E Eng-Calculations

Flat ends with a relief groove for single isolated

opening er

hw
eaf
rd
lcyl

es Di

Circular flat ends with a relief groove

Values for calculation

Material

plate and strip/EN 10028-2/P355GH/1.0473/N/1.2/40 < t ≤ 60

Material of the shell

plate and strip/EN 10028-2/P355GH/1.0473/N/1.2/16 < t ≤ 40

Calculation temperature

T 20 °C
Test temperature

Ttest 20 °C

Calculation pressure

P 6.3 MPa

Test pressure

Ptest 9.45 MPa

Poisson's ratio

ν 0.3

Inside diameter of the cylindrical shell welded to a flat end

Di 374.4 mm

Analysis thickness

eaf 45 mm

Analysis thickness of a uniform cylindrical shell, or the equivalent thickness of a tapered cylindrical shell,
adjacent to a flat end

es 16 mm

Inside radius of the relief groove

rd 15 mm

Distance between the external wall of an end with a relief groove and the weld on the shell

hw 117 mm

Diameter of an opening

d 180 mm

Smallest distance between the centre of an opening and the inside of the shell

h 187.2 mm

0.2 % proof strength at temperature T

Rp 0.2/ T 335 MPa

0.2 % proof strength at temperature Ttest

Rp 0.2/ Ttest 335 MPa

1.0 % proof strength at temperature T

 Rp 1.0/ T MPa

1.0 % proof strength at temperature Ttest

Rp 1.0/ Ttest MPa

Tensile strength

Rm /20 510 MPa

Tensile strength at temperature T

Rm / T 510 MPa

Tensile strength at temperature Ttest

Rm / Ttest 510 MPa

0.2 % proof strength at temperature T of the shell

Rp 0.2/ T /s 345 MPa

0.2 % proof strength at temperature Ttest of the shell

Rp 0.2/ Ttest /s 345 MPa

1.0 % proof strength at temperature T of the shell

Rp 1.0/ T /s MPa

1.0 % proof strength at temperature Ttest of the shell

Rp 1.0/ Ttest /s MPa

Tensile strength of the shell

Rm /20/ s 510 MPa

Tensile strength at temperature T of the shell

Rm / T /s 510 MPa

Tensile strength at temperature Ttest of the shell

Rm / Ttest /s 510 MPa

Calculation
Maximum allowed value of the nominal design stress for normal
operating load cases
Rp 0.2/ T Rm /20 335 510
fd = min ( , ) = min ( , ) = 212.5MPa
1.5 2.4 1.5 2.4
Maximum allowed value of the nominal design stress for testing
load cases
Rp 0.2/ Ttest 335
ftest = = = 319MPa
1.05 1.05

Nominal design stress at calculation temperature of the shell for

normal operating load cases
Rp 0.2/ T /s Rm /20/ s 345 510
fs = min ( , ) = min ( , ) = 212.5MPa
1.5 2.4 1.5 2.4

Nominal design stress at calculation temperature of the shell for

testing load cases
Rp 0.2/ Ttest /s 345
fstest = = = 328.6MPa
1.05 1.05

Lower of the nominal design stresses fd of the end and fs of the

shell for normal operating load cases
fmin = min { fd , fs } = min {212.5, 212.5} = 212.5MPa

Lower of the nominal design stresses ftest of the end and fstest of
the shell for testing load cases
fmintest = min { ftest , fstest } = min {319, 328.6} = 319MPa

Length of cylindrical shell

lcyl = √( Di + es ) ⋅ es = √(374.4 + 16) ⋅ 16 = 79mm

Factor B 1

2 4

3 ⋅ fd es 3 Di P 3 (2 ⋅ Di + es ) ⋅ es 2
3 ⋅ 212.5
B 1 = 1 − ⋅ ( ) + ⋅ ( ) ⋅ − ⋅
3
= 1 −
P Di + es 16 Di + es fd 4 ( Di + es ) 6.3

2 4
2
16 3 374.4 6.3 3 (2 ⋅ 374.4 + 16) ⋅ 16
⋅ ( ) + ⋅ ( ) ⋅ − ⋅ = 0.832
3
374.4 + 16 16 374.4 + 16 212.5 4 (374.4 + 16)

Factor B 1test

2 4
2
3 ⋅ ftest es 3 Di Ptest 3 (2 ⋅ Di + es ) ⋅ es 3 ⋅ 319
B 1test = 1 − ⋅ ( ) + ⋅ ( ) ⋅ − ⋅
3
= 1 −
Ptest Di + es 16 Di + es ftest 4 ( Di + es ) 9.45

2 4
2
16 3 374.4 9.45 3 (2 ⋅ 374.4 + 16) ⋅ 16
⋅ ( ) + ⋅ ( ) ⋅ − ⋅ = 0.832
3
374.4 + 16 16 374.4 + 16 319 4 (374.4 + 16)

Factor A 1
 es 16
A 1 = B 1 ⋅ [1 − B 1 ⋅ ] = 0.832 ⋅ [1 − 0.832 ⋅ ] = 0.818
2 ⋅ ( Di + es ) 2 ⋅ (374.4 + 16)

Factor A 1test

es 16
A 1test = B 1test ⋅ [1 − B 1test ⋅ ] = 0.832 ⋅ [1 − 0.832 ⋅ ] = 0.818
2 ⋅ ( Di + es ) 2 ⋅ (374.4 + 16)

Shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends

Di + es es
C 1 = max {[0.40825 ⋅ A 1 ⋅ ] , [0.299 ⋅ (1 + 1.7 ⋅ )]} =
Di Di
374.4 + 16 16
max {[0.40825 ⋅ 0.818 ⋅ ] , [0.299 ⋅ (1 + 1.7 ⋅ )]} = 0.3483
374.4 374.4

Shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends for testing load
cases
Di + es es
C 1test = max {[0.40825 ⋅ A 1test ⋅ ] , [0.299 ⋅ (1 + 1.7 ⋅ )]} =
Di Di
374.4 + 16 16
max {[0.40825 ⋅ 0.818 ⋅ ] , [0.299 ⋅ (1 + 1.7 ⋅ )]} = 0.3482
374.4 374.4

Factor g
Di 374.4
g= = = 0.959
Di + es 374.4 + 16

Factor H
2
es 2
16
H = √12 ⋅ (1 −
4
ν ) ⋅ √
4
= √12 ⋅ (1 − 0.3 ) ⋅ √ = 0.368
Di + es 374.4 + 16

Factor J
2 2
3 ⋅ fmin Di 3 ⋅ 212.5 374.4
J = − − 1 = − − 1 = 94.6
P 4 ⋅ ( Di + es ) ⋅ es 6.3 4 ⋅ (374.4 + 16) ⋅ 16

Factor U
2 ⋅ (2 − ν ⋅ g) 2 ⋅ (2 − 0.3 ⋅ 0.959)
U = = = 2.073
√3 ⋅ (1 − ν 2
) √3 ⋅ (1 − 0.3 )
2

Factor f 1

2 4 2 4
f 1 = 2 ⋅ g − g = 2 ⋅ 0.959 − 0.959 = 0.994

Factor A
 3 U ⋅ Di es 3 2.073 ⋅ 374.4
A=( ⋅ − 2 ⋅ J ) ⋅ (1 + ν) ⋅ [1 + (1 − ν) ⋅ ] = ( ⋅ − 2 ⋅ 94.6) ⋅ (1 + 0.
4 es Di + es 4 16

16
⋅ [1 + (1 − 0.3) ⋅ ] = −204.3
374.4 + 16

Factor B
3 U ⋅ Di 2
3
B = [( ⋅ − J) ⋅ H − ⋅ (2 − ν ⋅ g) ⋅ g] ⋅ H
8 es 2

3 2.073 ⋅ 374.4 3
2
= [( ⋅ − 94.6) ⋅ 0.368 − ⋅ (2 − 0.3 ⋅ 0.959) ⋅ 0.959] ⋅ 0.368 = −4.714
8 16 2

Factor F
3 3 Di + es es 2
es
F = ( ⋅ U ⋅g+ ⋅ f 1 ⋅ − 2 ⋅ J⋅ ) ⋅ H − 3 ⋅ (2 − ν ⋅ g) ⋅ g ⋅
8 16 es Di + es Di + es
3 3 374.4 + 16 16
2
= ( ⋅ 2.073 ⋅ 0.959 + ⋅ 0.994 ⋅ − 2 ⋅ 94.6 ⋅ ) ⋅ 0.368 − 3 ⋅ (2 − 0.3 ⋅ 0.959)
8 16 16 374.4 + 16

16
⋅ 0.959 ⋅ = −0.535
374.4 + 16

Factor G
2 2
⎡ 3 es ⎤ ⎡ 3 16 ⎤
G= ⋅ f 1 − 2 ⋅ J ⋅( ) ⋅ H = ⋅ 0.994 − 2 ⋅ 94.6 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ 0.368 = 0.02019
⎣ 8 Di + es ⎦ ⎣ 8 374.4 + 16 ⎦

Factor a
B (−4.714)
a= = = 0.02307
A (−204.3)

Factor b
F (−0.535)
b= = = 0.00262
A (−204.3)

Factor c
G 0.02019
c= = = −9.88 E−5
A (−204.3)

Factor N
2
b a 2
0.00262 0.02307
N = − = − = 0.000814
3 9 3 9

Factor Q
 3 3
c a⋅b a (−9.88 E − 5) 0.02307 ⋅ 0.00262 0.02307
Q= − + = − + = −5.9 E−5
2 6 27 2 6 27

Factor K
3
N 3
0.000814
K = =
2
= 0.1549
Q 2
(−5.9 E − 5)

Factor S
1/2 1/2
S = −√|
3
Q| ⋅ [1 + (1 + K ) ] = −√|(−5.9
3
E − 5)| ⋅ [1 + (1 + 0.1549) ] = −0.04966

Shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends

N a 0.000814 0.02307
( Di + es ) ⋅ ( − S− ) (374.4 + 16) ⋅ ( − (−0.04966) − )
S 3 (−0.04966) 3
C 2 = = = 0.1549
P 6.3
Di ⋅ √ 374.4 ⋅ √
fmin 212.5

Calculation coefficient Y for opening reinforcement 1

2 ⋅ h 2 ⋅ 187.2
Y 1 = min {2, √
3
} = min {2, √
3
} = 1.244
2 ⋅ h−d 2 ⋅ 187.2 − 180

Calculation coefficient Y for opening reinforcement 2

Di 374.4
Y 2 = √ = √ = 1.388
Di − d 374.4 − 180

Minimum required thickness for a flat end with a hub

P P
e = max {(Y 1 ⋅ ( C 2 ⋅ Di ⋅ √ )) , C 1 ⋅ Y 2 ⋅ Di ⋅ √ } =
fmin fd
6.3 6.3
max {(1.244 ⋅ (0.1549 ⋅ 374.4 ⋅ √ )) , 0.3483 ⋅ 1.388 ⋅ 374.4 ⋅ √ } = 31.16mm
212.5 212.5

eaf ≥ e → 45 ≥ 31.16

 Does suit.

Minimum required thickness for a flat end with a hub for testing
load cases
Ptest Ptest
etest = max {( Y 1 ⋅ ( C 1test ⋅ Di ⋅ √ )) , C 1 ⋅ Y 2 ⋅ Di ⋅ √ } =
ftest ftest
9.45 9.45
max {(1.244 ⋅ (0.3482 ⋅ 374.4 ⋅ √ )) , 0.3483 ⋅ 1.388 ⋅ 374.4 ⋅ √ } = 31.14mm
319 319
 eaf ≥ etest → 45 ≥ 31.14

 Does suit.

Minimum required thickness under a relief groove

fs 212.5
er = max { es , es ⋅ ( )} = max {16, 16 ⋅ ( )} = 16mm
fd 212.5

Minimum required thickness under a relief groove for testing load

cases
fstest 328.6
ertest = max { es , es ⋅ ( )} = max {16, 16 ⋅ ( )} = 16.48mm
ftest 319

Requirements
P
≤ 0.1 → 0.02965 ≤ 0.1
fmin

 Does suit.

Ptest
≤ 0.1 → 0.02962 ≤ 0.1
fmintest

 Does suit.

d ≤ 0.5 ⋅ Di → 180 ≤ 187.2

 Does suit.

rd ≥ max (0.25 ⋅ es , 5) → 15 ≥ 5

 Does suit.

hw ≥ eaf − 2 → 117 ≥ 43

 Does suit.