AP IIIT- RKVALLEY 1

Organic analysis

Procedure for systematic qualitative analysis of Organic compound

Test Observation Inference

State Solid May be carbohydrate or Aromatic

carboxylic acid
Liquid May be phenol, carbonyl
compound, aliphatic acid

Color Colorless May be carboxylic acid, carbonyl

compound or carbohydrate

Light brown May be phenol

Reddish brown May be aromatic amine

Odor Phenolic smell May be phenol

Fishy smell May be Amine
Sweet smell May be ketone
No characteristic smell May be carboxylic acid or
carbohydrate

Flame test :
A little amount of
Non-sooty flame Aliphatic compound
organic compound is
taken in a spatula and
Sooty flame Aromatic compound
placed in Bunsen flame

Solubility:
Water: A small amount Soluble in normal water May be aliphatic c.acid, carbonyl
of organic compound is compound or carbohydrate
taken in a test tube and
5mL of water is added Soluble in hot water May be phenol or Aromatic c.acid
with shaking.
 AP IIIT- RKVALLEY 2
Organic analysis

Alcohol: A small amount May be aliphatic/aromatic

of organic compound is Soluble Carboxylic acid, aldehydes,
taken in a test tube and ketones, amines or Phenols
2mL of Ethanol is added
Insoluble May be Carbohydrate

NaHCO3 solution: Soluble with brisk May be Carboxylic Acid

A small amount of organic effervescence
compound is taken in a
test tube and 3mL of Insoluble/Soluble without Absence Of Carboxylic
NaHCO3 is added brisk effervescence Acid

Dil.NaOH: Soluble and regenerated with May be Phenol

A small amount of organic dil.HCl
compound is taken in a
test tube and 3mL of Insoluble/ Soluble without Absence Of Phenol
dil.NaOH is added regeneration with dil HCl

Dil.HCl: A small amount Soluble and regenerated with May be amine

of organic compound is NaOH
taken in a test tube and
3mL of dil.HCl is added Insoluble/ Soluble without Absence of amine
regeneration with NaOH

Test for unsaturation: Pink colour of KMnO4 Unsaturated compound

(Bayer’s Reagent Test): decolourised
To a small amount of Pink colour of KMnO4 is
Saturated compound
organic compound 2 ml of not decolourised
alkaline KMnO4 is added.
 AP IIIT- RKVALLEY 3
Organic analysis

Identification of Functional group

Test Observation Inference

Test for Carboxylic acid: Brisk effervescence are May be carboxylic group
A small amount of organic formed is present
compound is taken in a test tube
No brisk effervescene Carboxylic group is
and a small amount of NaHCO3
are formed. absent.
solution is added.

Test for Phenolic group: Green (or) violet colour May be phenol
is obtained
A small amount of organic
compound is taken in a test tube, Green (or) violet colour
Phenol is absent
to this few drops of neutral FeCl3 is not obtained.
solution is added.

Test for carbonyl group: Carbonyl group is present

Orange / yellow May be aldehdye or
A small amount of organic precipitate is formed
ketone.
compound is taken in a test tube
and to this 2, 4- dinitrophenyl Orange / yellow
Carbonyl group is absent
hydrazine is added precipitate is not formed

Test for amines:

Organic compound is May be amine
A small amount of organic dissolved and
compound is taken in a test tube, regenerated with NaOH.
to this few drops of dil. HCl is
added.
 AP IIIT- RKVALLEY 4
Organic analysis

Test Observation Inference

Test for carbohydrate (Molisch’s

test):
A small amount of aqueous solution Violet color ring is
May be carbohydrate
of organic compound is taken in a formed between two
clean& dry test tube, to this, layers.
alcoholic α – napthol is added. To
this 2 ml of conc. H2SO4 is added Violet color ring is
not formed between Carbohydrate is absent
slowly along the sides of the test
tube. two layers.

Conformation Tests For Functional groups

Test Observation Inference

Carboxylic group:
A small amount of organic
compound is taken in a test tube and Carboxylic acid is
Fruity smell is
to this 1 ml of ethanol and 2 drops of confirmed.
observed
conc. H2SO4 is added. This reaction
mixture is heated in a hot water bath
at about 500 c. finally the reaction
mixture is poured into a beaker
containing aq. Na2CO3 Solution.

Phenolic group:
A small amount of organic Pink colored Phenol is confirmed
compound is taken in a test tube to solution is formed
this 0.1 g of phthalic anhydride and 1
– 2 drops of conc. H2SO4 is added.
The test tube is heated on water bath
and then the reaction mixture is
poured into a beaker containing dil.
NaOH solution.
 AP IIIT- RKVALLEY 5
Organic analysis

Test Observation Inference

Carbonyl group:

Tollen’s test: A small amount of

organic compound is taken in a dry
Silver mirror is formed
test tube, to this 1 ml of freshly Aldehyde is present
on inner side of test tube
prepared Tollen’s reagent
(AgNO3+NH4OH) is added. The
Silver mirror is not
reaction mixture is heated on water Ketone is present
formed
bath for 2 min.
Note: Aromatic aldehyde do not
form silver mirror

Fehling’s test:
Brick red precipitate is
To a small amount of organic Aldehyde is
formed
compound Fehling’s A&B solutions confirmed
are added in 1:1 ratio and heated on
Brick red precipitate is
water bath for 2min
not formed
Ketone is confirmed

Carbohydrate:
A small amount of aqueous solution Brick red precipitate is Carbohydrate is
of organic compound is taken in a formed confirmed
test tube to this 2 ml of benedict’s
solution is added and heated.

Amine:
In a clean test tube small Scarlet red azo dye is Amine is confirmed
amount of organic compound is formed
taken and kept in ice, in another test
tube mixture of NaNO2 and dil.HCl
is taken and kept in ice then both are
added to cold α – napthol in NaOH
is added at 0-50C.

Report: The given organic compound contain -----------------------functional group