7.32m CLEAR BRIDGE WIDTH R.C.D.

Girder SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN BY LRFD/ERA Design Manual 2002 METHOD

Project: QAAQEE-SICHAWO
Name of River: 21+152
Span : 12.4m c/c , T-girder bridge
Consultant: ETHIO-INFRA ENGINEERING
Designed by : Sintayehu A ( Str. Engineer)
Checked by :
Case: Statical calculation

a) Bridge superstructure two lane (four girder ) R.C.D.G.

Clear span= 12m

Carriagway Width = 7.3m
Roadway Width = 8.9m
Curb Width= 0.8m
No of Girders = 4
Girder depth = 0.9m
Web width = 0.38m
Length of girder= 12.6m
Railling height = 0.4m
Railling width = 0.2m
post height = 0.9m
post width = 0.25m
post depth = 0.3m
post spacing = 1.5m
curb width = 0.25m
Diaphram height @ mid-span = 0.6m
Diaphram height @ Support = 0.6m
Diaphram width = 0.3m
no of Diaphram = 3.00
slab thickness = 0.2m
length of deck slab = 13.3m
c/c of support= 12.80

b) Materials
Concrete:
Grade of Concrete used C30 (150mm cube strength 30 MPa)
fc= ### 30Mpa
fc'= ### 24Mpa
fc=0.40fc'= ### 8Mpa
Ec= 4800Öfc ###

Reinforcement Steel:
Nominal yield strength
for bars with dia > 20mm fy=420Mpa (Grade 420)
 Yield Strength fy= 420.0 Mpa
AllowableTensile stress fs= 168.00 Mpa

for bars with dia ≤ 20mm fy=300Mpa (Grade 300)

Yield Strength fy= 300.0 Mpa

AllowableTensile stress fs= 150.00 Mpa

Modulus of Elasticity Es= 29*103 ksi

29,000,000.00 ksi
199,938.00 Mpa
Modular ratio n=Es/Ec 8.5
Use n= 9.0

For rebar Φ> 20 mm

rb = 0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)) = 0.0243 0.0242830972
For rebar Φ<= 20 mm
rb = 0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)) = 0.0385 0.0385299718

c) Loading
Standard Design Vehicle
Rear Axle Load = P = 145.00 KN
Wheel Load = 72.50 KN

Lane load (to be applied in 3.0m width)= 9.30 KN/m

Design Tandem Axle Load= 110.00 KN

d) Preliminary Design of Dimensions

 Span Length (S) 12.60 m

I) Girder Depth (Recommended Minimum Art.5.11)

D=0.07*S 0.88 m
Take D= 0.90 m
II) Web width w
In order to determine the width of web, the spacing of bars placed in a layer
is checked as follows
According to ERA Design Manual 2002 Art.7.3.2 The clear distance between parallel bars in
a layer shall not be less than
i) 1.5*diameter
ii) 1.5* maximum size of the coarse aggregate
iii) 1.5 inches
using bar dia = 32mm max.agg.size = 25.4mm
I) 1.5*bar dia= 48mm stirrup = 12mm
ii) 1.5* agg.size= 38.1mm cover = 40mm
iii) 1.5*25.4mm= 38.1mm
for main reinf. Bars longer than 12m there will be overlap

X=total distance+diameter of bar

80 mm
C=total cover (clear cover+fstirrup+0.5*fmain)
c= 68mm mm
w=2*c+3*x
376 mm
use w= 380 mm
web thickness = 380 mm
0.38 m

III) Center to center of girder spacing and length of cantilever slab

2*C+3*A= 8.9 C=0.25A-0.75A
let C= 0.52 A
c = 1.14554455446 A= 2.211538461538
C= 1.15 2.20 2.2
C=1.15 A=2.20
IV) Slab thickness
t=A/12-A/15 t=2.2/12=0.183 to 2.20/15=0.15
use t= 0.20 m mm2
0.073 m for the crown
tot thickness(max) 0.27 m
V) Crown and Wearing Surface
use 2% crown in the transverse direction
 asphalt concrete or cement screed as wearing surface

VI) Diaphragm
at supports 0.60m
at midspan 0.60m

2) DESIGN OF SLAB ( slab between girders)

2.1) Design loads
a) Dead Load
R.C. Slab =t*24 6.552 KN/m2
Wearing surface
(5cm Asphalt) =0.05*22 1.10 KN/m2
7.65 KN/m2

S= 2.20
The dead load moment is calculated considering continuous spans and assuming M DL=w*s2/10
which incorporates a 0.80 factor for continuity similar to the specs for live load.
MDL=W*S2/10 3.70 KN-m/m
b) Live Load
- For the HL-93 truck loading live load moment is given in table A4-1from AASHTO 2004
Maximum Live Load Moments per Unit Width (N-mm/mm)
 S(mm) Positive MomentNegative Moment
2200 24040.00 27670
MLL = 27.67KN-m/m
-Lane Load MLL(LANE LOAD)=WLL*S2/10
1.50 KN-m/m
 Impact Factor 33%

MLL+I=(1+I)*MLL ###
Using Art. 13.3.8 FROM ERA
Moments in Nmm/mm of grid due to live load in filled and partially filled grids shall be
For main bars transverse to traffic,
M= CltpD0.25(42.3ln(0.039S)-74)
C= continuty factor= 0.80
lt= tire length= 200.00 mm
p= tire pressure= 0.86 Mpa
D= flexural rigidty= 2.50
S= span length= 2200.00 mm

M= 19780.040957 Nmm/mm
M= 19.780040957 KNm/m

Impact Factor = 33%

MLL+I=(1+I)*MLL ### < MLL+I= 29.1704KN-m/m

Mdesign= ###

c) Total Design Load

MT= =1.25*MDL+1.75*MlLL+I
MT= ###

2.2) Calculation of Reinforcement

2.2.1) Main Reinforcement
Mdesign 55.68 KN-m/m

Mu= 55.68 kN-m/m

dreqd =sqrt(Mu/(frmaxbfy(1-0.6rmaxfy/fc')) = 95.4762671436 mm
Dreqd =Dreqd+Φ/2+cover = 153.476267144 mm
85 2072.498046
dprov=Dprov-Φ/2-cover = 142 mm ### 1626.789662
a=Asfy/(.85fc'b) = 23.261701784 mm 23.923377381 1585.790783
As =Mu/(ffy(d-a/2)) = 1581.76652196 mm2/m 23.32045269616 1582.123014
23.26651491417 1581.795721
fmoment = 0.9 23.26170178398 1581.766522
fy = 300.00 MPa
fc' = 24.00 MPa
 Dprov slab= 200 mm
b= 1000 mm
dia. of bar =f = 16 mm
cover = 50 mm
as= 201.06192983 mm2

rmax= 0.028875 (ρb for <=20mm bar)*0.75

r prov=As/bd = 0.01113920086 Ok!
rmin=0.03fc' /fy= 0.0024
Asmin= rminbd= 340.8 mm2/m
Sreq = 12.7112267859 mm
f16 c/c 12 cm
As prov. = 1675.51608191 mm2
2.2.1) Distribution Reinforcement
According to Eq. 12.12, the amount of distribution reinforcement shall be the percenta
reinforcement steel required for positive moment as given by the following formula:
percentage of main reinf. =3840/SQRT(S)<=67% where S is effective span in mm
percentage calculated= 90.01% S= 1820.00
use 67.00% of As main
As dist.= 1122.60 mm2/m
bar diam. Used 16.00 mm
spacing s=(a/As)*100 where a=area of single reinf.
using dia.16mm bar s= 17.91 cm 17.91044776
use dia 16mm @ 17.00 cm

2.2.3) Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

ERA equan 9-17 states :the area of reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature shall not be less than;
As>=0.75 Ag/fy where Ag= gross area of section (mm2)
fy= yeild strength in Mpa

As=0.75*200*1000/300 500 mm2/m

spacing s<= 3*t where t= slab or w

s<= 18.00 inches=45cm

as = 113.097335529
S= 22.6194671058
Bar dia. Used 12 mm
using dia.12mm bar spacing= 22.62 cm

use dia 12mm @ 22.00 cm

 3) CURB DESIGN
3.1) Loading
Art.7.4 Where sidewalk, curb, and traffic rail form an integral system, the
traffic railing loading shall be applied and stresses in curbs computed accordingly.

From Ashtoo . Art 13.4.3.1 page 13.25

The effective length of slab resisting post
loadings shall be equal to
E=1140+0.833x mm where x is
the distance from the load point to support

x=0.70+0.30/2m 0.850 m
E= 1848.05 mm
Loads per linear meter of curb(KN/M) Moment arm (m) Moment
(KN-M/M)
W1(Railing)= 1.92 0.125 0.24
W1=Post(0.9*0.25*0.30*24*/1.5) 0.89 0.125 0.11
W2=0.40*0.30*24 2.4408 0.15 0.37
Mtot= 0.72
P/E=44.48/1.889 24.07 0.850 20.46
3.2) Reinforcement Calculation
3.2.1) Design for flexure
MU= 1.25*MDL + 1.75*MLL
MU = 36.70 KN-m/m
Mu= 36.70 kNm/m
dreqd =sqrt(Mu/(frmaxbfy(1-.6rmaxfy/fc')) = 77.5137723864 mm
Dreqd =Dreqd+Φ/2+cover = 135.514 mm
dprov=Dprov-Φ/2-cover = 192 mm 13.37007950705 733.455238
a=Asfy/(.85fc'b) = 10.7092237067 mm 10.78610644087 728.3771082
As =Mu/(ffy(d-a/2)) = 728.227092125 mm2/m 10.71142806203 728.2313925
fmoment = 0.9 10.70922370671 728.2270921
fy = 300.00 MPa
fc' = 24 MPa
Dprov = 250 mm
b= 1000 mm
dia. of bar =f = 16 mm
cover = 50 mm
as= 201.06192983 mm2
rmax= 0.028875
r prov=As/bd = 0.00379284944 Ok!
rmin=0.03fc' /fy= 0.0024 Sreq = 27.60978437
Asmin= rminbd= 600 mm2/m 804.24
Sreq = 276.097843659 mm
f f16 c/c 27 cm
As prov. = 744.673814184 mm2
Bar diam. Used 16 mm
a (cm2)= 2.01 where a=area of single reinf.
 spacing s=(a/As)*100 27.61
provide dia 16mm @ 27.00 cm
4.0) DESIGN OF OVERHANGING SLAB

4.1) LOADING
4.1.1) DEAD LOAD
Two sections are considered:
a) Section y-y

Dead Load per Linear meter of slab Moment arm Moment

about y-y
W1(Railing)= 1.92 9.6-(0.05+0.15+0.1) 0.66 1.267
W1=Post(0.8*0.25*0.30*24*/1.5) 0.89 .96-0.05-0.25*.5 0.785 0.697
*1.50m considered post spacing
3) W2=0.25*0.775*24 4.65 0.96-(0.5*0.80) 0.560 2.604
4) W3=(0.05+.31)/2*.96*24 4.15 0.330 0.364 1.369
Total 11.61 ###

4.1.2) LIVE LOAD

a)Truck Load According to Art. 7.4 Slabs/Longitudinal Edges, the wheel is put 300mm from face of rail

Distribution width (acc.to Art. 7.40)

E=0.8330X+1140 where X=distance in mm from load to point of support

I) Moment about section y-y

X=0.96-0.60m= 260 0.26
E=0.833X+1140= 1356.58 1.357

MLL=(P/E)*X= 13.895

Pedestrian Load= 4 KN/m2

Width of Loading= 0.50
MLL=W*L2/2 0.5KN-m/m
 Mtot y-y = 14.395 KN-m/m

b) Railing Load

From Art. 3.24.5.2

The effective width of slab resisting post loading
shall be equal to
E=0.833X+1140 where X=distance in mm from the center of the post
to the point under investigation

I) Moment about section y-y

X=0.5*0.9+0.5*0.2+0.25 0.8
E=0.833X+1140 1806.4
E= 1.806
height of top of rail from top of curb = 0.9m
moment arm = 1.26m
MLLy-y=(P/E)*h 31.026

Summery of moments
LL (Railing
Section DL (KN-m/m) LL (Truck load)
load)
y-y 5.937 14.395 31.026

Design Moment
Section y-y 40.93 KNm/m

4.2) DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR

4.2.1) Design for Flexure
4.2.1.1) Total Design Moment
Section y-y
a)Truck load
Mt=1.25*MDL+1.75*MLL+I)
40.93 KNm/m
b)Railing load
Mt=1.25*MDL+1.75*MLL 61.72
The Railing Load governs

Mu= 61.72 kNm/m

dreqd =sqrt(Mu/(frmaxbfy(1-.6rmaxfy/fc')) = 100.520329548 mm
Dreqd =Dreqd+f/2+cover = 158.520329548 mm
 170 1455.909915
dprov=Dprov-f/2-cover = 242 mm 25.69252790655 997.4869297
a=Asfy/(.85fc'b) = 17.2856502303 mm 17.60271052489 980.1851845
As =Mu/(ffy(d-a/2)) = 979.519300066 mm2/m 17.29738560817 979.5439304
17.28606935954 979.5201797
fmoment = 0.9 17.28565023029 979.5193001
fy = 300.00 MPa
fc' = 24 MPa
Dprov = 300 mm
b= 1000 mm
dia. of bar =f = 16 mm
cover = 50 mm
as= 201.06192983 mm2

rmax= 0.028875
r prov=As/bd = 0.00404760041 Ok!
rmin=0.03fc' /fy= 0.0024 Sreq = 20.52659195
Asmin= rminbd= 720 mm2/m 804.24
Sreq = 205.265919534 mm
f16 c/c 21 mm
As prov. = 804.24 mm2
Bar diam. Used 16 mm
a (cm2)= 2.01 where a=area of single reinf.
spacing s=(a/As)*100 20.53
provide dia 16m 20.00 cm

4.2.2) Design for Shear

Shear Force Acting at section y-y
Vacting=1.25*VDL+1.75*VLL+I
Vacting=1.25*11.8+1.75*(72.5/1.44) 102.614 KN

vacting=Vacting/b*d 342.05 KN/m2

vresisting=0.166* sqrt(fc') 813.231 KN/m2
OK!
5) DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL GIRDERS
5.1)LOADING
5.1.1) DEAD LOAD
a) EXTERIOR GIRDER

Dead Load per linear meter of girder

W1=0.4*0.20*24 1.920
W2=(0.25*0.90-0.1*0.40)*0.3*24/1.5*.5 0.444
The posts are to be cast after the girders have cured and therefore to be distributed
on all girders
post spacing considered =1.5m
W3=.775*.3*24 2.325
W4=(.05+.3)*.5*.96*24 4.032
W5=0.90*0.40*24 8.640
W6 Wearing surface=1.46*.05*22 1.606
W7=.9*.2*24 4.320
W9=Diaphragm -
W8=fill height =0.5*.1*.1*24 0.120

23.407KN/m
Diaphragm
a) At mid-points (D1)
P1= (0.40*0.30)+(0.10*0.10))*0.9*24 2.808KN

b) At supports (D2)
P2= (0.4*0.30)+(0.10*0.10))*1.00*24 2.808KN

2.808KN 2.808KN 2.808KN

w= 23.407KN/m

12.60 m
R1=23.87*12.40/2+3.12 +0.5*3.12 = 151.676
Shear force at x= V(x)=R1 - P2 - P1*<x-L/3>0 - w*x
Bending Moment at x= M(x)=(R1-P2)*x - P1*<x-L/3> - (w*x2)/2

Span= 12.60 m
a X V(x) B.M.(x)
0.00 0.000 148.868 0.000
0.05 0.630 134.122 89.142
0.10 1.260 119.375 168.993
0.15 1.890 104.629 239.555 5.583m
0.20 2.520 89.882 300.826 0.443
0.25 3.150 75.136 352.807
0.30 3.780 60.390 395.497
0.35 4.410 45.643 428.897
0.40 5.040 30.897 453.008
0.45 5.670 16.150 467.827
0.50 6.300 1.404 473.357
0.443 5.58 18.19 466.33
b) INTERIOR GIRDER

Dead Load per linear meter of girder

W4=2.20*0.05*22 (wearing course) 2.42
W1=1.8*0.40*24 8.208
W2=2*.9*.2*24 8.736
W5=2*0.5*0.10*0.10*24 0.24
Post = 3.234
22.838KN/m KN/m
Diaphragm
a) At third-points (D1)
P1= (0.4*0.30)+(0.10*0.10))*2*1.00*24 5.616 KN
b) At supports (D2)
P2= (0.4*0.30)+(0.10*0.10))*2*1.00*24 5.616 KN
5.616KN 5.616KN 5.616KN
22.838KN/m

12.60 m
R1=23.17*12.4/2+6.24+6.24 152.303
Shear force at x= V(x)=R1 - P2 - P1*<x-L/3>0 - w*x
Bending Moment at x= M(x)=(R1-P2)*x - P1*<x-L/3> - (w*x2)/2
Span= 12.6 m
a X V(x) B.M.(x)
0.00 0 146.6874 0
0.05 0.63 132.29946 87.8808609
0.10 1.26 117.91152 166.6973196
0.15 1.89 103.52358 236.4493761
0.20 2.52 89.13564 297.1370304
0.25 3.15 74.7477 348.7602825
0.30 3.78 60.35976 391.3191324
0.35 4.41 45.97182 424.8135801
0.40 5.04 31.58388 449.2436256
0.45 5.67 17.19594 464.6092689
0.50 6.3 2.808 470.91051
0.443 5.58 19.18 463.03
5.1.2) LIVE LOAD
DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS TO STRINGERS, LONGITUDINAL BEAMS, AND FLOOR BEAMS
POSITION OF LOAD FOR SHEAR
Art.3.8 Lateral distribution of wheel loads at ends of the beams or stringers shall be that produced
by assuming the flooring to act as simple span between stringers or beams. For wheels or axles
in other positions on the span, the distribution for shear shall be determined by the method
prescribed for moment (Lever Arm Rule)

Art.13 Bending Moment in Stringers and Longitudinal Beams

of ERA manualIn calculating B.M. in longitudinal beams or stringers, no longitudinal distribution of the wheel
page 13-13 ta load shall be assumed.The lateral Distribution shall be determined as follows
13-3 of a wheel load both front and rear determined in Table 13.3

a)One design lane loaded ==> for concrete T- beams

0.06+(S/4300)0.4*(S/L)0.3(Kg/Lts)0.1 1100<=S<=4900

b)Two or more Design lanes Loaded

0.075+(S/4300)0.6*(S/L)0.2(Kg/Lts)0.1

Outside Roadway Stringers and Beams

The live load bending moment for outside roadway stringers or beams shall be determined by
a) to the stringers or beams the reaction of the wheel load obtained by assuming the flooring to act
as a simple span between stringers or beams (Lever arm rule). (For one design lane loaded)
b) For two or more design lanes loaded,
art 13 page 13-14 g=e*ginterior
table 13-4 where: de=the distance in mm from the face of rail to exterior face of ext. girder.
g=lane fraction de=560mm
e=0.77+de/2800 e=0.77+560/2800 0.97

5.1.2.1 Standard Truck Load

A)Transverse Distribution
EXTERIOR GIRDER
I) Distribution factor for moment
one design lane loaded
applying the lever arm rule:
Distance of first line of wheel from the face of curb=0.60m
Distance of second line of wheel from the face of curb=2.40m
Rex moment= 0.96
Multiple presence factor =1.20 (one lane loaded)
Rex moment(1)= 1.16

For two or more design lanes loaded:

g=e*ginterior
where:
g=lane fraction
e=0.77+de/2800 de=the distance in mm from the face of rail to exterior face of ext. girder.
de=560mm = 56mm
e=0.77+560/2800= 0.97

Rex moment (2)g=.97*0.847 0.89

Therefore, Rex moment (1) or for half lane loading (i.e. for one line of load)
Rex moment (2) multiplied by two and the maximum is taken.
Rex moment = 1.78

II) Distribution factor for shear

one design lane loaded
applying the lever arm rule:
Distance of first line of wheel from the face of curb=0.60m
Distance of second line of wheel from the face of curb=2.40m
Rex moment= 0.96
Multiple presence factor =1.20 (one lane loaded)
Rex moment= 1.16

For two or more design lanes loaded:

g=e*ginterior
where:
g=lane fraction
e=0.6+de/3000 de=the distance in mm from the face of rail to exterior face of ext. girder.
de=560mm
e=0.60+560/3000= 0.62

g=0.95*0.863 0.50
Therefore, Rex moment (1) or for half lane loading (i.e. for one line of load)
Rex moment (2) multiplied by two and the maximum is taken.
 Rex moment = 1.16

INTERIOR GIRDER
Distribution factor for moment
For one lane loaded
RI=0.060+(S/4300)0.40(S/L)0.3(Kg/Lts)0.1
Approximating the x-section of the superstructure to a slab of
200mm thickness and 8920mm width
with 4 beams of 700mm depth
Kg=n(I+Aeg2)
n= 1
A(area of concrete)=200*8900+400*700*4
2.84E+06 mm2
eg(distance between centers of gravity
of the basic beam and deck(mm)
450mm
I (moment of inertia of beam)
4.34.E+10
Kg= 6.19E+11 mm2 3000000000000
L= 12400 mm
ts(deck slab
thickness) 200 mm
kg/Lt =
s
3
30.24
(kg/Lt )
s
3 0.1
= 1.41
RI=0.060+(S/4300)0.40(S/L)0.3(Kg/Lts3)0.1
0.700 where:
S= 2200mm
For two or more lanes loaded
RI=0.075+(S/2900)0.60(S/L)0.2(Kg/Lts)0.1
0.918 for moment
Therefore, Rin moment (1) or for half lane loading (i.e. for one line of load)
Rin moment (2) multiplied by two and the maximum is taken.

Rex moment = 1.84

Distribution factor for shear
For one lane loaded
RI=0.36+(S/7600)
0.649

For two or more lanes loaded

RI=0.2+(S/3600)-(S/89200)2
0.811 for shear

Therefore, Rin moment (1) or for half lane loading (i.e. for one line of load)
Rin moment (2) multiplied by two and the maximum is taken.

Rin moment = 1.62

B) Longitudinal Distribution of Wheel load
BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DUE TO LIVE LOAD
Live Load STANDARD DESIGN TRUCK LOADING
P P P/4
V 4.30m
4.3<V<9.0

P(Wheel Load) =72.5KN

INFLUENCE LINE FOR MOMENT

Loading case 1)
M(x)=P*(X*Y/L)+P*X*(Y-4.30)/L+P*X*(Y-8.60)/4*L
=(P*X*Y/L)*(1+(Y-4.30)/Y+(Y-8.60)/4*Y)
=P*D*(1+A+B)
P/4 P P
4.30m V
4.30<V<9.00

P(Wheel Load) =145/2 KN = 72.50 KN

Loading case 2)
M(x)=P*(X*Y/L)+P*X*(Y-4.30)/L+P*Y*(X-4.30)/4L
=(P*X*Y/L)*(1+(Y-4.30)/Y+(X-4.30)/4*X)
=P*D*(1+A+C)
 SPAN LENGTH= 12.60
COEFF COEFF MAX.
a X Y A B C D
1 2 COEFF.
=(Y-4.30)/Y =[(Y-8.60)/4Y] (X-4.30)/(4X) X*Y/L D*(1+A+B) D*(1+A+C)
0 0 12.600 0.659 0.079 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.05 0.63 11.970 0.641 0.070 0.000 0.599 1.024 0.982 1.0241
0.1 1.26 11.340 0.621 0.060 0.000 1.134 1.907 1.838 1.907
0.15 1.89 10.710 0.599 0.049 0.000 1.607 2.647 2.568 2.647
0.2 2.52 10.080 0.573 0.037 0.000 2.016 3.246 3.172 3.246
0.25 3.15 9.450 0.545 0.022 0.000 2.363 3.703 3.650 3.703
0.3 3.78 8.820 0.512 0.006 0.000 2.646 4.019 4.002 4.019
0.35 4.41 8.190 0.475 0.000 0.006 2.867 4.228 4.246 4.246
0.4 5.04 7.560 0.431 0.000 0.037 3.024 4.328 4.439 4.439
0.45 5.67 6.930 0.380 0.000 0.060 3.119 4.302 4.490 4.490
0.5 6.3 6.300 0.317 0.000 0.079 3.150 4.150 4.400 4.400
0.443 5.58 7.017 0.387 0.000 0.057 3.109 4.313 4.492 4.492

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM MOMENT

Absolute maximum moment occurs when the midpoint of the structure is located midway between that particular
load and the resultant of all loads acting on the span.
R
P/4 P P

Absolute max. moment occurs at x=0.5*L - 0.71667 loading case 2

5.583 m
INFLUENCE LINE FOR SHEAR

V(x)=P*(Y/L)+P*(Y-4.30)/L+(P/4)*(Y-8.60)/L
V(x)=P*(Y/L)(1+*(Y-4.30)/Y+(Y-8.60)/(4*Y)) for moment at every point
V(x)=P(E)*(1+F+G) for shear
both for shear and moment at every point
SPAN LENGT 12.6 m
a X Y F G E COEFF. 1
(Y-4.30)/Y [(Y-8.60)/4Y] Y/L E(1+F+G)
0.000 0.000 12.600 0.659 0.079 1.000 1.738
0.050 0.630 11.970 0.641 0.070 0.950 1.626
0.100 1.260 11.340 0.621 0.060 0.900 1.513
0.150 1.890 10.710 0.599 0.049 0.850 1.401
0.200 2.520 10.080 0.573 0.037 0.800 1.288
0.250 3.150 9.450 0.545 0.022 0.750 1.176
0.300 3.780 8.820 0.512 0.006 0.700 1.063
0.350 4.410 8.190 0.475 0.000 0.650 0.959
0.400 5.040 7.560 0.431 0.000 0.600 0.859
0.450 5.670 6.930 0.380 0.000 0.550 0.759
0.500 6.300 6.300 0.317 0.000 0.500 0.659
0.443 5.583 7.017 0.387 0.000 0.557 0.773
IMPACT
Take I= 0.330
1+I= 1.330

Distribution Factor including impact

Coeff. DF Impact factor DF incl. IMPACT
Interior girder for Shear 1.62 1.330 2.16
for Moment 1.84 1.330 2.44
Exterior Girder for Shear 1.16 1.330 1.54
for Moment 1.78 1.330 2.37

5.1.2.2 TANDEM LOADING

Axle load = 110 KN

Distribution factor (Ext girder using the lever arm rule)=P*(1.75)/2.20
0.80
Multiply by 1.20 (when only one lane is loaded)
0.95
Spacing between axles = 1.20 m
Exterior Girder
P' for Shear=55*1.70= 84.59 KN
P' for Moment =55*1.96= 130.29 KN

Interior Girder
P' for Shear=55*2.16= 118.58 KN
P' for Moment =55*2.03= 134.32 KN

P P

1.20m
INFLUENCE LINE FOR MOMENT

XY/L
X(Y-1.2)/L

Loading case 1)
M(x)=P*(X*Y/L)+P*X*(Y-1.20)/L
=(P*X*Y/L)*(1+(Y-1.20)/Y
=P*D*(1+F)

XY/L
Y(X-1.2)/L

Loading case 2)
M(x)=P*(X*Y/L)+P*y*(x-1.20)/L
=(P*X*Y/L)*(1+(X-1.20)/X
=P*D*(1+n)
span= 12.6
COEFF COEFF MAX.
a X Y F n D
1 2 COEFF.
=(Y-1.2)/Y =[(X-1.20)/X] X*Y/L D*(1+F) D*(1+n)
0 0 12.600 0.905 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.05 0.63 11.970 0.900 0.000 0.599 1.137 0.599 1.137
0.1 1.26 11.340 0.894 0.048 1.134 2.148 1.188 2.148
0.15 1.89 10.710 0.888 0.365 1.607 3.033 2.193 3.033
0.2 2.52 10.080 0.881 0.524 2.016 3.792 3.072 3.792
0.25 3.15 9.450 0.873 0.619 2.363 4.425 3.825 4.425
0.3 3.78 8.820 0.864 0.683 2.646 4.932 4.452 4.932
0.35 4.41 8.190 0.853 0.728 2.867 5.313 4.953 5.313
0.4 5.04 7.560 0.841 0.762 3.024 5.568 5.328 5.568
0.45 5.67 6.930 0.827 0.788 3.119 5.697 5.577 5.697
0.5 6.3 6.300 0.810 0.810 3.150 5.700 5.700 5.700
0.443 5.583 7.017 0.829 0.785 3.109 5.687 5.550 5.687
INFLUENCE LINE FOR SHEAR

X/L

Y/L

V(x)=P*(Y/L)+P*(Y-1.20)/L
V(x)=P*(Y/L)(1+*(Y-1.20)/Y)=P(E)*(1+q)
SPAN LENGTH= 12.6
a X Y q= E= COEFF. 1
(Y-1.20)/Y Y/L E(1+q)
0 0 12.600 0.905 1.000 1.905
0.05 0.63 11.970 0.900 0.950 1.805
0.1 1.26 11.340 0.894 0.900 1.705
0.15 1.89 10.710 0.888 0.850 1.605
0.2 2.52 10.080 0.881 0.800 1.505
0.25 3.15 9.450 0.873 0.750 1.405
0.3 3.78 8.820 0.864 0.700 1.305
0.35 4.41 8.190 0.853 0.650 1.205
0.4 5.04 7.560 0.841 0.600 1.105
0.45 5.67 6.930 0.827 0.550 1.005
0.5 6.3 6.300 0.810 0.500 0.905
0.443 5.58 7.017 0.829 0.557 1.019
Summary of Reactions for the TANDEM LOAD
Exterior Girder Interior Girder
a x (m) VA(KN) MA(KNm) VA(KN) MA(KNm)
0 0 161.12 0.00 225.86 0.00
0.05 0.63 152.66 148.14 214.00 152.72
0.1 1.26 144.20 279.86 202.14 288.51
0.15 1.89 135.74 395.16 190.29 407.38
0.2 2.52 127.28 494.05 178.43 509.33
0.25 3.15 118.83 576.52 166.57 594.35
0.3 3.78 110.37 642.58 154.71 662.45
0.35 4.41 101.91 692.22 142.86 713.63
0.4 5.04 93.45 725.44 131.00 747.88
0.45 5.67 84.99 742.25 119.14 765.20
0.5 6.30 76.53 742.64 107.28 765.61
0.443 5.58 86.16 740.90 120.78 763.82
Lane Load (Uniformly Distributed Load)
The design lane load shall consist of 9.30KN/m , which is transversly distributed over a width of 3.00m.
This load will not be subject to dynamic load allowance.
Exterior Girder
line load per meter for shear (lever arm)=9.3*DF/2.00)= 5.38 KN/m
Reaction at support = 5.93*12.4/2 33.88 KN
line load per meter for moment (lever arm)=9.3*DF/2.00)= 8.28 KN/m
52.18 KN
Interior Girder line load per meter for shear =9.3*DF/2= 7.54 KN/m
47.49 KN
line load per meter for moment =9.3*DF/2= 8.54 KN/m
53.79 KN Exterior Girder
Exterior Girder Interior Girder Design truck (DfDesign Lane (Df)
a X Va(Ext.) Ma(Ext.) Va(int) Ma(int) VLL+I(KN) VLane(KN)
0.00 0.00 33.88 0.00 47.49 0.00 193.802 33.876
0.05 0.63 30.49 31.23 42.74 32.19 181.258 30.488
0.10 1.26 27.10 59.17 37.99 61.00 168.714 27.101
0.15 1.89 23.71 83.82 33.24 86.42 156.170 23.713
0.20 2.52 20.33 105.19 28.49 108.44 143.626 20.325
0.25 3.15 16.94 123.27 23.74 127.08 131.082 16.938
0.30 3.78 13.55 138.06 18.99 142.33 118.538 13.550
0.35 4.41 10.16 149.57 14.25 154.19 106.901 10.163
0.40 5.04 6.78 157.78 9.50 162.66 95.750 6.775
0.45 5.67 3.39 162.72 4.75 167.75 84.600 3.388
0.50 6.30 0.00 164.36 0.00 169.44 73.450 0.000
0.443 5.58 3.86 162.23 5.40 167.25 86.140 3.855
SPAN 12.6 m
SUMMARY OF DESIGN LOADS
According to Subchapter 3.3, the coefficients for load factor and service load design are:
for Standard truck,lane load and design tandem loading
Mu=1.25*MDL+1.75MLL+I Ms=MDL+MLL+I
Vu=1.25*VDL+1.75VLL+I Vs=VDL+VLL+I
Exterior Girder Design truck (Df,I
Design Lane (Df)
a X(m) VDL(KN) MDL(KN-m) MLL+I(KN-m)truck Mlane(KN-m)
0 148.868 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.05 0.63 134.122 89.142 175.886 31.228
0.1 1.26 119.375 168.993 327.428 59.169
0.15 1.89 104.629 239.555 454.625 83.823
0.2 2.52 89.882 300.826 557.477 105.190
0.25 3.15 75.136 352.807 635.985 123.269
0.3 3.78 60.390 395.497 690.148 138.061
0.35 4.41 45.643 428.897 729.198 149.566
0.4 5.04 30.897 453.008 762.366 157.784
0.45 5.67 16.150 467.827 771.190 162.715
0.5 6.3 1.404 473.357 755.668 164.359
0.443 5.583 18.187 466.334 771.420 162.230
 a X(m) Mu(KN-m) Vu(KN) Ms(KN-m) Vs(KN)
0.00 0.00 0.00 584.52 0.000 376.546
0.05 0.63 473.88 538.21 296.256 345.868
0.10 1.26 887.79 491.89 555.590 315.190
0.15 1.89 1241.73 445.58 778.002 284.512
0.20 2.52 1535.70 399.27 963.492 253.834
0.25 3.15 1769.70 352.95 1112.061 223.156
0.30 3.78 1943.74 306.64 1223.707 192.478
0.35 4.41 2073.96 261.91 1307.662 162.707
0.40 5.04 2176.52 218.04 1373.158 133.422
0.45 5.67 2219.12 174.17 1401.732 104.138
0.50 6.30 2201.74 130.29 1393.384 74.854
0.443 5.58 2216.80 180.23 1399.984 108.182

Interior Girder
Design truck (Df,I
Design Lane (Df) vdl+vll+i+vlane Design truck (Df,IFDesign Lane (Df)
X(m) VDL(KN) MDL(KN-m) MLL+I(KN-m)truck Mlane(KN-m) Vs(KN) VLL+I(KN) VLane(KN)
0 0 146.687 0.000 0.000 0.000 465.849 271.674 47.487
0.05 0.63 132.299 87.881 181.326 32.194 429.128 254.089 42.739
0.1 1.26 117.912 166.697 337.554 60.999 392.406 236.505 37.990
0.15 1.89 103.524 236.449 468.685 86.415 355.685 218.921 33.241
0.2 2.52 89.136 297.137 574.719 108.443 318.964 201.336 28.492
0.25 3.15 74.748 348.760 655.655 127.082 282.243 183.752 23.744
0.3 3.78 60.360 391.319 711.493 142.331 245.522 166.168 18.995
0.35 4.41 45.972 424.814 751.751 154.192 210.073 149.855 14.246
0.4 5.04 31.584 449.244 785.945 162.664 175.306 134.224 9.497
0.45 5.67 17.196 464.609 795.041 167.748 140.538 118.594 4.749
0.5 6.3 2.808 470.911 779.039 169.442 105.771 102.963 0.000
0.443 5.583 19.183 463.027 795.278 167.247 145.340 120.752 5.405

a X(m) Mu(KN-m) Vu(KN) Ms(KN-m)

0.00 0.00 0.00 741.89 0.000
0.05 0.63 483.51 684.82 301.401
0.10 1.26 905.84 627.76 565.251
0.15 1.89 1266.99 570.69 791.550
0.20 2.52 1566.95 513.62 980.299
0.25 3.15 1805.74 456.55 1131.496
0.30 3.78 1983.34 399.48 1245.144
0.35 4.41 2116.42 344.64 1330.757
0.40 5.04 2221.62 290.99 1397.853
0.45 5.67 2265.64 237.34 1427.398
 0.50 6.30 2248.48 183.70 1419.392
0.443 5.58 2263.20 244.75 1425.552
6) DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR
6.1) DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
6.1.1) Design Moment
Interior Girder
Mu= 2265.641 KN-m Interior Girder Governs Mu= 2265.64 kNm/m

Effective flange width according to AASHTO Art.8.10.1 dreqd =sqrt(Mu/(frmaxbfy(1-.6rmaxfy/fc')) = 429.959568 mm

1)12*t+bw 2.78 Dreqd =Dreqd+f/2+cover = 555.96 mm
2) S/4=span length/4= 3.15
3) c/c beam spacing (s) 2.20 dprov=Dprov-f/2-cover = 774.00 mm
a=Asfy/(.85fc'b) = 76.2226154 mm2/m
beff int. gir= 2.20 As =Mu/(ffy(d-a/2)) = 8144.9271
taking the smaller
y =centroid of the final designed bar 126.00 fmoment = 0.9 MPa
fy = 420.00 MPa
fc' = 24.00 mm
Dprov = 900 mm
b= 380 mm
dia. of bar =f = 32 mm
cover = 40 mm2
as= 804.247719

rmax= 0.018225 9.8742163

r prov=As/bd = 0.02769253 OK !
Clear distance between layers should not be less than 1 inch. rmin=0.03fc' /fy= 0.00171429
bar diam.used 3.2 2.54 cm Asmin= rminbd= 1194.17143 mm2/m
c/c bar spacing b/n layers 6.4 cm Sreq = 98.742163 mm
use 7 cm use f32 c/c 9
As prov. = 7238.22947 mm2

number = 11
6.1.2 Bar cutting and resisting moment calculation
According to Art. 8.24.2.1 one third of the positive moment reinforcement shall extend in to the support.
Extend 4bars

Bars y deff=D-y a=As*fy/(0.85*fc Mn=f*As*fy*(d-a/2)

4Æ32 =(4 *7 )/4
32.17 7.00 83.00 3.01 990.99
6Æ32 =(4*7+2*14)/6
48.25 9.33 80.67 4.52 1430.20
8Æ32 =(4*7+4*14)/8
64.34 10.50 79.50 6.02 1860.26
10Æ32 =(4*7+4*14+2*21)/10
80.42 12.60 77.40 7.53 2238.60
12Æ28 =(4*7+4*14+4*21)/12
96.51 14.00 76.00 9.03 2607.79
X(m) MTOT(KN-m) 4Æ32 6Æ32 8Æ32 10Æ32 12Æ33
0.00 0.000 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
0.63 483.511 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
1.26 905.840 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
1.89 1266.988 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
2.52 1566.954 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
3.15 1805.739 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
3.78 1983.342 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
4.41 2116.418 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
5.04 2221.620 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
5.67 2265.641 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79
6.30 2248.481 990.99 1,430.20 1,860.26 2,238.60 2,607.79

Factored Loads Moment diagram

6000.00

5500.00

5000.00
Mu(KNm)

4500.00

4000.00

3500.00

3000.00

2500.00

2000.00 f(x) = 0.475556450946117 x³ − 35.6180786819654 x² + 589.714784240663 x − 555.038113226897

1500.00

1000.00
`
500.00

0.00
0.00 0.63 1.26 1.89 2.52 3.15 3.78 4.41 5.04 5.67 6.30
X(m)
 1000.00
`
500.00

0.00
0.00 0.63 1.26 1.89 2.52 3.15 3.78 4.41 5.04 5.67 6.30
X(m)

Service Loads Moment diagram

4000.00

Ms(KNm) 3500.00

3000.00

2500.00

2000.00

1500.00 `
f(x) = 0.384922025318899 x³ − 23.4912459809813 x² + 374.202912237214 x − 353.690970319503
1000.00

500.00

0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.44
x(m)

According to Art. 8.24.1.2.1. Reinforcements shall extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required to
resist flexure for a distance equal to
-I) the effective depth of the member
-ii) 15* bar diameter
-iii) 1/20 of the clear span , whichever is greater, except at supports of
simple spans and at free ends of cantilever
I) deff. Varies fr 0.76 0.76 m
ii)15*0.032=0.42. 0.48 m
iii) 1/20*12=0.60 0.60 m
0.76
BAR CUTTING LENGTH

Y X Y

5db
4db 4db 5db
db= 32 mm
X=S+0.4*2-2*.05-2*5db=12.4 fy= 420 Mpa
Y=PI()*8/4db+4db=0.33
L=X+2Y=13.06 fc'= 24.0 Mpa
0.06db*fy= 806.4 mm
TOTAL
BAR No of Bars Diameter (mm) LENGTH (m)
LENGTH (m)
 G 4 32 13.56 54.23
G1 2 32 11.60 23.20 Development length= 0.02*Ab*fy/sqrt(fc')
G2 2 32 10.34 20.68 (for 36 bar and smaller) = 0.001379
G3 2 32 7.82 15.64 1.37899758
G4 2 32 4.04 8.08

2Ø32 - G4 (L=7.75m)
2Ø32 - G3 (L=10.23m)
2Ø32 - G2 (L=11.47m)
4Ø32 - G (L=13.56m)

12.4
12.00

Bar Curtailment Diagram

6.2) DESIGN FOR SHEAR

According to Art. 12.8 Design shear stress V, shall be computed by

Vc(Shear strength provided by concrete)=0.083*β*sqrt(fc')*bw*d where fc' compressive strength in Mpa

where β = factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension.
β =2.0 (Art.13.7) for non prestressed concreat sections and not subjected to axial tension and containing atleast
minimum transverse reinforcement and overall depth of <400mm
Av=Vs*s/(fy*d)
s(spacing)=Av*fy*d/Vs
using two legged diam 12mm bars 2.26194671058 226.1946710585
Av=2*1.54*1e-04 834.4300099848
s(spacing)=2*1.54*0.0001*fy*d/Vs

Art.8.16.6.3.8 when Vs exceeds 0.333sqrt(fc')bw*d the maximum spacing given in Art.8.19.3 shall be reduced by one half.

MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Art.12.8 A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be provided where factored shear force exceeds
one-half the shear strength provided by concrete fVc.
Art..12.8 of ERA Shear reinforcement area required by Art.12.8 or by analysis shall not be less than

Av=0.083*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
Smax=Av*fy/(bv*sqrt(fc')*0.083 (SI)
Smax=12.05*Av*fy/(bv*sqrt(fc')) 439.24 mm 12.05 IS 1/0.083

Maximum spacing requirment

case 1 ) if Vu< 0.1*fc'*bv*dv then: S≤0.8dv≤600mm
case 2 ) if Vu≥0.1*fc'*bv*dv then: S≤0.4*dv≤300mm
Art.8.19.3 Spacing of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 0.50*d or 24 inch
 vc(allowable shear stress carried by concrete)=0.079*sqrt(fc') 387.019
diam of bar used 12 mm
Av= 2.262 cm
fc'= 24.00 Mpa
fy= 300.00 Mpa
Vc=0.166*sqrt(fc')*bw*d
f= 0.90
bw= 0.38

X(m) Vu d Vu/f Vc Vs=Vu/f-Vc Sreq.(cm) 0.1*fc'*bv*dv Smax(mm)

fy*Av*d/Vs KN
0 741.89 0.83 824.32 256.49 567.83 9.00 756.96 600.00
0.63 684.82 0.83 760.91 256.49 504.42 11.00 756.96 600.00
1.26 627.76 0.83 697.51 256.49 441.01 12.00 756.96 600.00
1.89 570.69 0.81 634.10 249.29 384.80 14.00 735.71 600.00
2.52 513.62 0.80 570.69 245.68 325.01 16.00 725.04 600.00
3.15 456.55 0.80 507.28 245.68 261.60 20.00 725.04 600.00
3.78 399.48 0.77 443.87 239.19 204.68 25.00 705.89 600.00
4.41 344.64 0.77 382.93 239.19 143.75 36.00 705.89 600.00
5.04 290.99 0.77 323.33 239.19 84.14 62.00 705.89 600.00
5.67 237.34 0.77 263.72 239.19 24.53 214.00 705.89 600.00
6.3 183.70 0.77 204.11 239.19 -35.08 -149.00 705.89 600.00

S b/n d/t
X(m) Sprov.(cm) spacings No of bar
0.00 9.00
0.63 10.00 7
1.26 12.00 0.02
1.89 12.00 0.04 11
2.52 15.00 0.02 5
3.15 20.00 0.02 4
3.78 25.00 0.12 3
4.41 40.00 0.08
5.04 40.00
5.67 40.00
6.30 30.00 7

7) SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
From flexural members designed with reference to load factor and strength by strength design method, stresses at service
load shall be limited to satisfy the requirments for fatigue and for distribution of reinforcement.
the requirment for control of deflection shall also be checked.

7.1) Fatigue stress limits

As per Art.9.6 the stress range in straight reinforcement resulting from the fatigue load combination , specified in t
able 3-2 , shall not exceed:
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h) (5.5.3.2-1)
 where: ff= stress range (Mpa)
fmin= the minimum live load stress resulting from the fatigue load combination specified in
table 3.2, combined with the more severe stress from either the permanent loads or the permanent
loads,shrinkage, and creep induced external loads
r/h=0.30

The spacing of the axles is considered as follows to attain the min. live load stress.

spacing b/n 35 KN and 145KN axles = 4.3 m

spacing b/n 145 KN and 145KN axles = 9 m

Loading case 1)
M(x)=P*(X*Y/L)+P*X*(Y-9.00)/L+P*X*(Y-13.30)/4*L
=(P*X*Y/L)*(1+(Y-9.00)/Y+(Y-13.30)/4*Y)
=P*D*(1+A+B)
Loading case 2)
M(x)=P*(X*Y/L)+P*X*(Y-9.00)/L+P*Y*(X-4.30)/4L
=(P*X*Y/L)*(1+(Y-9.00)/Y+(X-4.30)/4*X)
=P*D*(1+A+C)

SPAN LENGTH= 12.6

COEFF COEFF MAX.
a X Y A B C D
1 2 COEFF.
=(Y-9.00)/Y =[(Y-13.30)/4Y] (X-4.30)/(4X) X*Y/L D*(1+A+B) D*(1+A+C)
0 0 12.600 0.286 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.05 0.63 11.970 0.248 0.000 0.000 0.599 0.747 0.747 0.747
0.1 1.26 11.340 0.206 0.000 0.000 1.134 1.368 1.368 1.368
0.15 1.89 10.710 0.160 0.000 0.000 1.607 1.863 1.863 1.863
0.2 2.52 10.080 0.107 0.000 0.000 2.016 2.232 2.232 2.232
0.25 3.15 9.450 0.048 0.000 0.000 2.363 2.475 2.475 2.475
0.3 3.78 8.820 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.646 2.646 2.646 2.646
0.35 4.41 8.190 0.000 0.000 0.006 2.867 2.867 2.884 2.884
0.4 5.04 7.560 0.000 0.000 0.037 3.024 3.024 3.135 3.135
0.45 5.67 6.930 0.000 0.000 0.060 3.119 3.119 3.307 3.307
0.5 6.3 6.300 0.000 0.000 0.079 3.150 3.150 3.400 3.400
0.443 5.58 7.017 0.000 0.000 0.057 3.109 3.109 3.288 3.288
 Summary
Factors Exterior Girder 0.964 Multiple presence factors not applied for fatigue li rex moment for shear
1.248 impact factor (1+0.75*IM)
1.202

Interior Girder 0.584 RI

1.248 impact factor (1+0.75*IM)
0.728

Wheel load 72.5 KN

a X MDL MDL MLL MLL

(m) Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
0 0 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 89.142 87.881 65.10 39.42
0.1 1.26 168.993 166.697 119.23 72.20
0.15 1.89 239.555 236.449 162.37 98.32
0.2 2.52 300.826 297.137 194.53 117.80
0.25 3.15 352.807 348.760 215.71 130.62
0.3 3.78 395.497 391.319 230.61 139.65
0.35 4.41 428.897 424.814 251.39 152.23
0.4 5.04 453.008 449.244 273.23 165.46
0.45 5.67 467.827 464.609 288.21 174.53
0.5 6.3 473.357 470.911 296.33 179.44
As= 8,042.48 mm²
b= 2.20 m
d= 0.774 m
r =As/bd
0.00472
rn=0.00469*9= 0.0425
t= 0.2000
t/d= 0.2584
k=-rn+Ö(rn)2+2rn= 0.2521
kd= 0.1952 0.20
j=1-k/3= 0.9160
k=((rn+0.5(t/d)2)/(rn+t/d)= 0.25221 t- section
j=(6-6(t/d)+2(t/d)2+((t/d)3/(2rn))/(6-3(t/d))= 0.9160
fs max= Mmax/Asjd 134.99 Mpa
fs =fDL= Mmin/Asjd
min
83.02 Mpa when there is no live load
ff=fs -fs =
max min
51.97 Mpa
the stress range allowable for fatigue
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h)
 134.10 Mpa ok!
7.2) Control of crack by distribution reinforcement
To control flexural crack of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed over the zone of maximum concrete tension
To prevent such kind of crack the calculated steel reinforcement at service load shall not exceed
fsa = Z
fsa=Z/(dcA)1/3 (dcA)1/3 £ 0.6 fy era manual -9.14
where Z=crack width parameter (30KN/mm moderate exposure condition)
dc= depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar or wire
located closest thereto, shall not be greater than 50mm
A= area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinfan dbounded by
the surfaces of the cross section and a striaight line parallel to the neutral axis,divided by the no. of bars or wires
(the thickness of clear cover shall not be > 50mm)

The max. live load and dead load moment = 1427.398 KNm/m
fs=Ms/Ajd= 250.32 Mpa

dc 50 mm
A=184.4*400*2/1 10,640.00 mm2

fsa= 370.24 Mpa

0.6fy= 252.00 Mpa fs<fsall OK!

7.3) Skin Reinforcement

Where the depth of beams is > 900mm ,skin reinforcement shall be provided as per the following formula:
Ask>=0.012(d-30) where d equal the effective depth in inches and Ask in in2/ft
the maximum spacing between bars is not to exceed the smaller of d/6 or 300mm
d<900mm = no skin reinf. is required.
deff= 774.000 mm 387.000
No skin reinforcement required
0 inches
in
Ask= 0 in2/ft
0 mm2/m

this shall be distributed uniformly along both sides of the tension zone for a distance of d/2 measured from the main flexural steel.
Area of steel required for each face =Ask*d/2= Dia. of bar = 12
- mm2 as = 113.0973355
Spacing < 129
use 0 f12mm, which supply As= use 0

0
provide f12@ 0mm for skin reinforcement
7.4) Computation of deflection

calculation of moment of inertia

Gross moment of inertia
for simplicity the curb above the slab is not considered, the slab is considered as leveled
taking moment of area about the bottom of girder

part Area(m2) xi (m) A*xi

slab 1.78m 0.8m 1.424m
Girder 1.064m 0.35 0.3724m
sum 2.844m 1.7964m
X= 0.63 m

part area Xii Ieg A*(Xii)2 Ieg+A(Xii)2

=xi-X
Slab 1.780 0.168 0.00593 0.050 0.056
Girder 1.064 0.282 0.043 0.084 0.128
åIeg 0.135 0.18423 m4
Effective moment of inertia
Ie=(Mcr/Ma)3Ig+(1-(Mcr/Ma)3)Icr<=Ig

Mcr(cracking moment) =Ig*fr/yt; where Ig= gross moment of inertia

fr=0.63sqrt(fc') 3.09 Mpa
yt=0.9-0.63=0.47 ### m
Mcr=2.82*N/mm2*0.1578*1012mm4/530mm
Mcr= 2.12E+06 2,118.86 KN-m
Total uniform load =2*(Wext+Wint)
92.49KN/m KN/m
concentrated load of diapragm=2*X+2*Y
16.848KN
Ma=Wl2/8+PL/4 1,888.54 KNm

Ma/Mcr= 0.89 no crack is likely to occur Ie=Ig m4

Compute Icr (moment of inertia of transformed cracked section) about the neutral axis
n=Es/Ec=9
As= 8,042.48 mm2 8.04E-03
b= 2,200.00 mm 6.43E-02
d= 774.00 mm
r=As/bd =11259/(2200*1040) 0.00472308973
rn=9*0.004029 0.04250780757
t/d=0.20/1040 0.2584
k=((rn+0.5(t/d)2)/(rn+t/d)= 0.25221371091
Y=kd=0.22576*1.035 = 195.2134 mm
 Part Area yeg Ieg A*y2 Ieg+A*y2
slab 1.78000 0.09521 0.00593 0.01614 0.02207
girder 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
Trans. Reinf 0.28953 0.57879 0.09699 0.09699
sum Icr= 0.11906
Ie=(Mcr/Ma)3Ig+(1-(Mcr/Ma)3)Icr<=Ig
0.21110 0.18423 m4
0.18423
Dead Load Deflection
The maximum dead load deflection=
Dmax = (5*wl4/(384EIe))+(Pl3/(48EIe)= 7.17 mm w =wext +wint
Long term defelection= instantaneous def.*Factor
Factor=3-1.2 (As'/As)>=1.6
Where: As'= area of compression reinf.
As= area of tension reinf.
As'=0, the multiplying factor=3.0
Long term def.= 21.51 mm
Deflection at L/4 =57wL4/(6144EI) 4.99 mm
Long term def.= 14.98 mm 29.636
Live Load Deflection
The live load deflection at midspan for different loading conditions similar to the moving load pattern considered in the calc.
of max moment is cal. as follows:

- When Calculating the max. absolute deflection, all design lanes should be loaded, and all supporting componets should be considered to deflect equally
- The deflection calculated shall be the larger of the two
a) the deflection from the design truck only
b) the deflection from 25% of the design truck together with the design lane load
- The live load combination shall be Service I including the dynamic load allowance,IM
Dead load with dynamic load allowance factor
P=4*72.5*1.33= 385.7 KN
W (lane load) = 9.3*2= 18.6 KN/m
Dxi=(P/6EIL)*(bx(L2-b2-xi2)
P/6EIL= 1.177649784857E-06
bxi(L2-b2-xi2) =b*6.2*(12.4^2-b^2-(0.5*12.40)^2)
=6.2b(115.32-b2)
Lane Load Def.=5wL4/(384EI)= 1.41 mm
Deflection of the Truck load only
span length L= 12.6 m
a X X1 X2 X3 D1 D2 D3 Dtot.
(m) m m m mm mm mm mm
0 0 4 8.3 12.6 0.720 3.209 0.000 3.928
0.05 0.63 3.37 7.67 11.97 0.580 3.466 0.555 4.601
0.1 1.26 2.74 7.04 11.34 0.400 3.637 1.098 5.134
0.15 1.89 2.11 6.41 10.71 0.176 3.709 1.620 5.504
0.2 2.52 1.48 5.78 10.08 0.000 3.671 2.107 5.779
0.25 3.15 0.85 5.15 9.45 0.000 3.514 2.551 6.064
0.3 3.78 0.22 4.52 8.82 0.000 3.308 2.939 6.246
0.35 4.41 3.89 8.19 0.000 3.000 3.259 6.259
0.4 5.04 3.26 7.56 0.000 2.623 3.503 6.125
0.45 5.67 2.63 6.93 0.000 2.188 3.656 5.845
0.5 6.3 2 6.3 0.000 1.707 3.710 5.418

Deflection from 25% of truck load plus lane load

Span length L 12.6

a X
D (25% Truck
D lane load D Tot
load)
(m) mm mm mm
0 0 9.82E-01 1.41 2.39
0.05 0.63 1.15E+00 1.41 2.56
0.1 1.26 1.28E+00 1.41 2.69
0.15 1.89 1.38E+00 1.41 2.78
0.2 2.52 1.44E+00 1.41 2.85
0.25 3.15 1.52E+00 1.41 2.93
0.3 3.78 1.56E+00 1.41 2.97
0.35 4.41 1.56E+00 1.41 2.97
0.4 5.04 1.53E+00 1.41 2.94
0.45 5.67 1.46E+00 1.41 2.87
0.5 6.3 1.35E+00 1.41 2.76

The maximum allowable live load def =Span/800

=12.4.6*1000/800
15.75 mm
From the above analysis the maximum live load deflection is
Max. Defl. of live load= 6.26 mm
OK, within the limits
BY LRFD/ERA Design Manual 2002 METHOD
 170 8699.22
81.4098 8173.73
76.4922 8146.42
76.2365 8145
76.2233 8144.93
76.2226 8144.93
 12m span
Quantities
Area Length No Vol
Slab + curb 2.279 12.85 1 29.28258
Ext. Gir 0.229 12.70 2 5.8166
Int. Gir 0.294 12.70 2 7.4676
post 0.100 0.25 20 0.5
Railing 0.030 13.08 2 0.7848
Diap. End 0.130 1.80 6 1.404
Diap. Mid 0.130 1.80 3 0.702
Bearing shelf 0.588 8.90 2 10.4664
56.42
 Reinforcement Quantity
Bar Unit Total Total
Bar Size( Weight( num Length( Weight(Kg
Type mm) Kg/m) Length ber m) )
C 16 1.578 2.300 90 207 326.716
C1 12 0.888 13.200 14 184.8 164.068
C3 12 0.888 0 0.000
D 16 1.578 6.880 9 61.92 97.731
D1 12 0.888 6.880 6 41.28 36.649
D2 12 0.888 1.440 54 77.76 69.036 FOR 12m only
G 32 6.313 15.480 16 247.68 1563.689
G1 32 6.313 11.600 8 92.8 585.878
G2 32 6.313 10.340 8 82.72 522.240
G3 32 6.313 7.820 8 62.56 394.963
G4 32 6.313 4.040 8 32.32 204.047
G5 12 0.888 2.130 360 766.8 680.776
G6 16 1.578 12.700 8 101.6 160.359
S1r prov=As/bd =### 7.400 106 998.112 #VALUE!
S2 16 1.578 8.800 110 968 1527.829
S3 16 1.578 13.200 34 448.8 708.357
S4 12 0.888 13.200 34 448.8 398.451
#VALUE!