•diathesi s–str

essmodel -
indi
vi
duals St
ruct
ureoft
heBr
ain
i
nher itt endenci
est oexpresscertai
n
trait
sorbehav i
ors,whichmayt henbe •br
ainst
em -isthelowerandmor eanci entpar
t
activat edundercondi ti
onsofstress. ofthebrai
n;forbreathing,sleepi
ng,and
Eachi nherit
edt endencyisadiathesi
s, mov i
ngaroundinacoor di
nat edway;lowest
whi chmeans, li
terall
y,acondi
tionthat partoft
hebrainstem, thehi ndbr
ain,contai
ns
makessomeonesuscept i
bleto themedull
a,thepons, andt hecerebell
um
dev elopi ngadisorder.
*hindbr ai
n-r egulatesmanyaut omat ic
•r
eciprocalgene–envi
ronmentmodelor activ i
ti
es,suchasbr eat
hing, t
hepumpi ng
gene–env i
ronmentcorr
elat
ionmodel- actionoft hehear t( heart
beat ),
anddi gestion.
i
nterrel
ati
onshipsbet
weengenesand *cer ebell
um -cont r
ol smot orcoor dination,and
envi
ronment recentr esearchsuggest st hatabnor mal i
tiesi
n
thecer ebellum maybeassoci at edwi ththe
THECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM psy chologicaldisorderaut ism, alt
hought he
connect i
onwi thmot orcoor di
nat i
onisnot
•spi
nalcord-i
spartofthecent
ral
clear
nervoussyst
em, buti
tspri
maryfunct
ion
i
st ofaci
li
tat
ethesendingofmessages *midbr ain-whichcoor dinatesmov ementwith
toandf r
om thebrai
n sensor yinputandcont ainspar tsofthe
reti
cularact i
vat
ingsy stem, whichcont ri
but
es
•neurons-contr
oleveryt
houghtand
toprocessesofar ousal andt ension,suchas
action.Neuronstr
ansmitinf
ormati
on
whetherwear eawakeorasl eep.*Atthetopof
throughoutthenervoussyst
em
thebr ainstem arethet halamusand
•
Dendr i
tes-havenumerousreceptors hypothal amus,whichar einv olvedbroadlywit
h
thatrecei
v emessagesintheform of regulatingbehaviorandemot i
on
chemi cali
mpul sesf
rom ot
hernerve
•li
mbicsy st
em -Limbicmeansborder,so
cell
s,whichar econver
tedint
oelectri
cal
namedbecausei tisl
ocatedaroundtheedge
i
mpul ses.
ofthecenterofthebrai
n.Atthebaseofthe
•axons-transmit
stheseimpulsesto for
ebrain,j
ustabovethethal
amusand
otherneurons.Anyonenervecellmay hypothalamus
havemul t
ipleconnect
ionstoot
her
*
incl
udessuchst
ruct
uresast hehippocampus
neurons.
(
seahorse)
,ci
ngul
ategy r
us(gir
dle),
septum
•sy
napti
ccl
eft-
spacebet
weentheaxon (
part
it
ion)
,andamygdala(al
mond)
ofoneneur
onandthedendr
it
eof
*Thi ssystem hel
psregulateouremot i
onal
another
exper i
encesandexpr essi
onsand, tosome
•neurotr
ansmitt
ers-chemical
sthatar
e extent,ourabil
it
ytolearnandt ocontr
olour
rel
easedf r
om theaxonofoneneur on i
mpul ses.Iti
salsoinvolv
edwi ththebasi
c
andt r
ansmittheimpulsetothedendri
te dri
v esofsex ,
aggression,hunger,
andthir
st
receptorsofanotherneur
on
•
basal
gangli
a-atthebaseoftheforebr
ain, futur
e,aswellaslong-term memor y.This
i
ncl
udethecaudat
e(tai
l
ed)nucleus areaofthebrainsynthesizesall
•cerebralcortex-largestpartofthebrain i
nformationr
ecei v
edf rom otherpar
tsof
whi chcontainsmor et han80%ofal lneurons thebrai
nanddeci deshowt orespond.Iti
s
i
nt hecent r
al nervoussy stem.Thispartof whatenablesust orelatetothewor l
d
thebr ai
npr ovidesuswi t
hourdisti
nctl
y aroundusandt hepeopl einit,t
obehav e
humanqual it
ies,all
owi ngustolooktot he associalani
mal s.
futureandpl an,toreason, andtocreate. Peri
pheral
NervousSyst
em-coor
dinat
es
*lef
themi sphereseemstobechief
ly wit
hthebrainstem t
omakesurethebody
responsibleforver
balandot
hercognit
ive i
swor ki
ngproperl
y
processes. •Somat ic(blue) :Cont rolsv olunt ary
*Ri
ghthemi
spher
eseemstobebett
erat muscl esandconv eyssensor yinformat i
on
per
ceiv
ingt
heworldar
oundusandcreat
ing tot hecent ral nerv oussy stem; damagei n
i
mages thisar eami ghtmakei tdi f
fi cultforust o
engagei nanyv oluntar ymov ement ,
*Eachhemi sphereconsist
soff ourseparate i
ncl udingt alking.• Aut onomi c( r
ed) :
areas,orlobes:t
empor al
,pari
etal,
occipit
al, Cont rolsinv oluntar ymuscl es; tor egul
ate
andf r
ontal.Eachisassoci
atedwi t
hdifferent thecar di
ov ascul arsy stem ( forexampl e,
processes: thehear tandbl oodv essel s)andt he
endocr i
nesy stem ( forexampl e,the
*t
hetemporallobe-wi
thr
ecogni
zi
ngvar
ious
pituit
ar y,adr enal,thy r
oid, andgonadal
si
ght
sandsoundsandwi t
hlong-
ter
m
glands)andt oper formv ariousot her
memorystorage;
functions, includingai dingdi gest i
onand
*thepariet
all
obewithr
ecogni
zingvari
ous regulat i
ngbodyt emper atur e
sensati
onsoftouchandmonit
oringbody
*Sy
mpat
het
ic:
Expendsener
gy
posit
ioni
ng;
-pri
maril
yresponsi
blef
ormobili
zi
ngthe
*theoccipit
all
obewi thi
ntegr ati
ngand
bodydur i
ngti
mesofstressordangerby
maki ngsenseofv ari
ousvisual inputs.These
rapidl
yacti
vati
ngtheorgansandgl
ands
threelobes,l
ocatedtowardt heback
underitscontr
ol
(posteri
or)ofthebrai
n,wor kt ogetherto
processsight,touch,
heari
ng, andot her *Par
asy
mpat
het
ic:
Conser
vesener
gy
signalsfr
om oursenses
-parasympatheti
csystem i
st obal
ancet he
*frontall
obei st hemosti nteresti
ngfrom t he sympat heti
csystem.Inotherwords,
pointofviewofpsy chopathology.Thef ront becausewecoul dnotoperatei
nast ate
(oranteri
or )ofthefrontallobeiscalledt he ofhy perar
ousalandpreparednessforever
,
prefr
ont alcort
ex,andt hisisthear ea thepar asympathet
icnerv
oussy st
em
responsibleforhighercogni ti
vefunctions takesov eraft
erthesympatheti
cnervous
suchast hinkingandr easoning,planningf or system hasbeenact i
veforawhi l
e,
t
he
normalizi
ngourar
ousal
andfaci
l
itat
ingthe •reuptake-Afteraneurot
ransmi
tteris
storageofener
gybyhel
pingt
hedigesti
ve released,i
tisquickl
ydrawnbackf r
om the
process. sy napti
cclef
tintothesameneuron

•endocr
inesyst
em wor ksabitdiff
erentl
y *t
ypesofneur
otr
ansmi
tt
ers,
monoami
nes
from ot
hersyst
emsi nthebody .Each andaminoaci
ds
endocri
neglandproducesitsownchemi cal
•monoaminecl
assi udenor
ncl epinephri
ne
messenger,cal
ledahor mone,andr el
eases
(al
soknownasnoradrenal
i
ne)
,serotoni
n,
i
tdirect
lyi
ntothebloodstr
eam.
anddopamine
•adr
enalglandspr oduceepinephr
ine(al
so
•aci
dneurotr
ansmi
tter
si udegamma-
ncl
call
edadrenaline)inresponsetostr
ess,as
aminobut
yri
cacid(
GABA)andglutamat
e.
wellassalt
-regulati
nghor mones;
*
Glutamate-
anexci
tat
orytr
ansmit
terthat
•
thethy
roi
dglandpr
oducesthyr
oxi
ne,whi
ch
“
tur
nson”manydi f
fer
entneur
ons,leadi
ng
f
acil
i
tat
esenergymetabol
i
sm andgrowt
h;
t
oact i
on
•
pit
uit
aryi
samastergl
andthatpr
oducesa
*GABA- gamma-ami nobutyri
cacid-
which
v
ari
etyofr
egul
ator
yhormones;
i
sani nhibi
tor
yneur ot
ransmitter
.Thus,t
he
•gonadalgl
andsproducesexhor
monessuch j
obofGABAi stoinhibit(
orregulat
e)the
asestrogenandtest
oster
one. tr
ansmi ssi
onofinformationandaction
potenti
als
•hypot halamic–pitui
tary–adrenocor t
icalaxi
s,
orHPAaxi s-cort
icalpartoft headrenal *theset woneur ot
ransmi tt
erswor kin
glandsal sopr oducest hestresshor mone concer ttobalancefunct i
oninginthebr ain,
cor t
isol theyhav ebeenr eferr
edt oast he
“chemi calbrother
s”;theyaref astacting,
Neur otransmi t
ter
s ast heywoul dhavet obef orthebr ainto
keepupwi ththemanyi nfl
uencesf rom the
-biochemi calneurotr
ansmi ttersi
nt hebr ai
n
environmentt hatrequireactionor
andner voussy st
em t hatcarrymessages
restrai
nt
from oneneur ontoanot herar erecei
v i
ng
i
nt enseat tenti
onbypsy chopathologists •MSGst andsformonosodi um glutamat e
andcanincreasetheamountofglutamate
•
agoni
sts-ef
fecti
velyi
ncr
easetheact
ivi
tyof
i
nt hebody,
causingheadaches,
ringingi
n
aneur
otr
ansmi t
terbymimicki
ngit
seff
ects;
theears,
orotherphysi
calsymptomsi n
•antagonist
s-thatdecrease,orblock,
a somepeople.
neur
otransmitt
er;orsubstancescall
ed
•benzodiazepines-orminortr
anquil
i
zers,
i
nverseagonist
sthatproduceeffects
makesi teasierforGABAmol ecul
esto
opposi
tetothosepr oducedbythe
attachthemsel vest
othereceptor
sof
neur
otransmitt
er.
special
izedneur ons
MONOANI
NECLASS: I
mpl
i
cat
ionsf
orPsy
chopat
hol
ogy

•ser
otoni
nsyst
em i
sresponsi
blef
or *Psychol
ogicaldi
sordersty
pical
lymix
depressi
on emotional
,behavi
oral,andcognit
ive
symptoms, soi
denti
fiablelesi
ons(or
1.serotoninr egulatesourbehav ior,moods,
damage)locali
zedinspecificstr
uctur
es
andthoughtpr ocesses.Ext remel ylow
ofthebrai
ndonot ,f
ort hemostpart,
acti
vi
tyl evel
sofser otoninareassoci at
ed
causethedisor
ders
wit
hlessi nhibiti
onandwi t
hi nstabil
it
y ,
i
mpul sivit
y,andt het endencyt oov erreactt
o *cogni
tiv
escience,
whi
chisconcerned
si
tuations.Lowser otoninact ivi
tyhasbeen withhowweacqui r
eandprocess
associatedwi thaggr ession,suicide, i
nformationandhowwestoreand
i
mpul siveov ereating, andexcessi v
esexual ult
imatel
yretr
ievei
t
behavior
•Learnedhelpl
essness,whichoccurswhen
•
ser
otoni
nis5-
hydr
oxy
try
ptami
ne(
5HT) ratsorotherani
mal sencountercondi
ti
ons
overwhichtheyhav enocontrol
2.Norepinephri
ne-al soknownas
noradr
enaline;sti
mul ateatl
easttwogr oups •preparedl
earni
ng-wehavebecomehi ghl
y
(andprobablysev er
al more)ofreceptors preparedforl
earni
ngaboutcert
ainty
pes
call
edalpha-adrenergicandbeta-adrenergi
c ofobjectsorsit
uat
ionsovert
hecourseof
recept
ors. evoluti
onbecausethi
sknowledge
contri
butestothesurv
ival
ofthespeci
es
3.dopami neisamaj orneurotransmit
teri
n
themonoami neclassalsotermeda •Impli
citmemor y-isapparentwhen
catecholaminebecauseoft hesimilar
it
yofit
s someonecl ear
lyact
sont hebasisof
chemi calst
ructur
et oepinephr
ineand thingsthathavehappenedi nthepastbut
norepinephri
ne.Dopami nehasbeen can’tremembert heevents.(Agood
i
mpl icatedi
nt hepathophysiol
ogyof memor yforeventsi
scall
edexpl i
cit
schizophreni
a memor y.
)

-deficienciesindopami nehavebeen •bl

ackboxref
erstounobser
vabl
efeel
i
ngs
associ at edwithdisor
derssuchas andcogni
ti
onsinferr
edfr
om an
Par kinson’sdisease,i
nwhi chamarked i
ndivi
dual
’
sself-
report
deter i
or ati
oninmot orbehavi
orincl
udes
tremor s,ri
gidi
tyofmuscles,anddif
ficul
ty *TheSt r
ooppar adi
gm.Havesomeone
wi t
hj udgment .L-dopahasbeensuccessf ul keept i
measy ounamet hecolor
soft he
i
nr educi ngsomeoft hesemot ordi
sabil
i
ties. wor dsbutnott hewordsthemselvesand
againwhi l
ey ounamet hewordsand
• colorstogether
•Emotionsplayanenormousrolei
nourday Emot
ionsandPsy
chopat
hol
ogy
-t
o-dayli
vesandcancont r
ibut
einmaj
or
way st
ot hedev el
opmentof •suppressi
ngalmostanykindofemot i
onal
psychopathology response,suchasangerorfear,i
ncr
eases
sympat het
icner
voussystem acti
vi
ty,
which
•
fl
ightorf
ightresponse-Theal
arm maycont ri
butetopsy
chopathology
r
eacti
onthatactivat
esduri
ngpot
enti
all
y
l
i
fethreat
eningemer genci
es •panicatt
ackissi
mplyt
henormalemoti
on
offearoccurr
ingatt
hewrongt
ime,when
Emot
ional
Phenomena thereisnothi
ngtobeaf
rai
dof

•emot i
onoff earisasubj ecti
vefeel
ingof •mani a,whichi spar tofaser i
ousmood
terr
or,ast rongmot i
vati
onf orbehav i
or disordercalledbi polardisorder;Theyt hi
nk
(escapingorf ight
ing),andacompl ex theyhav ethewor l
donast r
ingandt heycan
physiol
ogi cal orarousalresponse.Todefi doany t
hingt heywantandspendasmuch
ne“ emotion”i sdiffi
cult
,butmostt heori
sts moneyast heywantbecauseev er
ythingwil
l
agreethati tisanact iontendency turnoutal l
right .Everyli
ttl
eev entisthe
mostwonder fulandexci ti
ngexper i
ence
-usuall
yshort-
li
ved,temporar
ystat
es
theyhav eev erhad.Peopl ewhosuf f
erf r
om
l
ast i
ngfrom several
mi nut
estosever
al
mani ausual l
yal ternateperi
odsof
hours,occur
ringinresponsetoanexter
nal
excit
ementwi thper i
odsofext remesadness
event.
anddi str
ess, whent heyfeelthatallislost
•Moodi
samor eper
sist
entper
iodofaf
fect andt hewor ldi sagl oomyandhopel ess
oremot
ional
i
ty. place.

•anxietydisorders-arecharact
erizedby •depression-adef iningfeatur eofmany
endur i
ngorchr onicanxi
etyand,theref
ore, mooddi sorders; Duringextr
emesadnessor
couldal sobecalledmooddi sor
der s. distr
ess, peoplear eunabl etoexper ience
*Alternati
vely,
bothanxiet
ydisordersand anypl easureinl i
feandof t
enf inditdi ff
icult
mooddi sorderscouldbecaledemot
l i
onal event ogetoutofbedandmov earound.I f
disorders hopelessnessbecomesacut e,theyar eat
ri
skf orsuicide; memor i
esofpastev entsare
•
aff
ect-ref
erstot
hemomentaryemoti
onal l
ikelytobeunpl easant .Thepessi mistor
t
onethataccompani
eswhatwesayordo depressedper sonseest hebot tleashal f
empt y.Incont rast,thecheerf uloptimi stis
Component
sofEmot
ion
saidtoseet hewor l
dt hr
oughr ose-colored
Emot i
ontheor
ist
snowagreethatemoti
on glassesandt oseet hebottl
eashal ffull
i
scomposedoft hreer
elat
ed
components—behavi
or,
physi
ology,
and
cognit
ion—butmostemoti
ontheori
stst
end
toconcentr
ateononecomponentor
another
•fr
ightdi
sorders,whicharecharact
eri
zed CONCLUSI
ONS:
byexaggeratedstartl
eresponses,and
otherobser
v ablefearandanxi
ety
reacti
ons.
•(1)psychoanalyti
ctheory,(2)behavior
al and
*LatinAmer i
cansust o,
whi chdescr i
bes cogniti
vescience,(3)emot i
onal i
nfluences,(4)
variousanxi et
y-basedsy mpt oms,incl
uding socialandculturali
nfluences,(5)genetics,(
6)
i
nsomni a,i
rrit
abil
ity
,phobi as,andt he neuroscience,and(7)lif
e-spandev elopment al
mar kedsomat i
csy mptomsofsweat i
ng factor
sal lmustbeconsi deredwhenwet hi
nk
andi ncr easedhear trat
e( t
achy car
dia).But aboutpsy chopathology
sust ohasonl yonecause: Theindi
v i
dual
•Toi dent i
fythecausesofv ariouspsy chologi
cal
becomest heobj ectofblackmagi c,or
disor ders,wemustconsi dert heinteract
ionofall
witchcr aft,andissuddenl ybadly
relev antdimensi ons:geneticcontributi
ons,the
fr
ight ened.
roleoft hener v
oussy stem, behavioraland
Insomecul t
ures,t
hesinist
erinfluenceis cogni t
iveprocesses, emotional i
nfluences,
call
edtheevi
leyeandt heresult
ingf r
ight soci alandi nterpersonali
nfluences, and
disor
dercanbef at
al. dev elopment al factor
s.

•Haiti
anphenomenonofv oodoodeat h,
suggestedthatthesentenceofdeat hbya
medi ci
nemanmaycr eateanintoler
able
autonomi carousal
intheparti
cipant
, who
haslitt
leabil
i
t yt
ocopebecauset hereisno
socialsupport;t
hecondit
ionleadsto
damaget ointernalor
gansanddeat h.

•Buli
mianervosa,
thesever
eeating
disor
der,occur
salmostenti
rel
yinyoung
females

•“t
endandbef riend”-referstoprotect
ing
themselvesandt hei
ryoungt hrough
nurturi
ngbehav ior(t
end)andf ormi ng
all
ianceswithlargersoci algr
oups,
parti
cular
lyotherf emales