Chuong 3 - Lý Thuyết Cánh 2D

Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Không lưu
Dòng chuyển động không

nhớt và không nén được
qua biên dạng cánh – Lý
thuyết cánh 2D
GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân 1

Phần 1 Phần 2 Phần 3

QUỸ ĐẠO & LƯU TUYẾN LƯU SỐ ĐỊNH LÝ JOUKOWSKI
Phần 4
LÝ THUYẾT CÁNH MỎNG
GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân 2
1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

Unsteady Motion: If at various points of the flow field quantities
(velocity, density, pressure) associated with the fluid flow change with
time, the motion is said to be unsteady.
! !
u = u (x, y, z, t ), r = r (x, y, z, t ), p = p (x, y, z, t )
Steady Motion: If at various points of the flow field quantities

(velocity, density, pressure) associated with the fluid flow remain
unchanged with time, the motion is said to be steady.
! !
u = u (x, y, z ), r = r (x, y, z ), p = p (x, y, z )
3
GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân

Pathline: The curve described in space by a moving fluid element is
known as its trajectory or pathline. (Đường cong mô tả chuyển động
của 1 phần tử trong không gian)
!
V A (t )
y !
V A (t + dt )
! !
! x = x A (t + dt )
dx
! !
x = x A (t )
x
z
Pathlines for two different fluid elements passing

through the same point in space: unsteady flow.
4

Streamline: is a curve whose tangent at any point is in the direction
of the velocity vector at that point. (Đường cong có tiếp tuyến tại
bất kỳ điểm nào là theo hướng của vector vận tốc tại thời điểm đó)
y ! ! !
! ! V ( x + dx , t )
! s (streamline y V ( x, t )
! !
! dx coordinate)
!
x + dx s
dx B C dx (streamline
A ! coordinate)
x
x x
z z
!
Note that here is the displacement along the streamline.
dx
For steady flow, streamlines and pathlines are the same.
5

! !
q Properties of Streamline V = Vt = Vt eˆt
s (streamline
coordinate)
! ! ! !
V = V t + V n = Vt
! !
Vn = Vn eˆn = 0
Not allowed eˆ n (unit normal )
No flow across streamline
! !
• By its definition, it follows that Vn = 0 .
• Hence, there can be no flow across a streamline.

• Note that only the normal component of velocity can transport fluid
from one side of the curve to the other.
6

Arbitrary open curve C Arbitrary closed curve C
Stream Surface Stream Tube
Stream Surface
• Starting from an arbitrary open curve C.
• If we trace out streamlines that start from points on this curve, we have a stream
surface that contains C.
Stream Tube
On the other hand, if we choose a closed curve, we have a stream tube.
§ From the definition of streamline, no flow can cross a stream tube.
§ Therefore, a stream tube acts like an imaginary pipe/channel.
§ Due to this property, stream tube is a useful tool for analysis.
7
Flow past an airfoil, visualized by dye in water tunnel.

(From Van Dyke, M., 1982, An Album of Fluid Motion, Parabolic Press).
8

a = 10o a = 25o
a = 30o- a = 30o+
9
Flow past a damper, visualized by smoke-wire.
10
Flow past a block showing horseshoe vortex (top-right and bottom),

visualized by smoke-wire.
11

! !!"
Consider r the coordinate of a point P and dr the direction of the
!
streamline passing through this point. If u is the velocity vector of the
!
flow passing!!" through P at a time t, by definition of a streamline, u is
parallel to dr. Hence, from the definition of the vector cross product:
!
u
dr
!
d r ´u = 0 !
r
t
! ! ""! Cartesian
i j k
! ! !
dx dy dz = 0 Û ( wdy - vdz ) i + ( udz - wdx ) j + ( vdx - udy ) k = 0
u v w
Stream function
– Hàm dòng
In 2D dy v
dx d y dz
= = = (*)
u v w dx u
12
§ Exercises 1:
Consider the velocity field given by u = y/(x2 + y2) and v = -x/(x2 + y2).
Calculate the equation of the streamline passing through the point (0,5).
13
2. Lưu số (circulation)
Fundamental to the calculation of aerodynamic lift.
Consider a closed curve C in a flow field. Let V and ds be the velocity

and directed line segment, respectively, at a point on C. The circulation,
denoted by Г is defined as
G = - ò Vds
C
14
§ Exercises 2:
For the velocity field given in Exercise 1, calculate the circulation around a
circular path of radius 5 m. Assume that u and v given in Exercise 1 are in
units of meters per second.
15
q Magnus Effect
Lift generated by rate of rotation of the cylinder

16
q Magnus Effect
17
q Magnus Effect
“In order for lift to be generated there

must be a net circulation around the profile.”
PG 448 OUR BOOK
18
q Magnus Effect
Inviscid flow, a = 0
NO LIFT
Inviscid flow, a > 0

NO LIFT
Inviscid flow, a > 0

+ circulation = LIFT
19
3. Định lý Joukowski
For a closed two-dimensional body of arbitrary shape, the lift per unit
span is
L = r ¥V¥ G
This result underscores the importance of the concept of circulation.
The Kutta-Joukowski theorem states that lift per unit span on a two-
dimensional body is directly proportional to the circulation around the
body.
20
4. Thin airfoil theory
q Inviscid flow (Dòng không nhớt)
n =0
q Incompressible flow (Dòng không nén được)
r = const , M < 0.3

q Nomenclature
2D wing: L’, D’, M’, cl,cd,cm (lift-drag-moment)
3D wing: L, D, M, CL, CD,CM
21
Vortex sheet for thin airfoil

Assumptions:
• 2-dimensional flow
• Inviscid flow
• Incompressible flow
• Camber line is a streamline
22

• w’(s): the component of velocity normal to the camber line
induced by the vortex sheet (vận tốc cảm ứng vuông góc
với đường camber)
• w’(x): the component of velocity normal to the chord line
induced by the vortex sheet(vận tốc cảm ứng vuông góc
với dây cung cánh)
• α: angle of attack (góc tới)
• g = g (s ): strengh of vortex (phân bố xoáy)
• z = z (x) : The shape of the camber line (phương trình
đường camber)
23

§ Symmetrical airfoil
L¢
cl = = 2pa
1 ⇒ Lift coefficient is
r ¥V¥2 S
2 linearly proportional to
dcl the angle of attack.
= 2p (lift slope)
da
→ 𝐶! = 2𝜋𝛼
24

The total moment about the leading edge per unit span:
C C
M LE = - ò x ( dL ) = - rV¥ ò xg (x )d x
0 0
pa
= - q¥ c 2
2
The moment coefficient at leading edge:
cl The moment about the quarter chord
cm ,le = - is zero for all values of α ⇒ the
4 quarter-chord point is both the center
Cl of pressure and theis at
aerodynamic
Cm ,c/4 = Cm ,le + =0 ⇒The center
center.
of pressure the quarter-
4 chord point for a Symmetrical airfoil.
25

§ Symmetrical
airfoil
A Symmetrical airfoil generates zero lift at zero α

26

• Symmetrical airfoil dcl/dα = 2p
Cm,c/4= 0
Bell X-1 used NACA 65-006 (6%
thickness) as horizontal tail
Thin airfoil theory lift slope:
dcl / d a = 2p rad -1 = 0.11 deg -1
Compare with data
At α = -4º: cl ~ -0.45
At α = 6º: cl ~ 0.65
dcl/da = 0.11 deg-1
27

Exercises 1:
Consider a thin airfoil at 5 deg. angle of attack. Calculate the: (a) lift
coefficient, (b) moment coefficient about the leading edge, (c)
moment coefficient about the quarter-chord point, and (d) moment
coefficient about the trailing edge.
28

§ Cambered airfoil
Lift coefficient L¢
cl = = p ( 2 A0 + A1 )
1
r ¥V¥2 S
2
p
é 1 dz ù
cl = 2p êa + ò ( cosq 0 - 1) dq 0 ú
ë p 0 dx û
dcl
= 2p (lift slope) (**) ⇒ For any shape of airfoil
da à General result of thin
We have: airfoil theory.
dcl
cl = (a - a L=0 ) = 2p (a - a L=0 )
da
29

§ Cambered airfoil
Lift coefficient
cl = 2p (a - a L=0 )
p
é 1 dz ù
cl = 2p êa + ò ( cosq 0 - 1) dq 0 ú
ë p 0 dx û
p
1 dz
Zero-lift angle ⇒ a L =0 = - ò ( cosq 0 - 1) dq 0
p 0 dx
30

§ Cambered airfoil
Moment coefficient
pæ A2 ö
cm ,le = - ç A0 + A1 - ÷
2è 2 ø
é cl p ù
Þ cm ,le = - ê + ( A1 - A2 ) ú
ë4 4 û
p cm,c/4 is independent of α. ⇒ the

cm ,c 4 = ( A2 - A1 ) aerodynamic center is at the quarter-
4 chord point.
- cm ,le ´ c c é p ù ⇒ the center of pressure

xcp = = ê1 + ( A1 - A2 ) ú varies with the lift
cl 4ë cl û coefficient.
31

§ Cambered
airfoil
A cambered airfoil generates positive lift at zero α

32

Chuong 3 - Lý Thuyết Cánh 2D

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chuong 3 - Lý Thuyết Cánh 2D

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Không lưu

Dòng chuyển động không

GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân 1

Phần 1 Phần 2 Phần 3

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

Steady Motion: If at various points of the flow field quantities

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

Pathlines for two different fluid elements passing

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

For steady flow, streamlines and pathlines are the same.

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

• Hence, there can be no flow across a streamline.

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

Stream Surface Stream Tube

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

Flow past an airfoil, visualized by dye in water tunnel.

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

Flow past a damper, visualized by smoke-wire.

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

Flow past a block showing horseshoe vortex (top-right and bottom),

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

1. Quỹ đạo (pathline) và lưu tuyến (streamline)

Fundamental to the calculation of aerodynamic lift.

Consider a closed curve C in a flow field. Let V and ds be the velocity

Lift generated by rate of rotation of the cylinder

“In order for lift to be generated there

Inviscid flow, a > 0

Inviscid flow, a > 0

4. Thin airfoil theory

q Inviscid flow (Dòng không nhớt)

r = const , M < 0.3

4. Thin airfoil theory

Vortex sheet for thin airfoil

4. Thin airfoil theory

4. Thin airfoil theory

4. Thin airfoil theory

4. Thin airfoil theory

A Symmetrical airfoil generates zero lift at zero α

4. Thin airfoil theory

4. Thin airfoil theory

4. Thin airfoil theory

4. Thin airfoil theory

4. Thin airfoil theory

p cm,c/4 is independent of α. ⇒ the

- cm ,le ´ c c é p ù ⇒ the center of pressure

4. Thin airfoil theory

A cambered airfoil generates positive lift at zero α

You might also like