University of Mosul

College of Medicine
Lecture: (5)
Subject/year: Medical Biology/ 1st Stage
Lecturer: Assts. Prof. Dr. Ali Adel Dawood
Department: Anatomy
Date: 5/12/2022
 The AIM of this lecture is

The students will discuss the structure of animal

cell.
Types of organelles.
 Intended learning outcomes:
• By the end of this lecture the student will be able to:
1. Identify types of organelles.
2. Compare between the main organelles......
 Heading 1:
• The Cytoplasm
• Gelatinous liquid – under CM, 90% water , 10% others
• Involved in generating action potentials such as endocrine,
nerve, and metabolism.
• Biomolecules are made and degraded
• Activities of the cell: molecules, enzymes
Cellular Organelles: ER
Interconnected membranous sacs and tubules •
Double membrane form sacs called cisternae •
Protein synthesized -cisternal space (lumen) •
Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins •
RER •
Protein synthesis-fragmentation of nucleus- (Ca+) •
Storage and release- signaling to other organelles.
SER •
Manufacture of lipids, production of steroid hormones •
in the adrenal cortex and endocrine glands.
Detoxifying organic chemicals -Converting them to •
safer water-soluble products.
 Golgi Body
Stack of three to twenty slightly curved saccules (cisternae) •
-Handing the macromolecules •
-Transport lipids to vital parts •
-Production of glucosaminoglycans – form CT •
-Modifications complex: •
Attach polysaccharides to proteins •
Cutting proteins •
• Incorporating PO₄-³ to protein molecules and addition of a
SO₄-² group to molecules.
Mitochondria
Double membrane-bound organelle •
Powerhouse –generate ATP •
0.5-10 μm •
The outer membrane •
Phospholipid bilayer- 10 kilo-daltons, Porins •
The inner membrane •
Complexes of the electron transport chain and the ATP synthetase complex •
Infoldings called the cristae •
Mitochondria
The inter membrane space •
Primary function of mitochondria, which is oxidative phosphorylation •
The matrix :mixture of enzymes -important for the synthesis of ATP •
molecules.
Mitochondrial DNA: multiply on their own , circular DNA similar to •
bacteria
• Mutations :Young-adult blindness.
 Progressive muscular disorders.
 Some cases of Alzheimer’s disease.
 Type -two diabetes mellitus.
Mitochondria
• Mitoribosome protein complex -active in mitochondria, as a riboprotein
for translating mRNAs encoded in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
•Fu. Of Mitochondria
•1- Produce energy.
•2- Maintain concentration of Ca+
•3- Building parts of blood and hormones
•4- Enzymes - detoxify ammonia .
• 5- Programmed cell death.
 Ribosome
• Complex molecular machine- all living cells. biological
protein synthesis (translation).
• Link amino acids together
• Consist of two components:
• Small subunit,- reads the mRNA
• Large subunit- joins amino acids - polypeptide chain.
• Composed - one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA+
ribosomal proteins.
• Known as the translational apparatus.
 Vacuole
Membrane-bound organelle •
Vacuoles -larger than vesicles and are formed when multiple •
Vesicles fuse together
 Remove and store waste
 Remove and store harmful foreign products.
 Store water.
 Store lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
 Lysosome
• Membranous sacs filled with enzymes. eukaryotic -as 'garbage disposal‘
• Digest molecules :carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
• pH acidic (5) -hydrolytic enzymes
• 1-Autophagic vacuoles (Auto-phagosomes, Auto-lysosomes): spherical -
double layer membranes
• Intracellular degradation system

• Invading microorganisms.

2-Heterophagosomes or digestive vacuoles: A secondary lysosome •

is formed -phagocytosis or pinocytosis, -fused with a lysosome, subjecting •

its contents to enzymatic digestion.
 Peroxisome
Microbody, - eukaryotic cells.
Role in -oxidation of specific biomolecules.
Biosynthesis of membrane lipids known as plasmalogens.
Oxidation reactions produce hydrogen peroxide H2O2
the name peroxisome.
H2O2 - toxic to the cell, because it has the ability to react with many other
molecules.
contain enzymes such as catalase that convert H2O2 to H2O and O2 .
To summarize:
• The cell has types of organelles that are
important for the living of cell and for
metabolism, catabolism and anabolism inside.
 Lets check our knowlege
• Peroxisome is:
• A- Digestive organelle
• B- Protein biosynthesis organelle
• C- Metabolism cell machine.
• D- Oxidation of biomolecule orgenelle
• E- All above answers are true
 Activity
• Write more description and function of the
organelles that you have learned.
References and recommended further readings:

• Biology (18th edition) 2010. Sylvia S. Mader.

• Concepts of biology. 2013. Samantha Flowr
and et. al
The end