MGA MILESTONE NA NANGYARI SA KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS

(1972 and older)

Petsa Pangyayari
Marso 16, 1521 Aksidenteng pagkapadpad ni Magellan sa Isla ng
Humonhon sa Samar, kung saan buong lugod siyang
tinanggap ni Raja Kulambu at Raja Siagu na nagpakilala
sa kanya kay Raja Humabon ng Cebu.
Marso 29, 1521 Naganap ang sanduguan o kasi-kasi sa pagitan ni
Magellan at Rajah Colambu
Marso 31, 1521 Ginanap ang unang misa sa Pilipinas sa panguguna ni
Paring Pedro de Valderrama sa Limasawa (Masao).
Abril 27, 1521 Nakipaglaban si Magellan at napatay sa "Labanan sa
Pulo ng Mactan" na pinamumunuan ni Lapu-lapu
Hunyo 24, 1571 Nagtatag si Legazpi ng unang pamayanan sa Maynila at
ipinagutos ang pagtatayo ng Intramuros. Idineklara
niya ang Maynila bilang Capital ng Pilipinas o ang
kabisera ng kolonya.
Pebrero 17, 1872 Pagbitay kay Gomez, Burgos at Zamora sa
Bagumbayan ng mga kolonyal na awtoridad ng
Espanyol sa paratang ng pagpapabagsak na bunga ng
1872 Cavite mutiny
Hulyo 3, 1892 Itinatag ni Jose Rizal ang La Liga Filipina sa Kalye Ilaya,
Tondo.
Hangarin ng nasabing samahan ang mga sumusunod: 1)
pagkakaisa ng buong Filipinas, 2) pagtataguyod ng mga
reporma, 3) pagbibigay ng suporta sa edukasyon,
agrikultura, at komersiyo, 4) paglaban sa anumang uri ng
karahasan at di-makatarungang gawain, at 5) pagbibigay ng
proteksiyon at tulong ng bawat kasapi sa isa’t isa.
Hulyo 7, 1892 Itinatag ni Andres Bonifacio ang KKK sa Tondo, Manila
Disyembre 30, 1896 Araw ng kamatayan ni Dr. Jose Rizal.
Enero 1, 1896 unang labas ng pahayagan ng “Katipunan” na ang
pamagat ay “Kalayaan.”
Agosto 19, 1896 Nalantad ang Katipunan dahil sa pagsasabi ng isang
miyembro nito (Patinio) sa kanyang kapatid.
Agosto 23, 1896 - Unang sigaw sa Balintawak, dinaos ang pulong na
nagpasiyang simulan ang himagsikan laban sa España
sa Agosto 29.
- Tumindig si Bonifacio sa isang plataporma at
nagpahayag: “Mga kapatid, nagkaisa táyong ituloy ang
himagsikan. Sumusumpa ba kayóng itakwil ang
pamahalaang umaapi sa atin?” Sabay-sabay na
sumigaw ng “Opo!” ang mga Katipunero. “Kung
ganoon,” patuloy ni Bonifacio, “ilabas ang inyong mga
sedula at punitin upang patunayan ang ating pasiyang
humawak ng sandata!” Inilabas ng mga Katipunero
ang mga sedula at pinagpunit-punit. Pagkatapos,
naluluha siláng sumigaw: “Mabuhay ang Filipinas!
Mabuhay ang Katipunan!”
Marso 22, 1897 Kumbensiyon sa tejeros, nanalo si Meilio Aguinaldo
bilang pinuno
Mayo 10, 1897 Namatay si Andres Bonifacio
Disyembre 15, 1897 Nilagdaan ang Kasunduan sa Biak na Bato, isang
kasunduan upang itigil ang himagsikan, ito ay
nilagdaan sa pagitan nina Gobernador-Heneral
Fernando Primo de Rivera ng Espanya at ni Emilio
Aguinaldo ng rebolusyonaryong Pilipino. Si
Aguinaldo at ang kanyang mga kapwa
rebolusyonaryo ay binigyan ng amnestiya at
kabayarang salapi ng pamahalaang Espanya,
kapalit din ng kasunduan ay ang pagpapatapon
nila Aguinaldo sa Hong Kong.
Hunyo 12, 1898 - Ipinahayag at ipinagdiwang ang kalayan ng Pilipinas
mula sa mga Espanyol sa Kawit Cavite.
- Opisyal na isinagawa ang paglaladlad ng bandila sa
unang pagkakataon sa ganap na 4:30 n.h.,
samantalang tinutugtog ang Pambansang Awit ng
Pilipinas––na unang narinig ng mga Pilipino––ng
bánda ng San Francisco de Malabon. Wala pang titik
noon ang sinulat ni Julian Felipe na Marcha Filipina
Magdalo na paglaon ay makikilala bilang Marcha
Nacional Filipino. Sang-ayon kay Felipe, ibinatay ang
himig nito sa Marcha Real––ang Martsang Dakila mula
sa Adia ni Giusseppe Verdi—at La Marseillaise na
nagpapaalala ng “matandang metropolis.”
Setyembre 15, 1898 Kongreso ng Malolos, ang unang kongresong
Pilipino na kumakatawan sa buong arkipelago
Disyembre 10, 1898 Nagkaroon ng kontrol ang Amerika sa Pilipinas sa bisa
ng Kasunduan sa Paris (Treaty of Paris)
Hunyo 5, 1899 Araw ng kamatayan ni Antonio Luna

Mayo 13, 1903 Araw ng kamatayan ni Apolinario Mabini.

 PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS & VICE-PRESIDENTS LIST
(with pictures of all the presidents of the Philippines)

FIRST REPUBLIC (Revolutionary government/The Philippines was still under Spanish

rule)

(1899-1901) President: Emilio F. Aguinaldo

(1897?) Vice-President: Mariano C. Trias (elected VP during the
Tejeros assembly)

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (American Period)

(1935-1944) President Manuel L. Quezon (Died in exile in the U.S.)

(1936-1944) Vice-President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr.

(1944-1946) President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. (Assumed the

presidency upon the death of Quezon while the Philippine
Commonwealth government is in exile in the U.S.)

SECOND REPUBLIC (Japanese Occupation)

(1943-1945) President: Jose P. Laurel

(1943-1945) Vice-Presidents: Benigno Aquino, Sr. and Ramon
Avancena

THIRD REPUBLIC

(1946-1948) President: Manuel L. Roxas (Died of a heart attack)

(1946-1948) Vice-President: Elpidio R. Quirino
 (1948-1953) President: Elpidio R. Quirino (Assumed the remaining
term & re-elected)
(1949-1953) Vice-President: Fernando H. Lopez

(1953-1957) President: Ramon F. Magsaysay

(Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957 on Mt.
Manunggal in Cebu)
(1953-1957) Vice-President: Carlos P. Garcia

(1957-1961) President: Carlos P. Garcia (Assumed the remaining term

and re-elected)
(1957-1961) Vice-President: Diosdado P. Macapagal

(1961-1965) President: Diosdado P. Macapagal

(1961-1965) Vice-President: Emmanuel N. Pelaez

(1965-1972) President: Ferdinand E. Marcos (the first to win 2

presidential terms)
(1965-1972) Vice-President: Fernando H. Lopez

FOURTH REPUBLIC (Martial Law, "The New Republic" & Parliamentary Government)

(1972-1986) President: Ferdinand E. Marcos (unseated by the People

Power Revolution)
(Marcos died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989 of Lupus
complications)
(1981-1986) Prime Minister Cesar E. A. Virata
(1986) Vice-President: Arturo M. Tolentino (proclaimed but did not
serve due to the revolt)

FIFTH REPUBLIC (Under the new "People Power" Constitution)

(1986-1992) President: Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino
(1986-1992) Vice-President: Salvador H. Laurel

(1992-1998) President Fidel V. Ramos

(1992-1998) Vice-President: Joseph Ejercito Estrada

(1998-2001) President: Joseph Ejercito Estrada (Deposed by "People

Power")
(1998-2001) Vice-President: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

(2001-2010) President: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (Assumed Estrada's

remaining term & re-elected)
(2001-2004) Vice-President: Teofisto T. Guingona (1st term of
Arroyo)
(2004-2010) Vice-President: Manuel "Noli" Leuterio de Castro (2nd
term of Arroyo)

(2010-2016) President: Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino

III
(2010-2016) Vice-President: Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay

(2016-Present) President: Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte a.k.a. Digong

(2016-Present) Vice-President: Maria Leonor "Leni" Santo Tomas
Gerona-Robredo
 PHILIPPINE FLAG PICTURES
EVOLUTION of the FILIPINO FLAG

The first Filipino flag can be traced from the time of the Andres Bonifacio's
secret society named: Kataastaasang Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Honorable Society of the Sons of the
Nation) or the Katipunan or KKK for short. Benita Rodriquez and Bonifacio's
wife, Gregoria de Jesus, made the first Filipino flag.

The first Philippine flags was made of red cloth with white KKK initials sewn
in white. The red color symbolized the blood of the members of the
Katipunan in which inductee to the society signed in their names with their
own blood.

The Filipino flag had variations (from 1892 to 1896). Some members
arranged the KKK in a triangle while some generals of the revolution
designed their own flags.

Of note is the black banner of General Mariano Llanera in Nueva Ecija with a
letter K and a skull with two cross bones underneath.

Another variation of the Filipino flag was that of General Pio del Pilar. It had
an equilateral triangle with a K at each angle with a rising sun behind a
mountain.

In this Philippine flag picture, the Sun with the KKK underneath was also a
derivative of previous Filipino flags.

In 1896, the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan in Cavite headed by General

Emilio Aguinaldo had a red ensign with a sun and at the center of the sun is
the letter K written in the ancient Filipino alphabet.
 Another variation is the Sun of Liberty of the Naic Assembly in 1897 and the
flag used by the Republic of Biak-na Bato.

General Gregorio del Pilar also used another flag during the Battle of Pasong
Balite and at the Battle of Tirad Pass. This Filipino flag is similar to the flag
of Cuba, according to del Pilar.

In 1898 Emilio Aguinaldo while in exile in Hong Kong had a banner

sewn with the triangle of the Masonry with the mythical sun and face
with 8 rays representing the 8 provinces that revolted against
the Spanish rule (Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,
Pampanga, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas) and 3 stars representing
the main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

In 1936, Manuel L. Quezon as president of the commonwealth,

issued Executive Order 23 which contained the specifications of the
national flag. The banner is almost unchanged with a few exceptions,
the most notable is the use of a plain sun without the face.

Retained were the while triangle, the sun and the stars and the blue
and red stripes. The triangle stood for equality and it's white color
stood for purity. The blue stripe stood for peace and the red for
courage.

Other gods and goddesses worshipped by early Filipinos:

Idianale – Tagalog goddess of agriculture

Lakampati – Tagalog god of harvest
Kolyog – Ifugao god od earthquakes
Poko – tagbanua god of the sea
Malayari – Zambal god of power and strength
Sidapa – Visayan god of death
Apolaki – Pangasinan god of war
Kidul – Kalinga god of thunder
Dal-lang – Ilokano goddess of beauty
Epics produced before the coming of the Spaniards:

1. Alim and Hudhud (Ifugao)

2. Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilokano)
3. Handiong (Bicol)
4. Ulalim (Kalinga)
5. Bantugan (Maranao)
6. Idarapatra and Sulayman (Maguindanao)
7. Parang Sabil (Tausug)

Divorce was also practiced among early Filipinos.

Among the ground for divorce were the following:

1. Desertion on the part of the husband

2. Adultery or unfaithfulness on the part of the wife
3. Cruelty
4. Loss of affection
5. Insanity
6. Childlessness
Sample Questions:

1. Who named Philippines?

a. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
b. Ferdinand Magellan
c. King Philip II
2. Who is the first president of the PH?
a. Emilio Aguinaldo
b. Andres Bonifacio
c. Apolinario Mabini
3. Where did the name of Philippines came from?
a. King Philip II of Spain
b. King Philip I of Spain
c. Queen Ellizabeth
4. What is considered the earliest form of writing in PH?
a. Baybayin
b. Cuneiform
c. Indus Script
5. Who led the longest revolt in the Philippines during the Spanish times?
a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Francisco Dagohoy
c. Jose Rizal
*It lasted for 85 years (1744-1829). Francisco Dagohoy rose in rebellion because a Jesuit priest refused to give his brother,
Sagarino, a Christian burial as he had died in a duel.

6. Who created the designs for the Philippine National Flag?

a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Emilio Aguinaldo
c. Apolinario Mabini
7. The oldest Philippine City?
a. Manila
b. Cebu
c. Ilo-ilo

8. The political section of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino was under the charge of:
A. Jose Rizal
B. Marcelo del Pilar
C. Dominador Gomez
D. Tomas Arejola
9. What was The rightist wing of La Liga called?
A. Cuerpos de Propagandistas
B. Cuerpos de Compromisarios
C. Cuerpos de Militantes
D. Cuerpos de la Revolucionarios
10. What was The rightist wing of La Liga called?
A. Cuerpos de Propagandistas
 B. Cuerpos de Compromisarios
C. Cuerpos de Militantes
D. Cuerpos de la Revolucionarios
9. What did The First Philippine Republic came to be called?
A. Biak-na-Bato Republic
B. Sakay Republic
C. Malolos Republic
10. Which of these is not true of the La Solidaridad?
A. It was a forum for discussion of the issues concerning the Philippines.
B. It was the official organ of the reform movement.
C. It was a vehicle for the expression of the political views of the reformers.
D. It featured articles about the good deeds of the friars.
11. Who found Diariong Tagalog?
A. Juan Luna
B. Marcelo del Pilar
C. Pedro Laktaw
D. Gregorio Sanciano
12. Tell the name of the president of the Associacion La Solidaridad.
A. Galiciano Apacible
B. Mariano Ponce
C. Manuel Sta. Maria
D. Jose Ma. Panganiban
13. Taga-Ilog was the pen name which was associated with:
A. Juan Luna
B. Mariano Ponce
C. Jose Ma. Panganiban
D. Antonio Luna
14. The first real battle fought between Filipinos and the Spaniards is known as:
A. Majayjay
B. Pugad Lawin
C. Pinaglabanan
D. Montalban
15. Based on the plan proposed by whom was The Malolos Constitution drafted?
A. Paterno
B. Calderon
C. Mabini
16. Because of which reason, was Rizal not in favor of the revolution planned by the Katipunan?
A. Unpreparedness of the Katipuneros for an armed struggle
B. Willingness to the wealthy Filipinos to support the struggle
C. Absence of a military tactic who will direct the military operations of the KKK

17. Who was the Spanish governor-general who ordered the deportation of Jose Rizal to Dapitan?
A. Gov. Gen .Camilo de Polavieja
B. Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol
C. Gov. Gen Carlos Maria dela Torre
D. Gov Gen. Fermin Jaudenes
*Jose Rizal was deported days after he founded the La Liga Filipina on July 6, 1892. La Liga Filipina,
ostensibly a civic association composed of Filipinos that had as its motto 'Unus Instar Omnium' ('One
Like All'), was considered by the Spanish authorities as "dangerous".

18. What was the name of the Filipino soldier who led the Cavite Mutiny of 1872?
A. Lt. Taviel de Andrade
B. Sergeant Lamadrid
C. Fr. Jose Burgos
D. Gen. Mariano Noriel
19. Who wrote the "Kartilla", considered the 'bible' of the Katipunan movement?
A. Emilio Aguinaldo
B. Apolinario Mabini
C. Emilio Jacinto
D. Valentin Diaz
*Jacinto was the adviser on fiscal matters and secretary to Andrés Bonifacio, the leader of the Katipunan
movement. The primer he wrote consisted of 13 teachings which the members of the (Katipunan) were
expected to follow. "A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause is like a tree without a shade or a
poisonous weed" was one of the 13 teachings. Jacinto was also the editor of the Katipunan newspaper
called "Kalayaan", which translates to "Freedom".

20. Who created the designs for the Philippine national flag?
A. Marcella Agoncillo
B. Julian Felipe
C. Emilio Aguinaldo
D. Apolinario Mabini
*General Emilio Aguinaldo, while in exile in Hong Kong in 1897, conceived the design for the flag,
drawing inspiration from the flags used by the Katipunan and the Cuban revolutionaries. The flag had
blue and red horizontal bands with a white triangle at the flag's left side. Inside the triangle was a yellow
sun with eight rays, representing the first eight provinces which had revolted against the Spaniards. At
each corner of the triangle were the three stars for the three main islands of the Philippines (Luzon,
Visayas and Mindanao). The flag was sewn by Marcelo Agoncillo with her daughter Lorenza, and Doña
Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, Jose Rizal's niece.

21. Who was the last general of the Filipino-American revolution to surrender to the Americans?
A. Simeon Ola
B. Artemio Ricarte
C. Miguel Malvar
D. Cornelio Felizardo
*He surrendered through Colonel Bandholtz in Guinobatan, Albay Province on September 25, 1903 and
then took the oath of allegiance to the United States.
22. Which of the following former presidents died in a plane crash?
A. Carlos Garcia
B. Emilio Aguinaldo
C. Ferdinand Marcos
D. Ramon Magsaysay
*On March 16, 1957, he, together with some friends and newspapermen went to Cebu on a speaking
engagement. At a little past midnight, March 17, he boarded on the plane 'Mt. Pinatubo' for Manila. The
plane unfortunately crashed into a mountain in Cebu. He and his companions were killed, except for
Néstor Mata, a newspaperman.

23. Who named the country 'Islas de San Lazaro'?

A. Villalobos
B. Loaysa
C. Magellan
D. Diego Barbosa
*It was Easter Sunday then, March 31, 1521, the feast day of St. Lazarus.

24. What was the name of Diego Silang's wife, who continued the revolt against the Spaniards in the
Ilocos region after Diego's death?
A. Gabriela
B. Josephine
C. Melchora
D. Manuela
*Gabriela Silang - her full name was María Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang. She was the first Filipino
woman to lead a revolt against the Spaniards. She led the group for four months after her husband's
death before she was captured and executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on September 20, 1763.

25. Who was the hero of the Battle at Tirad Pass?

A. Gregorio Del Pilar
B. Macario Sakay
C. Antonio Luna
D. Diego Silang
*The Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the "Philippine Thermopylae", was a battle in the
Philippine-American War fought on December 2, 1899 in Tirad Pass,a narrow trail leading to Cervantes,
a town in Ilocos Sur. The 60-man Filipino contingent was commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del
Pilar but they were later defeated by the American soldiers under Major Peyton C. March. Del Pilar was
"one of the youngest generals in the Philippine Revolutionary Forces during the Philippine Revolution
and the Philippine-American War." Of the 60 Filipinos, 52, including Del Pilar, were either killed or
wounded.
26. The Hispanic Period had started in the Philippines in 1500s. Who was the first Governor of the
Philippines?
A. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
B. Philipi Ii of Spain
C. Ferdinand Magellan
D. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
*In 1572, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi became the first Governor of the Philippines and established a
government together with Augustinian and Dominican friars.

27. For how many years din Spanish rule last in PH?
*333

28. Raja Lakandula and Raja Sulayman revolted against Governor Guido de Lavezaris, because of the
abuses by the Spaniards. What is the revolt called?
A. Isneg Revolt
B. Pampanga Revolt
C. Manila Revolt
D. Tamblot Revolt
*The successor to Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, Governor-General Guido Lavezaris, had sequestered all the
properties of the Rajahs. The revolt failed because of the loyalty of the Spanish and Filipino troops to the
Governor-General.

29. Which of these priests was executed by Governor-General Rafael de Izuquierdo in 1872?
A. Mariano Gomez
B. Jacinto Zamora
C. Jose Apolonio Burgos
D. All of the above
*Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo had the three priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora (also known as "Gomburza") garotted at Cavite in February 17, 1872.

Additional info: Jose Rizal's "El Filibusterismo" ("The Reign of Greed") was dedicated to these priests in
1891, almost two decades after the execution.

30. Jose Rizal and other Illustrados (Spanish for Filipino intellectuals) had established this group of
propaganda writers. The name of this progressive society newspaper against Spain was
_______________.
La Solidaridad
*La Solidaridad ("The Solidarity") was created in Barcelona, Spain on 13th December, 1888. These
Illustrados used the pen to express their freedom of speech against the corrupt Spanish rulers.

Some of the Propaganda writers were Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar, Antonio Luna, Jose Ma.
Panganiban, among others.
31. July 1892: La Liga Filipina (Spanish for "The Philippine League") was established by Dr. Jose Rizal in
Tondo, Manila.
A. True
B. False
*La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League) was created to establish a civil organization for peace and unity.
It became inactive four days after Rizal was secretly arrested and exiled to Dapitan. Later, the
organization was divided into two: The Katipunans ("Freedom", a group of revolutionary men) and the
Cuerpo de Compromisarios ("Body of Delegates", a group that supported La Solidaridad/The Solidarity).

32. Andres Bonifacio talked personally to Rizal during the later’s exile in Dapitan.
A. True
B. False
*Ex-La Liga Filipina (Spanish for "The Philippine League") member and Katipunan ("Freedom" in FIlipino)
founder, Andres Bonifacio, and his chancellors had decided to persuade Dr. Rizal to join the Katipunans.
The Katipunan group sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Dr. Rizal's friend, for the group's appeal but Rizal refused
to engage in violence.

33. Filipinos remembered Dr. Jose Rizal as the patriot of the masses. He was executed by the Spanish
authorities in Luneta (Bagumbayan by then), Manila in December 30, 1896. Which of these capital
punishments was used to execute him?
A. Shooting
B. Guillotine
C. Garrote
D. Live burial
*During the Spanish period, the garotte and shooting were the most common methods of execution in
the Philippines. In Dr. Rizal's case, he was shot by the firing squad on the morning of 30th December,
1896 for treason (against Spain).

34. The massive raid in the printing press of "Diario de Manila" (Spanish for "The Newspaper of Manila")
had alarmed the Katipunan members due to the arrest of their several comrades. After the second
general meeting, these men decided to tear up this important document. Which of these was it?
A. address books
B. birth certificates
C. residence certificates
D. All of the above
*The cause of "Cry of Pugadlawin" (The word "cry" here means a rallying call or signal and "Pugadlawin"
means hawk's nest in Filipino): The Katipunan existence was revealed by Teodoro Patiño to his sister and
later told to a priest about the organization. The Spanish authorities had arrested and executed several
Katipunan members after the raid on the printing press.

As the sign of commitment to the Katipunans, Bonifacio and the large group of Katipuneros tore up a
"cedula" (Spanish for residence certificate) in Pugadlawin, Balintawak. The Katipunans dominated the
first battle in Calookan with the small victory but they retreated in Mandaluyong, then in Balara after
the Spanish reinforcements had defeated the forces of the revolutionaries.
35. The Tejeros Convention happened in which Philippine province?
A. Manila
B. Batangas
C. Laguna
D. cavite

*Bonifacio was in negotiations aimed at uniting the Katipuan factions in Tejeros, Cavite. He was invited
by Magdalo to settle the governorship of the country, but Magdalo settled for revolutionary
government and Magdiwang ("Celebrate" in Filipino) agreed to retain Katipunan.

36. The Spanish-American War brought an end to Spanish rule. In May 1898, the Americans, under
Commodore George Dewey won "The Battle of ______ ______".
A. Manila Bay
B. Bacoor Bay
C. Batangas Bay
D. Laguna Bay
*Bonifacio was in negotiations aimed at uniting the Katipuan factions in Tejeros, Cavite. He was invited
by Magdalo to settle the governorship of the country, but Magdalo settled for revolutionary
government and Magdiwang ("Celebrate" in Filipino) agreed to retain Katipunan.

37. One of the last Filipino generals who fought the Americans and established the so-called 'Tagalog
Republic'
A. Miguel Malvar
B. Gregorio del Pilar
C. Manuel Tinio
D. Macario Sakay
*Macario Sakay was seen merely as a bandit by the Americans but documents prove that he had the
necessary concept of the Filipino nation to merit being a genuine military leader.

38. She is a Filipino heroine. After her husband died, she continued the war against Spain, was caught
and hanged.
A. Teodora Alonso
B. Gregoria de Jesus
C. Gabriela Silang
D. Leonora Rivera
*Diego and Gabriela Silang took advantage of British occupation of Manila to rise against the Spaniards.

39. Who was the 'Great Dissenter'?

A. Manuel Roxas Jr.
B. Camilo Osias
C. Eulogio Rodriguez
D. Claro M. Recto
*He was called Great Dissenter because of his uncomprising stand against pro-American policy of R.
Magsaysay, the very same man whom he helped to put in power.

40. Who is the former Senate President who came from Abra?
A. Marcelo Fernan
B. Ferdinand Marcos
C. Quintin Paredes
D. Ernesto Maceda
*Quintin Paredes, a former Speaker and Senate President, is known for his stint as a US Resident-
Commisioner.

41. Who is generally acknowledged as the first President of the Philippines?

A. Emilio Aguinaldo
B. Manuel Quezon
C. Andres Bonifacio
D. Manuel Roxas
*However, he didn't get international recognition.

42. Who excommunicated Fr. Gregorio Aglipay?

A. Santos
B. Norzaleda
C. Sin
D. Vidal
*Arch. Norzaleda excommunicated Aglipay for his involvement on the nationalistic struggle. This
prompted Aglipay to help build the Iglesia Filipina Independiente.

43. Where was the Rizal's novel 'Noli Mi Tangere' published?

A. Brussels
B. Berlin
C. Barcelona
D. Paris
*It was the year 1887 when this novel was published in Berlin.

44. Who is the Filipino historian who claimed that there was no Philippine history before the execution
of the three nationalists priests?
A. Gregorio Zayde
B. Teodoro Agoncillo
C. Onofre COrpuz
D. Fidel Villaruel
*This claim is still a product of controversies since there is still a Filipino history from the Pre-hispanic
era. Agoncillo's camp however claimed they the other party got the wrong context.
45. What is the name of Filipino armed contingent that helped the Americans capture Aguinaldo?
A. Fire Brigade
B. Balangiga Rangers
C. Macabebe Scouts
D. Abu Sayaff
*The Macabebe Scouts were loyal to the Spaniards and immeditely switch allegiance to the Americans.
Macabebes are Kamampapangans who have a mutual hatred against the Tagalogs, mainstay of
Aguinaldo's Army.

46. Who is the highest American military official that was killed in action during the Filipino-American
war?
A. Col. Grayson
B. Gen. Pershing
C. Gen. Lawton
D. Gen. Merrit
*A street was named in his honor.

47. What was the first book published in the Philippines?

A. Noli Me Tangere
B. Doctrina Christiana/DOctrina Christiana el Lengua Español y Tagala
C. Pasiong Mahal
D. Barlaam e Josaphat
*This book was published during the Spanish period and contains prayers and some religious acts and
beliefs that all Catholics should follow.

48. Who fought the Spanish government because the government did not give a formal funeral
ceremony for his brother?
A. Macario Sakay
B. Francisco Dagohoy
C. Diego Silang
D. Andres Bonifacio
*The ceremony was denied by the frailes (Spanish priest) because the brother of Dagohoy was accused
of being an enemy of the Church.

49. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, a Filipino president was appointed by the
Japanese. Who was he?
A. Jose P. Laurel Sr.
B. Sergio Osmeña
C. Ramon Magsaysay
D. Josefina COtas, Sr.
*It was run by the Japanese and was of course a puppet government.
50. What term was used for those women who were used by Japanese soldiers to gratify their lust?
A. comfort women
B. mama san
C. Japayuki
D. battered Filipinas
*"Comfort Women" was derived from the word 'comfort room' where Japanese soldiers satisfied their
lust.

51. Which of these was a US president during the 'American Era' in the Philippines?
A. George Washington
B. Abraham Lincoln
C. George Bush
D. Franklin Roosevelt
*It was Roosevelt who granted the Philippines a "Commonwealth Government".

52. On 1901, an institution was established by the Americans for aspiring educators. What is the present
name of this institution?
A. University of the Philippines
B. Philippine Normal University
C. Siliman University
D. National teacher’s College
*This institution was first named "Philippine Normal School" and then "Philippine Normal College". An
act signed by former President Aquino granted the school's university status.

53. When did the original Edsa (People's Power) Revolution begin?
A. January 19, 2002
B. January 19, 1986
C. February 26, 2002
D. February 22, 1986
*This massive action by the Filipinos was made through the effort of Fidel V. Ramos and Juan Ponce
Enrile (they are both secretaries on Marcos cabinet) and were backed by Cardinal Sin. The Edsa
Revolution overthrew President Ferdinand Marcos.

54. When did the original Edsa (People’s Power) Revolution begin?
A. Plaza Miranda
B. Fort Santiago
C. Luneta
D. Intramuros
*It was built by the Spaniards and only whites (and certain others classed as whites), were allowed to
live there in Spanish colonial times. It was completely destroyed during the World War II but has been
rebuilt and is considered one of the famous tourist attractions in the Philippines.
55. What act is also known as the "Martial Law" act?
A. Proclamation 274
B. Article 6, Sec 14 of 1973 Constitution
C. Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg, 25 s. 1974
D. Proclamation 1081
*This dictatorial proclamation made in September 1972 sparked off a revolution and chaos. It gave the
President the wide ranging powers including the right to nominate his successor

56. After the Negritos, what was the second group of people who migrated by sea to the Philippines
3,000 to 8,000 years ago?
A. Indians
B. Indonesians
C. Arabs
D. Malays
*The Indonesian people came into two waves. The first one, the 'Indonesians A', became the ancestors
of the Ilongot people of the Sierra Madres. Both groups introduced the 'kaingin' system of farming
which is still practised today in the forested areas of the Philippines.

57. Foreign influences were evident on most aspects of Filipino culture - the Philippine languages, for
example. Now, from which Asian language do these words came from, 'alam', 'hukom', and 'salamat'?
A. Arabic
B. Mandarin
C. Sanskrit
D. Malayo-Polynesian
*'Alam' means 'know'. 'Hukom' is a judge and 'salamat' means 'thanks'. These words were possibly
brought by the Arab merchants and traders who came to the country in the 9th century.

58. What is considered the earliest form of writing in the Philippines?

A. Baybayin
B. Balitaw
C. Roman Alphabet
D. Abakada
*This alphabet, often incorrectly referred to as 'alibata', consists of 17 letters of which three are vowels
and fourteen are consonants.

59. Who first introduced the Islamic religion in the Philippines?

A. Rajah Baguinda
B. Idi Amin
C. makhdum
D. Abu Bakr
*Mahdum (or Mudum or Makhdum) was an Arabic scholar who visited the island of Sulu in Mindanao in
1380 converting the natives there to Islam. After his death, Rajah Baginda, a prince, continued
propagating the Islamic faith to the people of Sulu first started by Makhdum.
60. Who commanded a large Chinese fleet, sent by Emperor Yung Lo of the Ming dynasty in 1402 to
trade with the country at the same time establish colonies along the coast towns of the archipelago?
A. Chau-ju-kua
B. Lucio Tan
C. Ko ch’a- Lao
D. Cheng Ho
*The fleet consisted of more than sixty ships and had visited the islands of Mindoro and Sulu, Lingayen
in the Pangasinan province and the Manila Bay.

61. What province was in the earlier times became known far and wide as the 'provincia de Comintang'?
A. Laguna
B. Batangas
C. Isabela
D. bataan
*Comintang (or kumintang), originally a war song, became the love song of the ancient Filipinos. When
sung, it is accompanied by dancing to the sound of the early musical instruments.

62. Marriage among the Filipinos in the past was long and complicated. You had to render services to
the prospective bride's family, for example, by chopping wood or fetching water from a 'balon' for days
or months or years! If you were lucky enough to be accepted, what did you call of the gift you were
required to give to the girl's parents?
A. Bigay-kaya
B. Bigay-ginto
C. Bigay-suhol
D. Bigay-suso
*It was sab-ong in Ilocano. The gift either consisted of a piece of land, a cow or pieces of gold. Bigay-
suso was a kind of bribe given to the girl's mother.

63. Who was the Supreme Being of the ancient Filipinos who, they believed, had created the universe?
A. Sidapa
B. Bathala
C. Bathalya
D. Lalahon
*Bathala is the highest deity and the lord of all the creation. Lalahon is the goddess of harvest while
Sidapa is the god of death. The prayers and sacrifices offered to the gods were performed by the
'babayins' or 'katalonas'.

64. While most of the children of the ancient times were taught at home, there existed formal schools in
the Panay Island of Visayas. What were these schools called?
A. sonat
B. bothoan
C. barangay
D. paaralan
*Here the Panay children were taught arithmetic, reading, religion and writing.
65. Where was the landing spot of the 10 Bornean datus who had escaped (along with their families)
from the rule of their sultan, Makatunaw of Borneo?
A. Homonhon, Samar
B. San joaquin, panay Island
C. Puerto Princesa, Palawan
D. Palo, Leyte
*The 10 datus (chieftains) purchased land on which they could settle in from Marikudo. They were led
by Datu Puti. Datu Puti later returned to Borneo via the Palawan route. Datu Balensusa and Dumangsol
established their settlement in Batangas while the rest of the datus settled in Panay.

66. The First Republic of the Philippines was established during a war. Which one?
A. Philippine-American War
B. World War I
C. Spanish-American War
D. Philippine Revolution
*Emilio Aguinaldo, the very first Philippine President, ruled from 1898 to 1901 in Malolos, Bulacan. The
conflict between the First Republic and the United States of America had started the "Philippine-
American War" or also called "Philippine Insurrection". This war had lasted for three years (1899-1902).

67. Who won the first Philippine National Presidential Election?

A. Emilio Aguinaldo
B. General Miguel Malvar
C. Bishop Gregorio Aglipay
D. Manuel Luis Quezon
*The first Philippine President of the Commonwealth and the "Father of the Philippine language",
Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) was recognized by the US after the Philippines gained self-government in
1916. He won the elections in 1935 against First Republic President Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop
Gregorio Aglipay.

68. During the World War II, the "Puppet Government" (Second Republic) was set up in the Philippines
during Japan's occupation of the country. The name of the lawyer-politician appointed by the Japanese
was Sergio Osmeña.
A. true
B. false
*1941-1945: World War II affected not only the Philippines but also the Allied and Axis Powers
around the world. Sergio Osmeña was the First Vice President of the Philippines (1935-1944)
before he became the successor to Manuel L. Quezon, who died of tuberculosis in New York.

Jose P. Laurel's presidency had put him in danger because of his collaboration with the
Japanese. He was selected by the National Assembly to serve as the 3rd President of the
Philippines, but he was nearly shot.

69. Manuel Roxas became the last Commonwealth President before the Philippines gained
independence from United States.
 A. true
B. false
*The successor to Sergio Osmeña as the third and last Commonwealth President, Manuel
Roxas served the Commonwealth for only 37 days (28th of May - 4th of July 1946). He became
the President of the Third Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946 until his death in 1948.

70. This late lawyer-politician from Ilocos had served two Republics, and the longest seated
President of the Philippines. His name was _____________________.
Ferdinand Marcos
*He served 21 years as the President until "People Power Revolution" in February 1986. He
was the 6th President of the Third Republic (1969-1973), First Prime Minister/New Society
President (1978-1981), and also the First President of the 4th Republic (1981-1986) of the
Philippines.

71. This former Senator, Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino was shot at Manila International Airport after
seven years in exile. When did this assassination happened?
A. 22nd of August 1982
B. 21st of August 1983
C. 23rd of August 1980
D. 20th of August 1985
*The late Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino's death had shocked the whole Philippines because
of the assasination in Manila Internation Airport. Almost 2 million people came to express their
condolences to his family. The 21st of August is now a national holiday in the Philippines.

72. 1986: Three years after Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino's death, the battle cries of the nation had
changed. The Filipinos protested in the streets using prayers and flowers, instead of knives and
guns. What was the name of this revolution?
EDSA & EDSA Revolution & People Power Revolution & EDSA 1 & People Power.
*Despite Marcos winning against Ninoy's widow, Corazon Aquino, some of his supporters said
that the results of the February 7 snap election were unreliable because of malpractice.
Two of the officials, former President Fidel Ramos (Vice Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces) and
Senator Juan Ponce Enrile (Minister of Defense), had supported Ninoy's widow as the victorious
president. The late Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin, had also supported these officials
and called the nation to support the movement for change, via Radio Veritas.

73. Two significant events happened on this day in Philippine history: 1. The revolution ended
when the former president and his family fled to the United States. 2. Corazon Aquino and
Salvador Laurel were sworn in as President and Vice-President, respectively. Which day was it?
A. 1st May 1986
B. 9th April 1985
C. 20th August 1985
D. 25th February 1986
*On the morning of February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel took their oaths as
President and Vice-President on the same day in the Club Filipino, San Juan in the presence of
Supreme Court Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee. President Marcos fled to the US on the
same day and stayed in exile until his death in 1989.

74. Former film actor-politician Joseph "Erap" Estrada was also ousted by the following revolt of
People Power, called EDSA 2 in 2001. He faced the impeachment trial for which of these
violations?
A. "Jose Velarde" account
B. Extortion of "jueteng" money
C. Graft and corruption
D. All of these are true
*Former President Joseph Estrada, was the first President to face and to lose from the
impeachment trial on-air.
2000: Some of the senators were accusing the President for receiving millions of Pesos from the
operations of "jueteng". This expose had widespread to open the impeachment trial against
President Estrada.
January 2001: Most of the senators voted "NO" for opening the confidential documents for the
"Jose Velarde" account. People, including the People Power 1 advocates, went to EDSA
(abbreviation for "Epipanio de los Santos") Shrine to protest against President Estrada that lasted
for 4 days.

75. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the President after the 2001 People Power Revolution, had also
faced controversies regarding her administration status. One of these was in regard to the
elections in May 2004.
A. Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking (JMSU) Scandal
B. National Broadband Network Scandal
C. Hello Garci Scandal
D. None of these
* Mrs. Arroyo and former Commission on Elections Chairman Virgilio "Garci" Garcillano were both
involved in "Hello Garci" Scandal because of the wiretapped conversation between them. There
were some attempts to impeach the President many times from 2005, but they failed.

76. She was the first woman member of the Katipunan (July 1893).
A. Gregoria de Jesús
B. Segunda Katigbak
 C. Marina Dizon
D. Gabriela Silang
*Gregoria de Jesus was the wife of Andres Bonifacio and the founder of the female chapter.
Marina Dizon was a cousin of Emilio Jacinto. She lost her mother when she was eight months
old. She was also a guitarist and violinist of the Trozo Comparsa Band. Segunda Katigbak was
childhood sweetheart of Jose Rizal.
77. After the death of her husband Andres Bonifacio, Gregoria de Jesus was later married to
whom?
A. Franciso Trinidad
B. Felipe Calderon
C. Julio Nakpil
D. Jose Calugas
*Julio Nakpil was also a patriot and he was commander of all troops in the north in company with
Emilio Jacinto. Julio Nakpil and Gregoria de Jesus were married in the Catholic Church on 10
December 1898 and they had eight children, Juana, Lucia, Juan, Julia, Francisca, Josefina,
Mercedes and Caridad.
78. Who was the last Sultan of Sulu?
A. Haji Butu
B. Tarhata Kiram
C. Abu Bakr
D. Jamalul Kiram II
*Abu Bakr brought Islam to the Philippines and Haji Butu was the first Muslim senator.
79. The first woman to top the Philippine BAR Examination.
A. Josefa Diokno
B. Tecla San Andres Ziga
C. Tina Munoz Palma
D. Geronima Pecson
*Geronima Pecson was the only person to serve as vice president to two former presidents of the
Philippines.
80. He was also known as Hermano Pule.
A. Apolinario de la Cruz
B. Juan Arellano
C. Aurelio Tolentino
D. Pedro Feced
*The leader of a messianic group. Refused membership in a monastic order because he was a
native, he founded the Cofradia de San Jose in 1832. Because membership in his organization
was open only to pure natives, the Spaniards branded him a heretic. In 1841, during a violent
encounter of his group with Spanish troops, he was captured and later executed; his
dismembered body was displayed in various towns of southern Tayabas where his organization
had numerous members and followers.
81. Who was the chief advisor of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo?
A. Jose Rizal
B. Pedro Paterno
C. Apolinario Mabini
D. Felipe Calderon
*A staunch nationalist, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and educator.
He was regarded as the most brilliant Filipino mind of the revolutionary era. He was also known
as the "Sublime Paralytic".
82. The first political party in the Philippines organized on December 23, 1900 by wealthy Filipino
illustrados.
A. Partido Nacional Progresibo
B. Nacionalista Party
C. Federal Party
D. Liberal Pary
*Its principal aims were immediate peace and annexation of the Philippines to the United States.
Promulgated by 125 illustrados, the party elected Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as president.
83. What is the pseudonym used by Pablo Faced?
A. Hermano Pule
B. Quioquiap
C. Laong Laan
D. Plaridel
*One of the anti-Filipino writers who wrote to counter the Reform or Propaganda Movement in the
1880s to the 1890s. He was notorious for his open hatred of Filipinos as shown in his "Filipinas:
esbozos y pinceladas" (The Philippines: outlines and images), published in Manila in 1888.
84. Who was called "The First Filipino Diplomat" ?
A. Felipe Agoncillo
B. Robert Cortez
C. Felipe Calderon
D. Miguel Cuaderno
*For having served as General Aguinaldo's Minister Plenipotentiary to secure recognition of
Philippine independence and specifically prevent
the secession of the Philippines by Spain to the United States after the Spanish-American war
and to convince the U.S Goverment not to ratify the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898.
85. Who was the leader of the Cavite Mutiny, the first huelga (labor strike) recorded in the
Philippines?
A. Patricio Montojo
B. Rafael de Izquerdo
C. Francisco la Madrid
D. Macliing Dulag
*Rafael de Izquerdo was the Spanish Governor-General during this incident.
86. The first president of the Katipunan.
A. Juan Arellano
B. Deodato Arellano
C. Teodoro Agoncillo
D. Andres Bonifacio

87. The first Sulu-United States Treaty concluded on August 20,1899 allowing American presence
in Sulu.
A. Bates Treaty
B. Murphy Treaty

C. Jones Treaty
D. Forbes Treaty

88. Who was the first Filipino president (1915-1920) of the University of the Philippines?
A. Jose Avelino
B. Jesus Calderon
C. Ignacio Villamor
D. Jose Palma
*A statesman, jurist and educator, he co-founded the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas and was
also the first Filipino executive secretary.
89. He founded the Socialist Party of the Philippines in 1929, which merged with the older
Communist Party of the Philippines(PKP) in 1939.
A. Jose Abad Santos
B. Pedro Abad Santos
C. Casto Alejandrino
D. Luis Taruc
*The founder and head of the "Aguman Ding Maldang Talapagobra (AMT)" and also the "General
Workers Union (1933)".
90. Who was the first woman councilor of Manila?
A. Carmen Planas
B. Vivian Zapanta
C. Geronima Pecson
D. Marcela Ocampo
*Elected in the local election of December 14, 1937. Ranking second among the Councillors
elected, her victory marked the entry of women into Philippine local politics.