escort the students and faculty to a safer place without chaos or panic.

Security guards at schools are usually in a minimal number so their job is that

they must also call the police immediately if they could not handle the situation

alone.

Comparison from the first on our list where they are able to patrol around

the campus, guarding the campus is a different thing. They must secure the

entry and exit points of the school to avoid intruders that could possibly harm or

cause terror to the students and to other people that work inside the campus. By

guarding the campus, security guards are more aware of the faces entering and

exiting the premises.

Having the school secured makes the students and parents more

comfortable within the environment as they have trust on the school’s security if

something goes wrong (1:2022).

The researchers would like to assess the security management in BIT

International College with the hope of proposing measures for enhancement.

Theoretical Background

Theory. This study is anchored on the Contingency Theory espoused

by William Richard Scott . According to him, in the following manner: "The best

way to organize depends on the nature of the environment to which the

organization must relate". The work of other researchers including Paul R.

Lawrence, Jay Lorsch, and James D. Thompson complements this statement.

They are more interested in the impact of contingency factors on organizational

structure. Their structural contingency theory was the dominant paradigm of

organizational structural theories for most of the 1970s. A major empirical test

was furnished by Johannes M. Pennings who examined the interaction between

environmental uncertainty, organization structure and various aspects of

performance. Pennings carried out an empirical study on a sample of retail

brokerage offices in which aspects of their market environment such as

competitiveness, change and munificence, versus organizational arrangements

such as decision making templates, power distribution were juxtaposed for

possible implications for performance. While structural attributes of offices

strongly impacted performance, the evidence for "contingency" was less

pronounced.
 It can be concluded that there is ‘no one best way’ or approach in

management or doing things, different situation calls for different approach to

handle, manage, and solve the arising issue concerned. Management and

organization is an ‘Open system’, which embrace anomalies or challenges every

now and then, which requires ‘adaptable’ and ‘situational’ solution in order to

Theory: Legal Basis:

 Contingency Theory by  Republic Act no. 5487

William Richard Scott An Act to Regulate the
Organization and Operation of
Private Detective, Watchmen or
Security Guards Agencies.

No person shall be employed as security

The contingency theory is also
beneficial as it widened our understanding
of leadership, by persuading individuals to
consider the various impacts of situations
on leaders. Another strength is its
predictive nature that provides an
understanding to the types of leaders that
will be most effective in specific situations.
This theory is also helpful, as it
suggests that leaders do not have to be
effective in all situations and that there are
specific scenarios in which a leader might
not be the perfect fit.
The last major advantage of the
contingency theory is that it provides
concrete data on leadership styles, that is
applicable to organizations developing their
own leadership profiles.
guard or watchman or private detective
unless he is: (a) a Filipino citizen; (b) a high
school graduate; (c) physically and mentally
fit; (d) not less than 21 nor more than 50
years of age; (e) at least 5 feet and 4 inches
in height; and (f) suffering none of the
disqualifications provided for in the preceding
section: Provided, That foreigners who are
already employed as watchmen or security
guards prior to the approval of this Act shall
not be subject to the above-mentioned
requirements: Provided, further, That
veterans shall be given priority in
employment as security guard, watchman or
private detective: And provided, finally, That
person convicted of any crime involving
moral turpitude shall not be employed as
security guard, watchman or private
detective.
 There is a need to assess the security management in BIT International College with the
hope of proposing enhancement.

Figure 1
Theoretical Framework

overcome or solve the problem or issue concerned. Other situational or

contingency factors are ‘changes in customer demand for goods and services,

change in government policy or law, change in environment or climate change,

and so forth (2:1981).

Legal Basis. REPUBLIC ACT No. 5487, AN ACT TO REGULATE THE

ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF PRIVATE DETECTIVE, WATCHMEN

OR SECURITY GUARDS AGENCIES. Rep. Act No. 5487, as amended

by Presidential Decree No. 11. This Act shall be known as "The Private Security

Agency Law." The organization, operation, business and activities of private

detectives, watchmen or security guards agencies shall be governed by the

provisions of this Act.

This bill seeks to professionalize the industry to intensifying the

requirements for training and professional certification of security practitioners.

More importantly, it is determined to uplift the plight and status of security

guards who are the cornerstones of the private security industry. Amendments

introduced to Republic Act No. 5487 are intended to address the needs and
concerns of security guards, with the goal of improving their well-being, status in

life and providing them with a deeper sense of pride in serving and protecting

their fellow Filipinos (3:1969).

Related Literature

The following readings were associated in the study in order to give

important information that can help gain profound insights into the study.

Information technology has dramatically increased online business

opportunities; however, these opportunities have also created serious risks in

relation to information security. Previously, information security issues were

studied in a technological context, but growing security needs have extended

researchers' attention to explore the management role in information security

management. Various studies have explored different management roles and

activities, but none has given a comprehensive picture of these roles and

activities to manage information security effectively. So, it is necessary to

accumulate knowledge about various managerial roles and activities from

literature to enable managers to adopt these for a more holistic approach to

information security management (4:2022).

 In recent years, information security has gained attention in organizations

across diverse businesses and sectors. Primary reasons of this can be the new

and innovative ways of information handling (during generation, processing,

storage and distribution), and dependence of business processes on new and

emerging IT/ICT mediums in organizations to carry out daily business activities.

This has made organizations agile in terms of functioning and, at the same time,

has posed new challenges. In this direction, the present study aims to explore

and examine information security management (ISM) practices of two IT

development and services organizations in India. In case study design, the study

adopts qualitative research route to understand the current ISM practices of the

case organizations. The observations management support, organizational

information security culture and a proper monitoring system for ISM

effectiveness in organizations. Insights derived from the study can be helpful for

managers and decision makers in managing organizational information security

practices (5:2017).

With increased connectivity of these systems, the risk of undesirable

consequences has increased due to the possibility of an adversary intentionally

causing the undesirable consequences. The risk of such intentionally caused

harm through the technological systems has been generally addressed by

security solutions, which were traditionally analyzed and proposed separately

from safety solutions. Security is often defined as a system property that allows

the system “to perform its mission or critical functions despite risks posed by
threats”. Safety engineering and security engineering as a way of addressing

safety/security challenges have developed separately. While the malfunctioning

behavior addressed by safety engineering was the primary concern in such

systems, the increased risk of intentionally caused harm required additional focus

on security engineering. Nowadays, there is a need to integrate safety and

security engineering in such a way that the unreasonable risk of harm due to

either malfunctioning or malicious intent is adequately addressed. This is

particularly important for highly connected modern safety-critical systems that

cannot be considered safe unless they are secure at the same time. The way in

which this integration is performed significantly influences the efforts needed to

design a safe and secure system. For example, safety and security solutions do

not always support each other, e.g., encrypting a message needed for security

reasons increases the time needed to deliver the message, which may increase

the delivery time over the required safety threshold. If safety and security are

being treated separately and their integration takes place at later development

stages, it implies greater effort to harmonize different solutions. As with

requirements engineering, the later the inconsistencies are detected, the more

work needs to be performed due to repetition. The earlier the integration of

safety and security can be achieved, the fewer iterations are needed to

harmonize them. We have identified the early system development stages where

safety and security analyses are performed as the most critical stage for their

harmonization. Significant amount of academic effort is being invested into

researching harmonization at early system development stages. At the same

time, state of the practice is lagging behind due to the strict certification and

standardization requirements that take longer time to adapt to new

developments (6:2022).

Crisis situations in school may emerge along a continuum from natural

disasters such as floods or hurricanes to man-made threats of criminality that

include, but are not limited to, school shootings, hostage taking and terrorism

threats. This paper examines a variety of crisis preparedness models to address

these challenges. This includes a discussion of underlying assumptions of safe

school planning, and essential components of comprehensive crisis management

plan. Drawing upon literature in public health and social/behavioral science

research, this paper attempts to identify examples of “best practices” in schools

that have developed, implemented, or evaluated practices and policies of crisis

preparedness while maintaining an effective learning environment (7:2017).

Related Studies

The following relevant studies being presented as basis for the conduct of

this study.

According to Yahea Ali Fagihi (8:2018) in his study entitled “The

Level of Awareness of Safety Measures Practiced in School

Laboratories among Pre-Service Science Teachers at Najran

University”. This study is an attempt to identify the level of awareness of safety

measures practiced in school laboratories among pre-service Science teachers at

Najran University. It also aims to identify the sources of safety measures

awareness and the statistically significant differences among the sample

responses due to specialization and grade variables. To achieve the study

objectives, a scale of (43) questions prepared and applied to a sample of (49)

students. The scale covers the following aspects: Laboratory risk management,

proper laboratory practices and first aid for laboratory injuries, in addition to a

question about the sources of safety measures awareness. Results concluded

that the awareness level of safety measures among pre-service Science teachers

was low. There were statistically significant differences among the sample

responses due to specialization, in favor of chemistry, and grade in favor of

higher grades. The sources of safety measures awareness include undergraduate

courses, faculty members, the laboratory safety manual, and websites.

In the study of Kavita Naranasamy (9:2019), entitled “Headmasters’

Safety Management and Performance in Two Malaysian National

Primary Schools”. A conducive environment to ensure safety among school

students is crucial as most of the time they are at school and grow up in school

settings. It is vital to understand that, this period is a critical development stage

for students whereby their personality is developed holistically in a different

environment from home. The failure of handling hazards effectively and

neglecting attitude on reporting cases contributes to the rising number of

accidents in schools. Thus, the study aims to explore headmasters’ strategies in

safety management and how they strengthen teacher’ safety performances in

schools. An explorative case study research design was adopted using purposive

sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with two

headmasters. The data analyses were performed by reviewing the informants’

transcripts, and the transcripts were coded through open, axial and selective

coding. The findings of the study revealed seven strategies implemented by the

headmaster's in managing school safety are: (a) Importance of Safety

Management; (b) Acting as Role Model; (c) Communicates School Safety; (d)

Safety Practices; (e) Training Teachers; (f) Budget Arrangements; and (g)

Alliance with School Community. Findings also revealed headmaster’s strengthen

teacher’s safety performances in schools in two ways: (a) Trust in Teachers; and

(b) Teachers Execute Programmes. This study provides an insight into the

headmaster's safety management and safety performance in two Malaysian

primary schools. Besides, policymakers will benefit from the change that could be

made on safety-related matters with the aim of reducing the number of accident

and incident cases among

school students.

Additionally, the study of Oscar Flores et.al. (10:2019) entitled “The

Management of Safety Situations and Assumable Risk during

Transitions and Recesses in Different Types of Schools”. The present

study aims to analyze the situations of safety and risk perceived during the
school transitions and recesses at different types of schools and to determine the

level of empowerment of the students to manage situations of risk. The novelty

of the study lies in analyzing the best strategy for dealing with risk situations

during school transitions and recess. For this purpose, different situations in

different types of schools are analyzed. An observational methodology was

utilized. The sample was composed of a total of 23 schools, with 69 different

observations conducted at different times of the day (morning recess and noon

recess, on sunny days and rainy days). The results show that the morning

recesses were the safest, and that the schools that serve a great number of at-

risk students offered the greatest safety during recess and its transitions. With

respect to the level of empowerment of the students, it was observed that they

managed the possible risks when the safety guidelines were clear. The study

provides evidence showing that when students are clearly aware of recess rules

and guidelines, the management of risk situations improves.

Conceptual Background

The light needs to spread over a wide distance so as to increase visibility

for drivers and avoid accidents. Since vehicles move at high speeds on such

roads, the lighting needs to be consistent and bright so that long distance

visibility is enhanced.
         The conceptual framework viewed in the schematic diagram in Figure 2

shows the inputs consist of the data on the profile of the law enforcers, age,

gender, rank and frequency in encountering crime is the absence of streetlight;

for the community residents their age, gender, and civil status; Part II,

Respondents perceive on the effectiveness on the implementation of street

lighting in Lila, Bohol in reducing crime.

        The process involved the descriptive normative method of research. A self-

made questionnaire was used to collect data relative to responses of the law

enforcers and community residents respondents. The result of the data gathered

were tallied, tabulated and processed for analysis through statistical treatment to

test the hypothesis.

      The output of the study includes a proposed safety measures.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Data gathered from the

responses of the
respondents in the following
context:
 Construction of the
 Profile of the
questionnaire
respondents along with
 Collection and Proposed
the law enforcers; age,
tabulation of the data Safety
gender, rank and
gathered Measures
frequency in
 Presentation of the
encountering crime;
data
for the community
 Analysis of Findings
residents their age,
 Conclusions
gender and civil status;
 Recommendations
 respondents perceive
 Figure 2
Conceptual Framework

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem. The main objective of this study is to make

an analysis on the implementation of street lightning facilities in Lila, Bohol and

how it affects the crime in for the year 2023 – 2024 with an end view of

proposing safety measures.

Specifically, it aimed to discover the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

 A. Law Enforcers B. Community Residents

a. Age; a. Age;

b. Gender; b. Gender; and

c. Rank; and c. Civil Status?

d. Frequency in encountering crime

in the absence of streetlight?

2. How do the respondents perceive on the effectiveness on the

implementation of street lighting in Lila, Bohol in reducing crime?

3. Is there significant degree of difference on the perception of the two

groups of respondents on the effectiveness in the implementation of

street lighting in Lila, Bohol in reducing crime?

4. What proposed safety measures could be offered to improve the street

lighting and to reduce crime in Lila, Bohol?

Null Hypothesis

There is no significant degree of difference in the responses of the

respondents on the street lighting facilities in Lila, Bohol and crime reduction.

Significance of the Study

 The researchers undertook this study for the benefit of the following

individuals:

To the Law Enforcers. Towards the end of the conduct of the thorough

evaluation of the data gathered by the researchers, they will be able to know

where to conduct police omnipresence and give awareness to the community

residents where to pass by.

To the Community Residents. This study will help them to be mindful

enough when passing by to the dark areas and be vigilant when there is spying

in the back.

To the Future Researchers. They will have a basis for future research

study relating to the street lighting facilities in Lila, Bohol and Crime Reduction.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focused on the Street lighting facilities in Lila, Bohol and Crime

Reduction. The following limitations were also considered in the conduct of the

study: reluctance of the respondents to answer the questionnaire due to their

busy work schedule. There was a delay on the retrieval of the questionnaires

because some of the respondents are not in their respective classes and work.

Furthermore, the researchers also explained earnestly to the respondents the

value and importance of the output of the study and asked them to answer the

questionnaires wholeheartedly.
 In order to attain the target goal of finishing the study, the researchers

opted to select Poblacion, Lila, Bohol as their research location. The researchers

gathered fifteen (15) law enforcers and fifty (50) community residents. A total of

sixty five (65) respondents.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study uses the descriptive normative survey with the use of a

questionnaire as the main data gathering tool. The descriptive normative survey

was used to seek answer to the problems and to ascertain the normal or typical

condition to practice or to compare result with a state or national norm or

standard. It serves to describe what transpired from the responses gathered

from law enforcers and community residents.

Research Environments and Subjects

This study was conducted at BIT International College – Main Campus,

Tagbilaran City, Bohol. The research subjects were (15) law enforcers and (50)

community residents. A total of sixty five (65) respondents.

Research Instrument

In gathering the basic and necessary information to conceptualize or

visualize the main purpose of the study, the researchers would like to employ a

Research Questionnaire. This simple method of gathering data will enable the
researchers to completely make its conclusions and recommendations as part of

the purpose why there is a need to conduct the research.

The questionnaire was formulated in a manner that the respondents could

easily understand and truthfully points out the exact answer to every question.

All items found in the questionnaire were explained and discussed to the

respondents so that they could fully comprehend the questions.

The direction on how to answer the questionnaire must be fully explained

to the respondents to avoid the possible confusion and misinterpretation that

would eventually result in the failure of the research study. In as much as the

direction was already explained the respondents are encourage to have some

comments in order for the researchers to consider an avenue for change and

growth for both the researchers intellectual capacity and moral values that they

may encountered all throughout the research process.

A self-made questionnaire prepared by the researchers, with the

assistance of their research adviser was used as the main data gathering

instrument. This questionnaire obtains data regarding the profile of law enforcers

and community residents. The said questionnaire consists of two parts: Part I,

focuses on the profile of the respondents; Part II, How respondents perceive on

the effectiveness on the implementation of street lighting in Lila, Bohol in

reducing crime.

Data Gathering Procedure

 The researchers secure the permission for the distribution and

dissemination of the questionnaires to the Municipal Mayor of Lila, Bohol and Lila

Police Station. After securing the needed consent, the researchers personally

distributed the questionnaire to the respondents to get the data desired for the

study. The respondents were given enough time to answer the questionnaire and

requested to return the accomplished form with the data.

Data Analysis

The data gathered were tabulated, interpreted and analyzed in order to

established the norms of occurrence through the simple percentage of

computations. To obtain the percentages, the frequency of responses to each

item was divided by the total number of cases and then multiplied by 100, thus:

Percent = f/n x 100; where f = frequency and n = number of cases. The data on

the demographic profile was obtained using the mean as basis for the profile:

M=∑x/N; where ∑x is the summation of all data and N is the number of

respondents.

The following weights were assigned to the scales with their

corresponding equivalents:

Weight Scale Range

 4 Very Much Observed (3.26 – 4.00)

3 Observed (2.51 – 3.25)

2 Less Observed (1.76 – 2.50)

1 Not Observed (1.00 – 1.75)

Statistical Treatment

The data gathered through the use of the questionnaire were subjected to

statistical treatment, computation and analysis. The purpose was to determine

the difference of the responses of the two different group of respondents. It was

subjected to a t- test using the formula.

Formula:

t= X1+ X2

S1 +S2

N1+ N2

where:

t= t –test
 X1= mean of the first group

X2= mean of the second group

S1= variance of the first group

S2= variance of the second group

N1= number of cases of the first group

N2=number of the cases of the second group

DEFINITION OF TERMS

To avoid conflict of ideas due to the different connotations of words, the

following terms were defined as used in this study:

Detective

It refers to a person, especially a police officer, whose occupation is to

investigate and solve crimes.

Problem
 It refers to a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and

needing to be dealt with and overcome.

Safety

It refers to the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause

danger, risk, or injury.

Security

It is the state of being free from danger or threat.

Stranger

It refers to a person whom one does not know or with whom one is not

familiar.

Student

It refers to a person who is studying at a school or college.

Surrender

It cease resistance to an enemy or opponent and submit to their

authority.

Trained

It having been taught a particular skill or type of behavior through

practice and instruction over a period of time.

Watchmen

It refers to a man employed to look after an empty building, especially at

night.
 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This study is composed of three chapters:

Chapter I. The Problem and Its Scope, contains the introduction, the

rationale, the theoretical background, the theoretical framework, the scope and

limitation of the study, the research methodology which includes the research

design, research environment and subjects, the research instrument, the data

gathering procedure, the statistical treatment and the definition of terms;

Chapter II. Presentation and Analysis of Findings, contains reports,

analysis and interpretation of the data gathered in the light of the different

aspects of the problems; and

Chapter III. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations,

presents summary of the problem, the research methodology, the findings, the
conclusions drawn from the recommendations which includes a proposed

enhancement measures.

BIT INTERNATONAL COLLEGE

200 Gallares Street, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

College of Criminal Justice

Survey Questionnaire

STREET LIGHTING FACILITIES IN LILA, BOHOL

AND CRIME REDUCTION: A PROPOSED
SAFETY MEASURES

To our dear Respondents:

Here is a questionnaire which serves as data instruments for the present

study. Kindly answer the questionnaire honestly to ensure the accuracy of the
data and for a more reliable result. All information gathered will be held
confidential and shall be used only for the purpose of research.

Thank you so much.

Researchers

Part I. Profile of the Respondents

Direction: Please indicate with a checkmark of your choice on the space

provided.

A. Law Enforcers

a. Age
[ ] 30 years old and below
[ ] 31 – 40 years old
[ ] 41 – 50 years old
[ ] 51 years old and above

b. Gender
[ ] Male
[ ] Female
[ ] LGBTQ

c. Rank
[] Pat - PSSg
[] PMSg – PEMS
[] PLT – PMAJ
[] PLTCOL – PCOL

d. Frequency in Encountering Crime in the Absence of

Streetlight
[ ] everyday
[ ] seldom
[ ] never

B. Community Residents

a. Age
[] 25 years old and below
[] 26 – 30 years old
[] 31 – 35 years old
[] 36 years old and above

b. Gender
[ ] Male
[ ] Female
[ ] LGBTQ
 c. Civil Status
[ ] Single
[ ] Married
[ ] Separated
[ ] Widowed
II. How do Respondents Perceive on the Effectiveness on the
Implementation of Street Lighting in Lila, Bohol in reducing crime

Direction: Please indicate a checkmark (√) of your response to the column that
corresponds to your answer. Numerical choices correspond to the
following quantifiers.

4 – Very Much Observed 2 – Less Observed

3 – Observed 1 – Not Observed
Items VMO O LO NO
(4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Improved lighting offenders are more likely to be
seen by someone who might intervene, call the
police, or recognize the offender.
2. Having street lighting the offenders are hesitate in
making violations/crimes.
3. It can easily detect the perpetrator where he goes
because of the visibility of streetlights.
4.Improved lighting deters potential offenders by
increasing the risk that they will be seen or recognized
when committing crimes.
5. Police become more visible, thus leading to a
decision to desist from crime.
6. If improved lighting leads to the arrest and
imprisonment of repeat offenders they can no longer
commit crimes in the area.
7. New lighting can encourage residents to spend
more time on their stoops or in their front yards in the
evenings and thus increase informal surveillance.
8. Improved lighting can encourage more people to
walk at night, which would increase informal
surveillance.
9. New lighting shows that city government and the
police are determined to control crime. As a result,
potential offenders might no longer see the
neighborhood as affording easy pickings. In additions,
citizens might be motivated to pass on information
about offenders.
10.  Increased social activity outside the home in the
evenings can increase the number of unoccupied
homes available for burglary.

Thank you very much for your cooperation….

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. file:///C:/Users/acer/Downloads/ijerph-19-04117-v3.pdf

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_theory

3.

https://hrep-website.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/legisdocs/basic_1
8/HB00518.pdf

4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026840121500113

5. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0972150917721836

6. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1305128/FULLTEXT01.pdf

7.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283291690_School_Safety_and_
Security_In_Search_of_Best_Practices

8. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1179649.pdf

9.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340336320_Headmasters'_Safe
ty_Management_and_Performance_in_Two_Malaysian_National_Primary_
Schools

10. file:///C:/Users/acer/Downloads/ijerph-19-04117-v3.pdf
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Fritzi T. Digal

Date of Birth : April 29, 2002

Place of Birth : Ewon, Sevilla, Bohol

Address : Ewon, Sevilla, Bohol

Parents : Mr. Santos P. Digal

Mrs. Manula T. Digal

Nationality : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary : Candabong Elementary School

Candabong, Loboc, Bohol

Secondary : Loboc National High School

Bahi-an, Loboc, Bohol

Tertiary : BIT International College

200 Gallares St., Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course : Bachelor of Science in Criminology

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Jephty Jheev A. Geñoso

Date of Birth : January 30, 2002

Place of Birth : Muntinlupa City, Manila

Address : San Roque, Maribojoc, Bohol

Parents : Mr. Jessie A. Geñoso

Nationality : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary : San Roque Maribojoc Elementary School

San Roque, Maribojoc, Bohol

Secondary : Dr. Cecilio Putong National High School

Poblacion, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Tertiary : BIT International College

200 Gallares St., Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course : Bachelor of Science in Criminology

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : John Lee B. Hewe

Date of Birth : April 6, 2001

Place of Birth : Rizal, Batuan, Bohol

Address : Rizal, Batuan, Bohol

Parents : Mr. Joel Hewe

Mrs. Marcelina B. Hewe

Nationality : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary : Rizal Elementary School

Rizal, Batuan, Bohol

Secondary : Rizal High School

Rizal, Batuan, Bohol

Tertiary : BIT International College

200 Gallares St., Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course : Bachelor of Science in Criminology

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Jayrino B. Olaivar

Date of Birth : April 14, 2002

Place of Birth : Tambungan, Candijay, Bohol

Address : Tabalong, Dauis, Bohol

Parents : Mr. Quirino Olaivar

Nationality : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary : Tagbilaran City Central Elementary School

Poblacion, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Secondary : Dr. Cecilio Putong National High School

Poblacion, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Tertiary : BIT International College

200 Gallares St., Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course : Bachelor of Science in Criminology

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Ryan Paig

Date of Birth : March 29, 2001

Place of Birth : Oroquita, Misamis, Occidental

Address : Poblacion, Lila, Bohol

Parents : Mrs. Mariquita Paig

Nationality : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary : Lila Central Elementary School

Poblacion, Lila, Bohol

Secondary : Holy Rosary Academy

Poblacion, Lila, Bohol

Tertiary : BIT International College

200 Gallares St., Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course : Bachelor of Science in Criminology