AWARENESS OF THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF TANODS IN

BARANGAY RIO HONDO: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT

A Research Proposal

Presented to

The Faculty Members of the School of Criminal Justice

Universidad de Zamboanga
Zamboanga City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Mohammad Bakar, Mohamad Radzmin A.

Hamid, Yanchin P.
Sandangan, Noli, R.

December 2023
 DEDICATION

First, the researchers would like to dedicate this study to the Almighty God who

have given us strength, patience, and wisdom.

We also want to dedicate this research paper to our adviser, Ma’am Emily K.

Sakarte, who taught and guided us through the process. We would like to show you

Ma’am that we did it, all your efforts are worth it and we will always remember all of

what you taught us and use it in the future.

The researchers also dedicated this study to their parents who have given us full

support of paying internet bills or load bills and we would like to give back their favor by

doing our work well and by finishing this research.

This research is also dedicated to those future researchers to give an idea and

knowledge about the topic and help them to make their research better.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers want to thank our God for giving us strength, wisdom, guide, and

trust to accomplish the research. He used us as instruments to share knowledge with

our fellow criminology students.

Also, we like to express our deep gratitude to our Parents who support us in

online class in research. The one who pays our internet bills or load bills.

And to our cooperative respondents who spent time and gave honest answers

during interview for researchers’ investigation.

I would like to extend our sincere regards to our group members for their hard

work contribution and cooperation for this project.

Lastly, we are heartily thankful to our adviser Ma’am Emily K. Sakarte for her

persistence, constructive comments and suggestions, and unceasing support. With her

dedicated lectures, we were able to practically understand and apply what we have

learned in the classes.

 ABSTRACT

This quantitative research was mainly conducted to aware of the roles and

responsibilities of Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo. The Tanods offer protection and

security, to prevent crime, maintain safety, order, and promote a harmonious life in the

community. It ensures everyone safety to live in peace in Barangay Rio Hondo.

The researchers used quantitative research design that employed a ratified and

validated survey questionnaire that included 10 questions and demographics also

divided into classified and checked into three groups of Tanods by their time schedule.

Through personal printed survey questionnaires to 15 in Barangay Rio Hondo. The Data

Gathering Tool used descriptive statistics, such as Frequency & Percentage Distribution

and Cross Tabulation, to analyze the level of awareness of the roles and responsibilities

of Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF FIGURES vii

CHAPTER 6
I INTRODUCTION
Background of the study 6
Theoretical Framework 6
Conceptual Framework 7
Statement of the problem 7
Hypotheses 8
Significance of the study 8
Scope and Delimitations of the study 8
Operational Definition of Terms 9

CHAPTER 10
II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 10
Research Locale 10
Population and Sampling 10
Data Gathering Tool 11
Validity and Reliability 11
Ethical Consideration 12
Data Gathering Procedure 12
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study

In modern society, crime has become known as a major problem. The crime rate

gradually increases annually in some sectors worldwide. Due to criminality, a lot of

individuals lost their properties and life. People including establishments cannot easily

secure and protect the person and property against danger in lack of private security

and protection.

The Tanods offer protection and security, to prevent crime, maintain safety, order,

and promote a harmonious life in the community. Somehow, it is essential to defend

one's own life and property hence, the Tanods ensures everyone safety to live in peace

in Barangay Rio Hondo. As what Nikita Kruschev said, “Every living thing wants to live”.

Human life is precious. Human life is sacred. Every living thing wants to live. (Babalola,

2022). Therefore, Tanods is design in preventing crimes, upholding workplace

discipline, and guaranteeing that laws and regulations are obeyed. Tanods have the

authority to impose discipline on offenders and chaotic individuals. The Barangay Rio

Hondo keeps order in huge gatherings and reduces the possibility of conflicts, violence,

or reckless and disorganized conduct.

It is known for its vibrant local culture and the challenges it faces due to its

location. The presence of various economic and social activities attracts a diverse
population, including threats such as criminal acts and emergencies, which demand a

well-functioning security system. Tanods, or barangay security officers, play a crucial

role in maintaining peace and security within the barangay by assisting local officials

and serving as first responders during emergencies.

This study focused on the Tanods duties and addressing the problems around

the Barangay Rio Hondo. The primary method for issuing some results on how to

improve the issues that occur when Tanods are doing the job would be to ensure the

safety and well-being of the residents of Barangay Rio Hondo. We plan to conduct a

research study with Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo to evaluate and raise awareness

about improved their roles and responsibilities, increased their patrolling/ monitoring,

continuously update the reports, and enhance better planning when it comes the

disaster and crime prevention. Respondents of this study were limited to only (15)

Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo.

Moreover, this study only covers how well the Tanods aware in their roles and

responsibilities affects their performance effectively. However, this study does not cover

those people who are residents and outside residents to avoid disarranging up the

study. Each Tanods respondent is given a questionnaire to answer. To avoid bias and

obtain objectives, Tanods will be chosen from their schedules, time, and their suitability

for the role.

The objective of this study is to assess the level of knowledge and understanding of

the roles and responsibilities of barangay enforcers (tanods) in Barangay Rio Hondo, and to

use this assessment as a basis for enhancing their performance. The study aims to
determine the demographic profile of the respondents, their level of knowledge about their

duties and obligations, their first responder's function, as well as patrolling and hazard

identification duties [1]. The study will utilize a descriptive-correlational design of quantitative

research, using a researcher-made instrument in the form of a questionnaire checklist to

measure the level of knowledge of barangay enforcers. The respondents will be the existing

enforcers of Barangay Rio Hondo. The results of the study will provide insights into the areas

where the tanods may need improvement in terms of their knowledge and skills, and will

serve as a basis for the development and implementation of a training plan to enhance their

performance [2].

Local Studies

According to Icao et al. (2017), the two creeks in Zamboanga city swell

and overflow during typhoons, flooding most of the land areas around the

typhoon zones happens. The barangay tanod hold and handled set and

megaphones. They alert the residents of the impending flood and instruct them to

evacuate to the designated safe areas. Moreover, the tanods volunteers to assist

the elderly, the disabled, and the children in moving their belongings and

securing their homes. Therefore, the role of barangay tanods helps to save lives,

protect properties, and maintain order during disasters. In addition, they are

important because they ensured the safety and resilience of the barangay and

the community.
Theoretical Framework

The Routine Activity Theory (Cohen & Felson, 1998) and Social Control Theory

(Wiatrowski, 1981) serves as the foundation for this study. One of the theories

underpinning this study is the Routine Activity Theory by Cohen and Felson (1998). This

theory discussed the different things that can be targeted for crime (e.g., people, car,

money). The target has a goal to take things that is easy to find, take, hide, and sell.

Based on the authors stated that the last element defined is “the absence of a capable

guardian.” It is an individual who can prevent a crime from happening (Cohen &Felson,

1998). Thus, it is important relevance for how Tanods roles and responsibilities in

Barangay Rio Hondo can prevent crime.

The second theory is the Social Control Theory by Wiatrowski (1981). The theory

discussed that there is a link between dysfunctional social institutions, increased

delinquency among youth, and decreased social bonds. Based on the theory, it stated

that social inequality and poorly functioning schools can have negative effect the

relationship of a youth to society. The youth will likely become involved with the criminal

justice system. Moreover, it implies that adolescence is a critical period for the

development of social bonds and the integration of youth into adult social roles

(Wiatrowski, 1981). Thus, it is imperative for barangay officials to have a comprehension

understanding of the community where they communicate effectively with the resident in

Barangay Rio Hondo to establish positive engagement to the community.

Conceptual Framework

This part of the research involves concepts that serve as the study's foundation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of awareness about the roles of

Tanods among the residents of Barangay Rio Hondo.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Respondents
Awareness of the Roles
*Age

*Sex
and Responsibilities of

*Educational Attainment Tanods in Barangay Rio

*Socio-economic Hondo

Figure 1: Showing the interrelation of the Dependent and Independent Variables

of the study.

The study was composed of Independent Variable and Dependent Variable. The

level of awareness and roles and responsibilities of Tanods is the Independent Variable.

While in the Dependent Variable, the perception of the effective performance of Tanods.

In addition, the arrow means that these duties and responsibilities will affect the

performance and behavior.

Statement of the Problem

The problem at hand in the lack of awareness among the residents of Barangay

Rio Hondo regarding the roles and responsibilities of tanods. This lack of awareness

hinders the effective functioning and enhancement of the tanod system in the barangay.

1. What is the current level of awareness among the residents of Barangay Rio

Hondo about the roles and responsibilities of tanods?

2. What are the factors contributing to the lack of understanding and awareness

among the residents about the importance of enhancing the roles and

responsibilities of tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo?

3. Is there a significant relationship on the awareness of the residents of

Barangay Rio Hondo about the roles and responsibilities, when respondents

are grouped according to their profile?

Hypotheses

The researcher postulated this Null Hypotheses

There is no significant relationship on the awareness of the residents of

Barangay Rio Hondo about the roles and responsibilities, when respondents are

grouped according to their profiles.

Significance of the Study
This study will raise awareness of the roles and responsibilities of Tanods in

barangay Rio Hondo.so that the criminology students will understand.

This study will specifically benefit the following:

Barangay Officials. The purpose of this study will be to provide information on

the Tanods performance such as their roles and responsibilities. Therefore, it will

help us to identify the strengths and weakness of their current practices and

policies in Barangay Rio Hondo.

Future Researchers. This study entails learning and becoming knowledgeable

with the prescription. Thus, the findings of this study can be used for future

discussions, observations, and improvements by our future researchers.

Residents. The purpose of this study is to inform the residents about the roles

and responsibilities of the Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo. Thus, it will increase

the residents’ trust and confidence.

Tanods. The purpose is to make clear study that was needed. The information in

this research can help them better understand the purpose of roles and

responsibilities of Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study focused on the Tanods duties and addressing the problems around

the Barangay Rio Hondo. The primary method for issuing some results on how to

improve the issues that occur when Tanods are doing the job would be to ensure the

safety and well-being of the residents of Barangay Rio Hondo. We plan to conduct a

research study with Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo to evaluate and raise awareness
about improved their roles and responsibilities, increased their patrolling/ monitoring,

continuously update the reports, and enhance better planning when it comes the

disaster and crime prevention. Respondents of this study were limited to only (15)

Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo.

Moreover, this study only covers how well the Tanods aware in their roles and

responsibilities affects their performance effectively. However, this study does not cover

those people who are residents and outside residents to avoid disarranging up the

study. Each Tanods respondent is given a questionnaire to answer. To avoid bias and

obtain objectives, Tanods will be chosen from their schedules, time, and their suitability

for the role.

Operational Definition of Terms

A 15-item questionnaire was developed to assess the level of awareness about

the responsibilities of Tanods among the residents of Barangay Rio Hondo. The

questionnaire is answerable by Strongly agree, Agree, Strongly Disagree and Disagree.

AWARENESS – the extent to which the Tanods know and understand the roles and

responsibilities in Barangay Rio Hondo.

BARANGAY RIO HONDO – it is one of the barangays of Zamboanga City, located in

the east coast of the city.

REPORTS – the official records of the Tanods submit to the barangay council regarding

the activities they have witnessed.

ROLES & RESPONSIBILITES – the specific duties and tasks that the tanods are

expected to perform to maintain security, public safety, and peace and order.
TANOD – it is an elected barangay official responsible for maintaining general peace

and order within the area they oversee.

 CHAPTER II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides further information on the research method utilized in this

study. It provides a detailed description of the physical setting of the study, the research

design, research locale, population and sample size, validity and reliability, the data

gathering tools, ethical considerations, and the data gathering procedure for interpreting

the data gathered.

Research Design

Descriptive correlational design is utilized in studies that provide static depictions

of situations and establish the relationship between variables (McBurney & White,

2009). The researchers used a quantitative research design, specifically a descriptive

correlation approach for their study. This type of research seeks the level of awareness

of roles and responsibilities of Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted in the Barangay Rio Hondo, Zamboanga City. The

researchers will conduct surveys through printed questionnaires that provide how they

should respond, yes, no, and I don't know choices, as well as some other information.

Researchers will hand out the survey questionnaires to Tanods in person and wait for

them to complete answering them. Furthermore, to assist the respondents to give

answers to the questions they wished to ask them right away. Additionally, the

researchers evaluate the responses of the respondent to show how they interpret the
responses of the respondent. The respondents are anticipated to be 15 Tanods and all

their information will be kept strictly confidential.

Barangay Rio Hondo is a unique Muslim community in Zamboanga City, Philippines.

It is the first community in the Philippines created for a religion by the Philippine

government. The name "Rio Hondo" is derived from the Spanish words "Rio" meaning

river and "Hondo" meaning deep, although there is no visible river in the area today. The

barangay is predominantly inhabited by the Tausug, Iyakan, Samal, and Badjao people,

who are of Muslim origin. It is sub-divided into three barangays: Campu Muslim, Rio

Hondo, and Brgy. Mariki. The population of Rio Hondo grew from 6,034 in 1990 to 8,827

in 2020, with a majority of the population being of Muslim faith. The area is known for its

floating Muslim village, where the community lives on floating wooden homes. Rio

Hondo is also home to the Islamic Institute of the Philippines, the only private school in

the area, and one of the two state colleges in Zamboanga City, the Zamboanga State

Colleges of Marine Sciences and Technology 1 2 3 . The history of Barangay Rio Hondo

is closely tied to its unique status as a community created for a religion by the Philippine

government and its predominantly Muslim population. The area's cultural and religious

significance, as well as its distinct floating village, make it a notable and historically rich

part of Zamboanga City.

Rio Hondo's Distance from City Hall: 0.92 Km. Adjacent Barangays are: Mariki, Sta.

Barbara and Zone IV Proclamation No. 472, s. 1965 by then president Macapagal

officially made Rio Hondo the site for the first Muslim or Moro community in the

Philippines. The first community in the Philippines created for a Religion by the
Philippine government. Misguided and ignorant non-muslim filipino leaders thought or

believed that moros or muslims were indigenous people. They blinded themselves from

the fact that moros or muslims are the followers of the religion of Islam and that Moros

or Muslims are not a race of people, anybody (color or race) can be a moro or muslim.

Germans, Russians, White or Black people or any Filipino can be a Muslim.

Moros(Muslims) are not indigenous people. They are the followers of the religion of

Islam.

Most of the residents in Rio Hondo are Moros or Muslims even to this date.

Population and Sampling

The target population of the study will be 15 Tanods working in Barangay Rio

Hondo. The researchers used a stratified sampling technique for this research. Stratified

random sampling is a sampling method that involves dividing a population into smaller

subgroups known as stratification. In stratified random sampling, or stratification,

stratification is formed based on specific characteristics and defined them. The Tanods

must be worked within the same Barangay, sampling proportional versus

disproportionate. The sample size for each stratum in proportional sampling is equal to

the proportion of the subgroup in the population as a whole; however, in

disproportionate sampling, the sample sizes for each stratum are disproportionate to its

proportion in the population.

Purposive sampling will then be used to sample each stratum. This allows

researchers to estimate the statistics of the set of metrics. Next, stratified analysis is a
powerful statistical approach that allows to test for confusion and interaction and enable

to see the results gained from the analysis. Then, the researchers first divided the target

tanods into three groups. Stratification systems arrange tanods vertically into a schedule

structure that has a distinct top and bottom. The distance from top to bottom in any

population is referred to as the time of the schedule of the Tanods. Finally, researchers

select a random sample from each stratum using the simple methodology of probability

and non-probability sampling.

Validity and Reliability

Researchers will use Content Validity in this Test for Validity to determine

whether individuals have sufficient knowledge of roles and responsibilities as Tanods. A

test has content validity if it includes questions that cover every possible topic related to

the roles and responsibilities of Tanods and excludes all other questions that aren't

relevant to the topic. The validity of roles and responsibilities will be evaluated using a

combination of data extraction from Barangay records in Rio Hondo and quantitative

interview. It will examine the information and its validity date by day, month, and year,

and determine whether it has been modified or not. For the researchers, apparent

validity simply means whether the test appears (in nominal value) to measure what

researchers claim that this research succeeded in achieving its goal.

Internal consistency was used as a form of reliability in our research, and the

type of reliability in our research is Internal consistency which is a method of

determining how well a test or survey measures what you want it to measure, as well as

the steps involved. Tanods will response by selecting options for each question:

Strongly Agree / Agree / Strongly Disagree and Disagree. We will repeat the test to see
if the tool outperforms reliability. Then the results are the part that will be tested for

reliability.

Data Gathering Tool

The survey questions that the chosen respondents answered were as follows:

Conduct surveys through printed questionnaires. The collected data was interpreted

using appropriate statistical tools:

A. Frequency and Percentage Distribution

This statistical tool was used to determine the respondents' profile, such as their

sex and age of the Tanods.

B. Cross Tabulation

This statistical tool is used to quantitatively analyze the awareness of roles and

responsibilities among Tanods.

Table 1. The level of awareness about the roles of Tanods

Scale Rating Level of awareness of roles and responsibilities

Strongly Agree 1 point Extremely knowledgeable

No 0 point Not knowledgeable

I don't know 0 point Not knowledgeable

Table 2. The level of awareness about the responsibilities of Tanods

Scale Rating Level of awareness of roles and responsibilities

 Yes 1 point Extremely knowledgeable

No 0 point Not knowledgeable

I don’t know 0 point Not knowledgeable

Ethical Consideration
The duties of Tanods have progressively improved over the years since they

improved, so for our research, we will use a survey questionnaire to interact with our

respondents to make them aware of their roles and responsibilities as Tanods.

All information gathered from respondents in the survey questionnaire will be

kept strictly between the researchers; respondents will decide whether or not to include

information about themselves, such as their name, and so on. The respondents are 15

Tanods in Barangay Rio Hondo. And the researchers will ask the Punong Barangay’s

permission to distribute the survey questionnaire to the Tanods.

The strengths of this study are that it will raise awareness of the respondents

about roles and responsibilities and improve the safety and quality services in Barangay

Rio Hondo. In our study, there are no money transactions; only a survey questionnaire

is necessary to complete our research.

This research can be shared with other researchers for additional information,

but it must be included in their references for the property rights; this is essentially just

the ability to be transparent with our knowledge.

Data Gathering Procedure

The information was gathered through survey questionnaires that were

individually distributed. The researchers gathered information using survey

questionnaires and will select one of three options: Yes, No, or I don't know. The

researchers will explain the purpose of the study to the chosen respondents before

ensuring that each participant corresponds to the questionnaires. Importantly, the

participants' identities, including their names and any other significant aspect of their

identity, were removed during the data transaction for their own privacy.

Following the completion of the survey questionnaire, the results will be

collected, checked, interpreted, and analyzed using statistical treatment data.

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