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JR@MKAÛM
Fj Ojrjmtçj scfjg`mt` t`mbrê vjfabjb kujmbc fj Tjrtabj Rákmakj b` `st`
kcgpr`scr s`j `e`ktujbj y b`f r`ff`mjga`mtc b`f Ecrgufjrac b` Tjrtabj Rákmakj
pcr `f Rákmakc Kr`b`mkajbc b`f Bastraluabcr Kr`b`mkajbc [KNPFX.
U`j `f Ecrgufjrac b` Tjrtabj Rákmakj - pêoamj ;;.
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 Jt`mkacsjg`mt`

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@st` Gjmujf b` Amstrukkacm`s kcmta`m` agpcrtjmt`s amecrgjkacm`s b` amstjfjkaûm,

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!   AGTC\RJMR@

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[KNPFX, fjs kujf`s ust`b jbquara j trjvás b` mu`strc
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Bckug`mtc Jm`xc
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 TFA AÛM
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fj pr`saûm gêxagj ambakjbj `m su Tfjkj b` Ab`mtaeakjkaûm.
@[-:
 

KCGT\@[C\ J RC\MAFFC   [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

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@[-<
 

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@m fcs gamutcs amakajf`s b` eumkacmjga`mtc, `f jk`at` mc `stê `m fj t`gp`rjturj ab`jf b` trjljhc (54 j ?4 K).
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jkaûm.
4
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trjljhc.
4
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pc
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bcmb`
bcm b` mc cku
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@f jk`at`
jk`at` prcv`ma`mt
prcv`ma`mt`` b` fjs bcs
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b` karkufjkaûm
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(rjbajbcr
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pjss"),
), s` g`zkfj
g`zkfj y `s eaftrjbc :; jmt`s b`
eaftrjbc b`
s`r amy
amy`kt
`ktjbc
jbc `m fj uma
umabjb
bjb kcg
kcgpr`
pr`scr
scrj.
j.
@f jk`at`, b`pcsatjbc `m `f ecmbc b`f `f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr, `s jutcgêtakjg`mt` r`kcf`ktjbc pcr fj pr`saûm
amt`
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jbkcgpr
pr`s
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crj,pcramt
j,pcramt`r
`rg`
g`ba
bac
c b`um p`
p`sk
skjbcr :2.
jbcr

@[-:?
  

KCGT\@[C\ J RC\MAFFC [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

TJM@F
 M B@
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:.  Jbn`savc amecrgjtavc8 (F`j fjs amstrukkacm`s b`f gasgc)

<. Gjmûg`trc ambakjbcr b` fj pr`saûm b` fj r`b
;. Gjmûg`trc ambakjbcr b` fj r`strakkaûm b`f `f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr (psa c iTj)
2. R`rgûg`trc ambakjbcr b` fj t`gp`rjturj b` b`skjroj ( K) ¸

0. Ncrçg`trc ambakj `f tctjf b` ncrjs trjljhjbjs pcr `f kcgpr`scr

5. Lctûm kcm`ktj (v`rb`)/b`skcm`ktj (rchc)
?. Ffjv` s`f`ktcrj b`f gcbc b` cp`rjkaûm - amt`rgat`mt`/kcmtçmuc
>. Fêgpjrj qu` ambakj fj `m`roazjkaûm b`f kcgpr`scr
1. Fêgpjrj qu` ambakj qu` `f kcgpr`scr `stê `m eumkacmjga`mtc
:4. Fêgpjrj qu` ambakj qu` `f kcgpr`scr `stê `m jfavac
::. Fêgpjrj qu` ambakj sclr`kjroj `m `f gctcr `fáktrakc
:<. Lctûm b` `g`ro`mkaj

EAOP\J :2 - TJM@F B@ AM[R\PG@MRC[

@[-:>
 
 

[A[R@GJ
[A[R@GJ
A[R B@ KCGJMBC
@G B@
A[R@G B@ KCGJMBC
CG MBC

KCGT\@[C\ J- C\AEAKAC[ B@ JFAG@MRJKAÛM

B@F [A[R@GJ
[A[R@GJ @M JFAUAC

L- R@GTC\AXJBC\

EAOP\J
EAOP\J :0 -  [A[R@GJ
 [A[R@GJ B@ KCGJMBC 

Fj pr`saûm b` r`e`r`mkaj pjrj kcgjmbjr `f kcgpr`scr `s sa`gpr` fj gêxagj b` trjljhc ambakjbj `m fj pfjkj
b` ab`mt
ab`mtaeak
aeakjkaûm
jkaûmb`f
b`f kcgpr
kcgpr`scr`scr..
Kujmbc `s jfkjmzjbj `stj pr`saûm pr`saûm `m fj r`br`b b` jar` :, `f pr`scstjtc b` kcgjmbc
kcgjmbc < r`tarj fj t`msaûm
t`msaûm `fáktrakj
`fáktrakj
qu`jfa
qu` jfag`m
g`mtj tj fj vêf
vêfvuf
vufjj scf
scf`mc
`mcab`ab` ;, br`
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mjmbc bc `f jar
jar`` qu`
qu`gjmgjmta`
ta`m`
m` jla
jla`rt
`rtjj fj vêf
vêfvuf
vufjj b` jbg
jbgasaasaûm
ûm 2.
Kujmbcc fj vêfvufj b` jbgasaûm
Kujmb jbgasaûm ka`rrj,
ka`rrj, saguftêm
saguftêm`jg`m
`jg`mt` t` jlr` umj vçj b` jfavac
jfavac 0 b` fj pr`saûm amt`rmj
amt`rmj b`f
tjmq
tjmqu`
u`.. @m `s`st`
t` gc
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m b`
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J. Kuj
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mbcfj
fj vêf
vêfvuf
vufjj b` jbg
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ûm ka`
ka`rrjtctjf
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amakajfj
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b`spr`
pr`sur
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kaûmm b`ftjmqu
b`ftjmqu`9
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jbgasa
jbg asaûm
ûm 29
K. Kcgc `f vcfug`m
vcfug`m b` jar` jbgatabc jumqu` sa`mbc p`qu`úc `s sup`racr
sup`racr jf qu` kcmsaou` `skjpjr pcr `f
sast`gj
sast`gj b` jfavac
jfavac 0, `f r`suftjbc
r`suftjbc `s umj `stjlafazjka
`stjlafazjkaûm
ûm b` fj pr`saûm `mtr` <,? y ;,2 ljro (24 y 04 psao),
sueaka`mt`` pjrj gjmt
sueaka`mt gjmt`m`r
`m`rfjfj kark
karkufjka
ufjkaûm
ûm b`f jk`at
jk`at`.
`.
Kujmbc fj pr`saûm `m fj r`b b` jar` humtc jf kcgpr`scr kj` jprcxagjbjg`mt` :,2 ljro (<4 psao), `f
pr`scstjtc
pr`sc stjtc p`rgat`
p`rgat` qu` fj t`msaûm
t`msaûm r`tcrm`
r`tcrm` j fj vêfvufj scf`mcab
scf`mcab`` ; kcgum
kcgumakjm
akjmbc
bc `f jar` kcgpragab
kcgpragabcc b`f
tjmqu` kcm `f amt`racr
amt`racr b`f kafambrc b` fj vêfvufj b` jbgasaûm 2 r`jlraámbcfj, pjrj
pjrj qu` s` r`amaka` `f ráoag`m
b`trjljhc`mpf`mjkjroj.

@[-:1
 

KCGT\@[C\ J RC\MAFFC [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

CBC B@
GCBC B@ KCGJMBC
CG MB
MBC

@f kc
kcgpr`scr ba
baspcm` b`b` bc
bcs gc
gcbcs b` kcgjmbc8 amt`rga
b` kc amt`rgat`mt`
t`mt` y kcmtçm
kcmtçmuc
uc.
J. \`oufjbc `m `f gcbc amt`rgat`mt`, `f kcgpr`scr trjljhj `m pf`mj kjroj njstj fj pr`saûm gêxagj b`
trjljhc, y b`skcm`ktj amg`bajtjg`mt` kujmbc ff`oj j `stj pr`saûm.
L. \`oufjbc `m `f gcbc kcmtçmuc, `f kcgpr`scr `mtrj `m jfavac `m fj pr`saûm gêxagj b` trjljhc y sûfc
b`skcm`ktj sa mc njy kcmsugc b` jar` qu` prcpaka` umj ljhj b` pr`saûm `m fj r`b b` :,4; j :,2 ljro (:0 j
<4 psao), burjmt` `f ta`gpc jhustjbc `m `f t`gpcrazjbcr b`f pjm`f `fáktrakc.
@m jglcs gcbcs b` kcgjmbc, `f kcgpr`scr r`kcm`ktj jutcgêtakjg`mt` sa`gpr` qu` fj pr`saûm `m `f
sast`gj ljh` :,4; j :,2 ljro (:0 j <4 psao).
Tjrj cptjr pcr `f gcbc b` kcgjmbc gês kcmv`ma`mt`, suo`ragcs f``r fjs amstrukkacm`s `m `f pjm`f b`
amstrug`mtcs b`f kcgpr`scr, y cls`rvjr `f kcgpcrtjga`mtc b`f kcmsugc b` su r`b b` jar`.
Mctj8 - Mc `s kcmv`ma`mt` `f gctcr pjrtar gês b` :4 (ba`z) v`k`s pcr ncrj.
- Kujmbc s`f`kkacmjr
s`f`kkacmjr `f gcbc b` kcgjmb
kcgjmbc,
c, `f kcgpr`
kcgpr`scr
scr b`l`rê `stjr jpjojbc.

 \RAB RÁ
TJ\RABJ MA
RÁKMAKJ 
B`spuás b` kcmkr`tjbjs fjs prcvab`mkajs b` fj amstjfjkaûm b`f kcgpr`sscr, b` fj r`b `fáktrakj y b`f jar`
kcgpragabc (`e`ktujbjs pcr `f kfa`mt`), `f kcgpr`scr t`mbrê fj pjrtabj y s`rê faojbc, kcm fj pr`s`mkaj b` um
Rákmakc b`f Bastraluabcr Kr`b`mkajbc [KNPFX gês k`rkjmc. @f Rákmakc arê cra`mtjr `f kfa`mt` `m fcs
prck`baga`mtcs b` pjrtabj, jkcgpjújr `f eumkacmjga`mtc ` amstruar sclr` `f gjmt`maga`mtc pr`v`mtavc (qu`
kfa`mt`).  Fj ojrjmt
pcbrê s`r `e`ktujbc pcr `f kfa`mt`). Fj ojrjmtçj
çj b`f kcgpr`
kcgpr`scr
scr scfjg`mt` t`mbrê vjfabjb, kujmbc s`
pr`s`mt`
pr`s`m t` `f amecrg
amecrg`` b` jt`mbaga`mtc tákmakc qu` `f tákmakc b`f Bastraluabcr Kr`b`mkajbc
Kr`b`mkajbc [KNPFX vj
j bckug`
bckug`mtjr
mtjr ka`mbc : (umj) vaj b`f amecrg
amecrg`
` `m pcb`r b`f kfa`mt`, y b`f r`ff`mjga`mtc
r`ff`mjga`mtc b`f ecrguf
ecrgufjrac
jrac
b` pjrtabj tákmakj (pêo. ;;) qu`, b`spuás b` bckug`m
bckug`mtjr
tjr,, `f tákmakc `mvajrj
`mvajrj j eêlrakj
eêlrakj.. Fjs
amstrukkacm`s
amstrukkacm`s b`f at`g "J" kcmstjmt` `m fcs Rárgam
Rárgamcs
cs b` fj Ojrjmtçj, pêo. ;4 - Kcmbakacm`s
Kcmbakacm`s O`m`rjf`s
b` fj Ojrjmtçj - b`l`g s`r s`ouabjs.

\C @B
@BAG
AGA@
A@MR
MRC
C B@
T\CK@BAGA@MRC \\ MZP
MZP@
@
B@ J\\JMZP@

Fcs kcgpr`scr`s b` fj s`ra` [\T <444 scm prcvastcs b`sb` eêlrakj yj

prcl
prcljb
jbcsy
csy jl
jljs
jst`
t`ka
kabc
bcss kc
kcmm jk
jk`a
`at`ful
t`fulrarakj
kjmt
mt`
` ga
gam` rjff A[C25.
m`rj
Trck`baga`mtc b` jrrjmqu` amakajf8
J. Jlrj fj pu`rtj fjt`rjf azqua`rbj b`f ojlam`t` (er`mt` p/ pjm`f) y v`raeaqu` `f
`f vascr b` mav`f b` jk`at` ; (Eaourj :>, pêo. <<) b`l`rê `stjr
mav`f b` jk`at`9 `f `stjr
kula`rtc9
L. [a fj t`
t`gp
gp`r
`rjt
jtur
urj
j fc
fckj
kjff eu
eu`
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bae`
e`r`
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mt`` b` fj `s
`sp`
p`kakaea
eakj
kjka
kaûm
ûm `m fj Rjl
jlfj
fj 2, pê
pêo.
o.
<;,, kj
<; kjgl
gla`pjr
a`pjrjj jk
jk`a
`at`fu
t`fulr
lrak
akjm
jmt`b`kcg
t`b`kcgpr pr`s
`scrb`
crb` ja jar`j
r`j tc
tcrm
rmaffc A[C;<.
affc
K. @f lcglaffc
lcglaffc (fjgpjr
(fjgpjrj) j) > , Eaourj :2,:2, pêo. :>,
:>, b`f pjm`f
pjm`f b` amstrug`m
amstrug`mtcs
tcs
b`l`rê `stjr `mk`mbabc, ambakjmbc qu` `f kcgjmbc `stê `m`roazjbc9
B. Ka`rr` `f r`oastrc b` fj fçm`j b` s`rvakac9
@. Tr
Tr`s
`sac
acm`
m` `f lc
lctû
tûm
m @m
@mk`
k`mbmb`r
`r/[
/[tj rt (v`rb`) pj
tjrt pjrj
rj `m
`mk`
k`mb
mb`r
`r `f kc
kcgp
gpr`
r`sc
scrr y
`ms`ouabj `f lctûm b` `g`ro`mkaj (jpjojmbc `f kcgpr`scr), cls`rvjmbc sa
`f s`mtabc b` rctjkaûm b`f kcmhumtc `s `f gasgc b` fj ef`knj fckjfazjbj `m `f EAOP\J :5
ku`rpc b` fj umabjb kcgpr`scrj (jmtancrjrac - Eaourj :5) (`f efuhc b` jar`
kcrr`ktc `s `m fj bar`kkaûm b`f rjbajbcr).
Cls.8 @m kjsc b` qu` mc s`j jsç, b`skcm`kt` `f kcgpr`scr b` fj r`b `fáktrakj ` amva`rtj fcs kjlf`s `m fj
`mtrjbj
`mtr jbj b` fj jfag`mtjkaûm
jfag`mtjkaûm c `m fj sjfabj b` fcs eusalf`s eusalf`s b` prct`kkaûm
prct`kkaûm y r`patj `f prck`baga`mtc @.
prck`baga`mtc
E. B`spuás
lctûm
lct ûm @mk b``r/[tj
@mk`mb v`raeakjr
`mb`r/ [tjrt qu` `f s`mtabc
rt (v`rb`) pjrj
pjrj kcfb` rctjkaûm
kcfckj
ckjr
r `f kcg`stá
kcgpr` kcrr`ktc,
pr`scr
scr `m eum ka`rr`
eumkac
kacmjg fja`mtc,
mjga`m pu`rtj fjt`rjf
tc, kcm `f r` y pr`sacm`
r`oas
oastrc
trc k`
k`rrj`f
rrjbc
bc
njstj qu` `f kcgpr`scr jfkjmk` fj pr`saûm gêxagj, `mtrjmbc `m jfavac. Jlrj f`mtjg`mt` `f r`oastrc y su
kcgpr`scr j tcrmaffcs `stjrê fastc pjrj sugamastrjr jar` kcgpragabc pjrj fj r`b.

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jpjojr (rchj). Bcmb` arê ckurrar `f b`skcm`ktjga`mtc b`f kcgpr`scr.

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sast`gj y fj `fagamjkaûm b` lcrluhjs (`spugj), pu`stc qu` `stc pcbrj ejfs`jr v`rbjb`rc mav`f b`
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njoj fcs prck`baga`mtcs jmt`racr`s.
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lcquaffj b` jljst`kaga`mtc.
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! p`rçcbc b` :444 ncrjs, jmtakap` `f kjglac b` jk`at`.
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;.; \`jpra`tc b` fjs kcm`xacm`s `fáktrakjs

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kcm`ktcr`s b` fcs r`fás, kcmtjktcr`s y b`gês kcm`xacm`s.
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jk`at` fulrakjmt` kcrr`ktc, r``gpfjzc b`f eaftrc b` jk`at`, b`f `f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr
jar`/jk`at`, `tk, su kcgpr`scr b` jar` j tcrmaffcs [knufz t`mbrê umj vabj øtaf prcfcmojbj.
2. R\AG@[R\JFG@MR@
2.:. Fagpa` fj kcfg`mj b`f rjbajbcr (Eaourj <<) bar`kkacmjmbc `f kncrrc b` jar` kcmtrjrac jf efuhc b` jar`
b`f v`mtafjbcr.
Mctj8 @m jgla`mt`s jor`savcs `st` amt`rvjfc b`l` s`r g`mcr, b` jku`rbc kcm fj amkab`mkaj b`
! r`sçbucs b`pcsatjbcs `m `f amt`racr b`f kcgpr`scr y `m fjs jf`tjs b`f rjbajbcr.

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`m`roçj `stêtakj `m `f kcgpr`scr. Fj knaspj r`suftjmt` b` fj b`skjroj b` `stj
`m`roçj `stêtakj pu`b` prcbukar prcbukar aomakaûm b` fj g`zkfj jar` y jk`at` b`mtrc b`f
kcgpr`scr. \`suftjmbc `m s`v`rcs bjúcs pjrj `f `quapc y jkkab`mt`s c párbabj b`
fj vabj nugjmj!
5. JMPJFG@MR@
\`jfak` fj kcgprcljkaûm b`f gjmûg`trc, pr`scstjtc y vêfvufj b` s`ourabjb, `m um ûrojmc jlcmjbc. Q/c
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@[-<2
  

GJMR@MAGA@MRC
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qu` fjs lurluhjs (`spugj) s`jm `fagamjbjs, yj qu` pu`b`m `mgjskjrjr `f mav`f b` jk`at`).
(<) Fj prag`rj v`z kcm ;44 ncrjs.
(;) Bae`r`mkaj b` pr`saûm sclr` `f `f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr.
(2) Rrag
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`strjfg`mt`.
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Tjrj qu` su kcgpr`scr b` jar` j tcrmaffcs [knufz t`moj umj vabj øtaf ojrjmtazjbj y pu`bj cp`rjr
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Bastraluabcr Kr`b`mkajbc [knufz.

Kûbaoc B`mcgamjkaûm
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Kujmbc `m `f kcgpr`scr sa njyj kcmkfuabc su s`rvakac, `f jk`at` b`f kcgpr`scr, `f eaftrc b` jk`at` y `f
`f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr b` jk`at`, b`l`m tcbcs s`r b`skjrtjbcs s`oøm fjs mcrgjs fckjf`s vao`mt`s.

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@f jk`at` ambakjbc `s `f jk`at` gam`rjf pjrj kcgpr`scr b` jar` j tcrmaffcs, qu` pu`b` `mkcmtrjrs` `m fcs
Bastraluabcr`s Kr`b`mkajbcs [knufz.
Tjrj `mvatjr kcmsugc
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kcgpr`scr8
scr8
:.  Jftj t`gp`rjturj burjmt` fj cp`rjkaûm jug`mtj `f kcmsugc b` jk`at`9 sa `s kcmtamuj y pcr `mkagj b`
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b` ljrmaz/fjkj gjrrûm.

MCRJ8 [uo`ragcs mc kjglajr b` jk`at`. @f kjglac ambaskragamjbc pu`b` ckjsacmjr kcmtjgamjkaûm

pcr amkcgpjtalafabjb
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basgamuy`mbc fj vabj øtaf b`f jk`at` y kjusjmb
kjusjmbc
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GJMR@MAGA@MRC
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MR@MAGA@MRC KC\\@KRAUC
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Tjrj ojrjmtazjr
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KCMEAJLAFABJB `m `f prcbuktc, fjs r`pjrjkacm`s,
r`pjrjkacm`s, fcs
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k`rkjmc,, `f kujf utafazj pa`zjs craoa
craoamjf`s
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BAJOMÛ[RAKC
A OMÛ
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Fj r`fjkaûm qu` pr`s`mtjgcs sarv` pjrj sagufjr fj orjmb` gjycraj b` fcs prclf`gjs y pcsalf`s kjusjs qu`
pu`b`m r`bumbjr `m pjrjbj c eumkacmjga`mtc amkcrr`ktc b`f kcgpr`scr.
Fj sagpfakabjb b` jfoumcs prck`baga`mtcs pjrj scfukacmjr fcs prclf`gjs, cer`k` kcmbakacm`s jf usujrac b`
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B@E@KRC @U@MRPJF KJP[J T\CLJLF@ [CFPKAÛM

@f kcgpr`scr mc pjrt`.
Mctj8
@f kcgpr`scr pu`b` `stjr
b`skcm`ktjbc pcr jkkaûm b`f
pr`scstjtc y r`kcm`ktj
jutcgêtakjg`mt`.
Ejftj b` ejs` c `m`roaj `fáktrakj.
Ejftj b` t`msaûm `m `f kcgjmbc.
U`raeaqu` fj amstjfjkaûm y fcs eusalf`s
b` prct`kkaûm.
U`raeaqu` `f eusalf` b` prct`kkaûm b`f kcgjmbc.
Kcm t`msaûm `m `f kcgjmbc fj fêgpjrj > 
Eao. :2, pêo. :> (sa `stê p`re`ktj) b`l`
pr`mb`r.

[a fj kjusj `s ástj, Lctûm b` `g`ro`mkaj jkkacmjbc. B`strjl` `f lctûm (f`vjmtjr).

fj fêgpjrj :4  (Eao.
  (Eao. :2,
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\`fá b` sclr`kjroj b`f gctcr b` fj \`jrg` y v`raeaqu` fj kjusj b`f b`sjrg`
ambakjmbc qu` fj pr`saûm  umabjb kcgpr`scrj b`sjrgjbc. r`kcm`ktjmbc `f kcgpr`scr
kcgpr`scr..
`stê jftj y `fpr`scstjtc mc 
fal`rj fj r`kcm`xaûm.

@[-<5
 

BAJOMÛ[RAKC
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@f kcgpr`scr mc pjrt`.
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@f kcgpr`scr pu`b` `stjr
b`skcm`ktjbc pcr jkkaûm b`f
pr`scstjtc y r`kcm`ktj
jutcgêtakjg`mt`.
[a fj kjusj `s ástj,
fj fêgpjrj :4  (Eao.
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`stê jftj y `fpr`scstjtc mc  qu` agpab` fj cp`rjkaûm b` kcm`ktjr
fal`rj fj r`kcm`xaûm.
@f kcgpr`scr jrrjmkj
y jpjoj fu`oc `m
s`ouabj
\uçbc amt`rgat`mt`
`m fj pjrtabj.
Fcs kcmtjktcr`s
pjr`k`m mc jkkacmjr
(kcm `f lctûm v`rb`
pr`sacmjbc
pr`sacmjbc,, fj fêgp
fêgpjrj
jrj 1,
Eaourj :2, pêo. :>,
pr`mb` y jpjoj
s`ouabjg`mt`).
Basgamukaûm b` fj
rctjkaûm b`f gctcr
`fáktrakc.
@xk`sc b` t`gp`rjturj.
R`rgcstjtc
R`rgcstjtc jktuû.
Lclamj b` fcs kcmtjktcr`s qu`gjbj.
Kjlf`s jefchjbcs c su`ftcs.
Rrjmsecrgjbcr b`f s`mscr tárgakc
Rrjmsecrgjbcr
qu`gjbc.
Lctûm KCM@KRJ kcm prclf`gj.
\`fá b` sclr`kjroj jktujbc.
@m `st
`st`` kjsc
kjsc,, fj
fj fêgp
fêgpjrj
jrj :: (Ea
(Eaour
ourjj :2,
:2,
pêo. :>) pr`mb`.
Amstjfjkaûm `m b`sjku`rbc kcm fj
Mcrgj b`f pjçs sclr` amstjfjkacm`s
`fáktrakjs b` ljhj t`msaûm.
Ejftj b` ejs`
(eusalf` b` fj amstjfjkaûm qu`gjbc)
\`oastrc b` sjfabj k`rrjbc y `f
kcgpr`scr `m `f gcbc AMR@\G.
Kjlf`s qu` jfag`mtjm `f gctcr su`ftcs
`m fj `mtrjbj c sjfabj b` fcs kcmtjktcr`s.
\`fá b` sclr`kjroj kcm b`e`ktc c
kcmtjktcs b` fcs kcmtjktcr`s guy
b`sojstjbcs.
Ejftj b` jk`at`.
Fj t`gp`rjturj sul` rêpabjg`mt`.
@f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr jar`/jk`at`
clstruçbc.
Kjçbj b` t`msaûm `m fj r`b `fáktrakj.
Amstjfjkaûm `m b`sjku`rbc kcm fj
mcrgj b`f pjas sclr` amstjfjkacm`s
`fáktrakjs b` ljhj t`msaûm.
Kjçbj b` t`msaûm `m `f s`kumbjrac b`f
trjmsecrgjbcr b` <2U `m fj pjrtabj.
\ctjkaûm amv`rtabj .
Pmabjb kcgpr`scrj
  trjljbj.
Joujrb` umcs gamutcs njstj vcfv`r j fj
t`gp`rjturj ab`jf b` cp`rjkaûm y v`raeaqu`
fj kjusj qu` jkkacmû `f t`rgcstjtc. @m kjsc b`
mc njffjr umj scfukaûm, scfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b`
fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
U`raeaqu` fjs lclamjs b` fcs kcmtjktcr`s.
U`raeaqu` fcs r`e`rabcs kcgpcm`mt`s
y jkcgpjújmbc `f bajorjgj `fáktrakc,
(kjgla` `f trjmsecrgjbcr).
Ab`mtaeaqu` fj kjusj,
`fagçm`fj y v`raeaqu` `f
rjmoc b` r`oufjkaûm b`f r`fá.
U`raeaqu` fj kcrra`mt` y `f b`ejsjh` `mtr` ejs`s.
U`raeaqu` fj kjusj y r`bag`msacm` fcs kjlf`s
sa njy m`k`sabjb.
U`raeaqu` fcs eusalf`s y r`bag`msaûm`fc
r`bag`msaûm`fcss
sa `s m`k`sjrac.
Lusqu` fj kjusj b` fj qu`gj b`f eusalf`.
Jlrj `f r`oastrc b` sjfabj pjrj fj r`b.
U`j fj kcmbakaûm b` fcs kjlf`s y b` fcs
jasfjga`mtcs y r`jprát`fcs sa `s m`k`sjrac.
U`j fcs kcmtjktcs b` fcs kcmtjktcr`s I:, I<, I;.
[a `stêm mcrgjf`s cls`rv` `f r`fá b` sclr`kjroj.
U`raeaqu` `f mav`f b` jk`at` y r`pcmoj
sa `s m`k`sjrac. (U`j kjpçtufc Gjmt`maga`mtc 
Tr`v`mtavc - At`g <.<.;, pêo. <<).
Kjgla` `f `f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr y `f jk`at`
utafazjmbc `f jk`at` pjrj kcgpr`scr b` jar` j
tcrmaffcs (U`j Rjlfj 2, pêo. <;).  Mctj8 Trag`r 
kjglac `s kcm ;44 ncrjs b` s`rvakac.
\`v`j `f bag`msacmjga`mtc b` fcs kjlf`s b`
jfag`mtjkaûm, cls`rvjmbc fj bastjmkaj b` fj
eu`mt` jfag`mtjbcrj (trjmsecrgjbcr).
U`raeaqu` pjrj kuêmtc kj` fj t`msaûm `m `f
kcgjmbc `m `f gcg`mtc b` fj pjrtabj.
U`raeaqu` b`ejsjh` b` t`msacm`s `mtr` fjs ejs`s.
U`raeaqu` sa mc njy mamoøm kjlf` b`
kcgjmbc su`ftc.
U`raeaqu` fj kjusj y `fagçm`fj.
Kcmea`rj `f s`mtabc b` rctjkaûm.
(U`j fj Eaourj :5, pêo. <4).
[cfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj
Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
@[-<?
 

KCGT\@[C\ J RC\MAFFC [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

BAJOMÛ[RAKC
A OMÛ
OMÛ[R B@ E
[RAA C B@ EJFFJ[
FF [
FF

B@E@KRC @U@MRPJF KJP[J T\CLJLF@ [CFPKAÛM

Ra`gpc b` kcmgutjkaûm b` fj ffjv` Jka`rt` `f ta`gpc `m 2 c 0 s`oumbcs,
`str`ffj/traêmoufc ([\T <4:4 y [\T <4:0) r`oufjmbc `f t`gpcrazjbcr b` s`oumbcs.
guy fjroc.
Basgamukaûm b` fj
rctjkaûm b`f gctcr R`gpcrazjbcr b` s`oumbcs c
R`gpcrazjbcr U`raeaqu` sa `f t`gpcrazjbcr `stê amvarta`mbc
`fáktrakc. fcs kcmtjktcs `m `f ta`gpc pr`vastc.
lclamj b` fcs kcmtjktcr`s I< y I;
kcm b`e`ktc. U`raeaqu` sa fjs lclamjs b` fcs kcmtjktcr`s
I< y I; `stêm p`re`ktjs y r`kala`mbc `m`roçj.
\`fá b` sclr`kjroj jkkacmjbc.   U`raeaqu` `f jgp`rjh` y `f r`oufjh` b`f
r`fá b` sclr`kjroj.
Jftj t`gp`rjturj.   U`raeaqu` `f mav`f b` jk`at` y
r`pcmoj sa `s m`k`sjrac (U`j tjlfj 2, pêo. <;).
U`raeaqu` sa fj kjlamj `stê jla`rtj y kaárr`fj.
U`raeaqu` sa `f v`mtafjbcr (náfak`)
mc `stê bjgmaeakjbc.
U`raeaqu` sa `f eaftrc b` jk`at` mc `stê clstruçbc.
Trag`r kjglac kcm ;44 ncrjs b` s`rvakac.

@f
s`kcgpr`scr
jpjoj y mc vu`fv` j U`raeaqu` sa njy efuhc b` jar` `m fj kcfg`mj b`f
rjbajbcr.. (Fçgpa`fj sa `stê clstruçbj).
rjbajbcr
`mk`mb`rs` amkfusc kcm
ljhj pr`saûm `m fj r`b. U`raeaqu` sa `xast` eaftrjkaûm b` jk`at` y `fagçm`fj.
Uêfvuf
Uêfvufjj t`r
t`rgcs
gcstêt
têtakj
akj amc
amcp`r
p`rjmt
jmt`.
`. [cfaka
[cfakat`
t` fj pr`
pr`s`m
s`mkaj
kaj b` fj Jsa
Jsast`
st`mka
mkajj Rák
Rákmak
makj.
j.
Eusalf` b`f kcgjmbc b`sjrgjbc. U`raeaqu` fj kjusj y `f `stjbc b` fj pa`zj.
Lclamj IR< c I: qu`gjbj.
Lclamj b`f kcmtjktcr juxafajr I2 qu`gjbj. [cfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
Tr`scstjtc eu`rj b` jhust`.
Ejftj b` ejs` `m `f kcgjmbc. Lusqu` fj kjusj kcmecrg` `f `squ`gj.
Kcrr`js su`ftjs c b`sojstjbjs. @stçr`fjs c kêgla`fjs.
Eaftrc b` jar` clstruçbc. U`raeaqu` `f ambakjbcr b` r`strakkaûm y fjs

@f kcgpr`scr kcmbakacm`s b`f eaftrc b` jar` sulstatuyámbcfc

sa `s m`k`sjrac.
r`p`mtamjg`mt` p`rbaû Tr`scstjtc eu`rj b` jhust`.   [cfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
r`mbaga`mtc.
Fj pr`saûm p`rgjm`k` guy Gjmou`rj qu` b`spr`surazj `f Kcm`kt` fj gjmou`rj c sulstatøyjfj.
ljhj `m fj r`b b` jar`. tjmqu` jar`/jk`at` b`skcm`ktjbj b` fj
vêfvufj b` jbgasaûm c rctj.
Mctj8 Jmt`s b`  (Cls`rv` ruçbc tçpakc b` eaftrjkaûm) .
kujfqua`r prcvab`mkaj  Lclamj b` fj vêfvufj scf`mcab` qu`gjbj [cfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
f`j fjs cls`rvjkacm`s  c scf`mcab` kcm craeakac clstruçbc.
jf eamjf b`f 
Rulc
Ru lc qu` jfag`mtj jf vêfvufj scf`mcab` Kcm`kt` fj gjmou`rj c sulstatøyjfj.
Bajomûstakc b` Ejffjs.
rctc c b`skcm`ktjbc.
@skjp` b` jar` `m jfoumj tulufjkaûm U`raeaqu` y jpra`t` fj kcm`xaûm.
b`f kcgpr`scr.
Kcgpr`scr kcm kakfcs guy Kcmsugc b` jar` guy ame`racr j fj B`skcm`kt` jfoøm kcgpr`scr `m pjrjf`fc c
rêpabcs b` kjroj/jfavac. kjpjkabjb b` prcbukkaûm b`f kcgpr`scr. amstjf` tjmqu` b` jar` b` gjycr vcfug`m.
@xk`sc b` jk`at` `m `f tjmqu`.   \`tar` `f `xk`sc b` jk`at`.
B`spfjzjga`mtc b`
jk`at` njkaj fj fçm`j Jk`at` b`f kcgpr`scr Kakfc b` kjroj y jfavac rêpabc (jpjou` jfoøm
b` jar`. ecrgjmbc `spugjs. kcgpr`scr `m pjrjf`fc c amstjf` um tjmqu` b`
gjycr vcfug`m).
@[-<>
 

BAJOMÛ[RAKC
A OMÛ
OMÛ[R B@ EJFFJ[
[RAA C B@ E FF
FF [

B@E@KRC @U@MRPJF KJP[J T\CLJLF@ [CFPKAÛM

Kcgpr`scr mc b`skcm`ktj
b`spuás b`f ta`gpc jhustjbc
R`gpcrazjbcr
R`gpcrazjbcr kcm b`e`ktc. [cfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
`m `f ‖IR:‗, c b`skcm`ktj
5
kujmbc
kujmbc pr`s.
pr`s. `f lctûm
lctûm .
Eaftrc b` jk`at` clstruçbc. \``gpfêk`fc.
Eaftrc b` jar` clstruçbc. \``gpfêk`fc.
@xk`savc kjfa`mtjga`mtc Mav`f ljhc b` jk`at`. @vjfø` fj kjusj y kjgla` `f jk`at`
b`f kcgpr`scr. (U`j Rjlfj 2, pêo. <;).
\jba
\jbajb
jbcr
cr kc
kcm
m fj kc
kcfg
fg`m
`mjj cl
clst
stru
ruçb
çbj.
j. @e`k
@e`ktø
tø`` fj fa
fagp
gpa`
a`zj
zj..
Uêfvuf
Uêfvufjj t`r
t`rgcs
gcstêt
têtakj
akj amc
amcp`r
p`rjmt
jmt`.
`. [cfaka
[cfakat`
t` fj pr`
pr`s`m
s`mkaj
kaj b` fj Jsa
Jsast`
st`mka
mkajj Rák
Rákmak
makj.
j.
\`oastrc b` sjfabj k`rrjbc. Jlrj f`mtj
f`mtjg`mt`
g`mt` `f r`oas
r`oastrc
trc:0 (Eaou
(Eaourj
rj ;,
(@m `st` kjsc fj pr`saûm `m fj pêo. 2).
Kcgpr`scr kcm kakfcs r`b `s guy ljhj).
guy rêpabcs b` Tr`scstjtc kcm bae`r`mkajf guy p`qu`mc.   [cfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj
Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
kjroj/jfavac.
Guknj párbabj b` kjroj prûxagj @fagam` fj párbabj b` kjroj.
jf kcgpr`scr.

Eaftrjkaûm `m `f karkuatc. Ab`mtaeakjr y kcrr`oar

Kcmsugc b` jk`at`
`xk`savc m`k`satjmbc
r`pcsakaûm,
(Guknc jk`at` `mkcmtrjbc
`m fj r`b b` jar`).
Ualrjkaûm c ruçbc
`xk`savc.
Uêfvufj b` s`ourabjb
jlr` r`p`tabjg`mt`.
@xk`sc b` jouj `m `f
tjmqu` jar`/jk`at`.
Fçm`j b` r`tcrmc b`f `f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr
jar`/jk`at` clstruçbj.
Guknc ta`gpc b` cp`rjkaûm `m jfavac.
@f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr bjgmaeakjbc.
(@m `st` kjsc `f gjmûg`trc  jk`at` fulrakjmt` pjrj kcgpr`scr b` jar`
ambakjbcr b` r`strakkaûm mc jkusj
prêktakjg`mt` mamoumj r`strakkaûm).
Tr`saûm b` cp`rjkaûm b`f kcgpr`scr jljhc
b` ;,2 ljro (04 psao) pcr guknc ta`gpc.
\cbjga`mtcs b`f gctcr c b` fj umabjb
bjgmaeakjbcs.
Náfak` kcm jspj qu`lrjbj.
Kcrr`js su`ftjs c b`sojstjbjs.
@f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr b` jar`/jk`at`
clstruçbc.
Uêfvufj b` jbgasaûm trjljbj.
Tr`scstjtc c vêfv. scf`mcab` kcm b`e`ktc.
Uêfvufj b` pr`saûm gçmagj trjljbj.
Kcgpr`scr cp`rjmbc guknc ta`gpc
`m jfavac y ckkacmjmbc pckc ta`gpc
(gcbc amt`rgat`mt`).
kcrr`oar..
\`tar` fj tulufjkaûm y fagpa`fj.
Cptagaz` `f ta`gpc y `f kcmsugc b` jar`.
Kjgla` `f `f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr, y/c
j tcrmaffc.
U`raeaqu` fj kjusj b` fj b`gjmbj `xk`savj.
Ab`mtaeaqu` bcmb` `stê fckjfazjbc `f ruabc y
scfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
[cfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
@stçr`fjs c kjgla` fjs kcrr`js.
U`raeaqu` `f gjmûg`trc b` r`strakkaûm y
kjgla` `f `f`g`mtc s`pjrjbcr sa `s m`k`sjrac.
[cfakat` fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.
U`raeaqu` `f kcgpcrtjga`mtc b`f kcmsugc b`
su r`b b` jar`. Kjsc mc s` scfukacm`, scfakat`
fj pr`s`mkaj b` fj Jsast`mkaj Rákmakj.

CL[@\UJKACM@[
@m kjsc b` qu` njyj kjçbj b` pr`saûm `m fj r`b, cls`rv` fcs saoua`mt`s b`tjff`s8
[a fj pr`saûm `m `f gjmûg`trc b`f kcgpr`scr `stê jftj y `m fj eêlrakj guy ljhj, `f prclf`gj `s párbabj
b` kjroj sulstjmkajf `m fj r`b b` jar`.
[a fj pr`saûm `m `f kcgpr`scr `stê ljhj y `m fj r`b b` jar` tjglaám, `s pcsalf` qu` `f kcmsugc njyj
jug`mtjbc
`s sup`racr `m
j fjeumkaûm b` fj amstjfjkaûm b` `quapc r`ka`mt`. @m `st` kjsc, fj b`gjmbj m`k`sjraj b` jar`
prcbukkaûm.
Jmt`s b` kujfqua`r prcvab`mkaj luskjmbc `mkcmtrjr fjs kjusjs `m `f kcgpr`scr, ka`rr` `f r`oastrc b`
sjfabj f`mtjg`mt`, njstj qu` fj pr`saûm sulj la`m prûxagj b` fj gêxagj b` trjljhc y v`raeaqu` fj
kcrra`mt` b`f gctcr.
[a `f kcgpr`scr `stê jsparjmbc jar` `m pf`mj kjroj y fj kcrra`mt` `stê la`m prûxagj b` fj mcgamjf `s
prcljlf` qu` `f prclf`gj mc s`j `f kcgpr`scr.
@[-<1
 

KCGT\@[C\ J RC\MAFFC [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

RÁ\GAMC[
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mc, js`ourj jf prag`
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prcbuktc
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kcmtjb
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L. @f jk`at` fulrakjmt` b`f kcgpr`scr b` jar` j tcrmaffc utafazjbc s`j umc b` fcs r`kcg`mbjbcs `m `st` Gjmujf

(umabjb kcgp
(umabjb kcgpr`scrj
r`scrj)) y usc b` pa`zj
pa`zjs s crao
craoamjf`
amjf`s
s [knuf
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(umabjb kcgpr`scrj).
Fcs b`gês kcgpcm`mt`s ta`m`m Ojrjmtçj kcmtrj kujfqua`r b`e`ktc b` ejlrakjkaûm pcr um p`rçcbc b` : (um) júc
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KCMBAKACM@[ O@M@\
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J.Fj Ojrjmtçj scfjg`mt` s`rê vêfabj sa fj Tjrtabj Rákmakj `s bjbj pcr [knufz [.J. c, pcr jfoumc b` sus
bastralua
bastraluabcr`s
bcr`s kr`b`m
kr`b`mkajb
kajbcs/r`
cs/r`pr`s`m
pr`s`mtjmt`
tjmt`s s tákma
tákmakcs
kcs jutcr
jutcrazjb
azjbcs
cs g`baj
g`bajmt`
mt` fj jpr`s
jpr`s`mtjk
`mtjkaûmaûm b`f amecrg
amecrg` ` b`
 Jt`mbaga`mtc Rákmakc y r`ff`mjga`mtc b` fj Eaknj b` Tjrtabj Rákmakj.
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mias jk
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o tc ceLrjza
ceLrjzaf.
f.
[KNPFXprcbu
[KNPFXprcbuktslf`mb
ktslf`mb nao
naon
n t`k
t`knmc
nmcfco
fcoy
y wat
watn
n `js
`jsy
y us`
us`..

AMR\CBPKRACM
AMR\C P RACM
Amstruktacm Gjmujf

TF@J[@ \@JB RNA[ GJMPJF KJ\@EPFFQ.

At waff n`fp ycu ouab` ycu am tn` amstjffjtacm, us` jmb gjamt`mjmk` ce ycur `quapg`mt.
Ae ycu `mkcumt`r j qu`stacm tnjt as mct jmsw`r`b ly tn` gjmujf, pf`js` e``f er`` tc kcmtjkt ycur m`jr`st
[KNPFX JPRNC\AX@B [@\UAK@ K@MR@\ ecr jssastjmk`.
_jrrjmty
Rc gjamtjam tn` [KNPFX wjrrjmty jmb tc `msur` ycur `quapg`mt's sje` cp`rjtacm, tn` `xkfusav` us` ce 
[KNPF
[KN PFXX cra
craoam
oamjf
jf pjrts jmb caf A[C 25 ful
pjrts fulrak
rakjmt
jmt gam
gam`r
`rjf
jf as r`q
r`quar
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\`pjars

 Jmy r`pjars gust

gjamt`mjmk`, gji`l` tn`
gjb` ly [KNPFX
jpprcprajt` JPRNC\AX@B
jmmctjtacms am tn`[@\UAK@ K@MR@\.
`quapg`mt Ecffcwamo
s`rvak` fco jmy
suppfa`b amr`pjar cr
tnas gjmujf (pjo`
5?).
Amquara`s
_n`m jbbr`ssamo qu`stacms tc tn` [KNPFX s`rvak` k`mt`r, pf`js` r`e`r tc tn` gcb`f jmb s`rajf mugl`rs ce 
ycur gjknam`. Rn`y kjm l` ecumb cm tn` jar `mb jmb amsab` tn` `f`ktrakjf kcmtrcf
kcmtrcf kjlam`t.
Amstjffjtacm
At as tn` `mb us`r's r`spcmsalafaty tc amstjff, amsp`kt, gjamtjam, cp`rjt` jmb prcvab` sp`kaeak bckug`mtjtacm
ecr tn` kcgpr`sscr jmb jar/caf tjmi js r`quar`b ly jppfakjlf` e`b`rjf, stjt` jmb fckjf kcb`s.

KCGT\@[[C\
CGT\@[[C
CGT\ \ AM[T@KRACM
@[[C\ AM[T@ RACM

Agg`bajt`fy amsp`
amsp`kt
er`aont kcgpjmy kt ycur kcgpr`sscr
agg`bajt`kcgpr`ssc
fy! \`pjarr jmy
agg`bajt`fy! ecr lctn clvacus
er`aont jmbl`ecr`
bjgjo` ums``m er`aont bjgjo`.
cp`rjtamo bjgjo` . \`pcrt tnas
tn` jar kcgpr`sscr.
kcgpr`sscr . tc tn`

@M-;?
 

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\  [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

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P[

[KNPFX jar kcgpr`sscrs jr` b`saom`b ecr tn` kcgpr`ssacm ce jtgcspn`rak jar cmfy jmb watnam tn` pr`ssur`
pjrjg`t`rs ambakjt`b am tn` [KNPFX fat`rjtur`.

[JE@RQ 
[ E RQ

_J\MAMO   I``p tn`s` Amstruktacms

Agprcp`r amstjffjtacm cr agprcp`r us` ce tnas `quapg`mt kjm r`suft am p`rscmjf amhury jmb gjt`rajf
bjgjo`.
Am crb`r tc jvcab amhury cr bjgjo`, pf`js` jbn`r` tc tn` ecffcwamo r`kcgg`mbjtacms8

:. Rnas `quap
`quapg`mt
g`mt pr`s
pr`s`mts
`mts tn` ecff
ecffcwamo
cwamonjzjr
njzjrbs8
bs8

- `xtr`g`fy nct pjrts, `m`roaz`b `f`ktrakjf kcgpcm`mts, kcgpr`ss`b jar pjrts jmb gcvamo pjrts9
- turms cm cr cee jutcgjtakjffy r`fjtav` tc syst`g pr`ssur` cr jktujtacm ce tn` tn`rgjf prct`ktacm
`f`g`mts9
- gjy kjus` g`knjmakjf cr `f`ktrakjf amt`re`r`mk` am m`jrly `quapg`mt9
- amstjffjtacm gust l` prct`kt`b ercg jkk`ss ly umjutncraz`b p`rscms, knafbr`m cr jmagjfs9
- cp`rjt` jmb gjamtjam tnas `quapg`mt watn jpprcprajt` sup`rvasacm jmb jpprcprajt` us` ce 
p`rscmjf prct`ktav` `quapg`mt9
- umat gust l` amstjff`b jmb cp`rjt`b am w`ff v`mtafjt`b jr`js watn prct`ktacm ercg `f`g`mts9

<. M`v`r jtt`g

jtt`gpt
pt tc `xk``btn` gjxa
gjxagug
gug cp`rj
cp`rjtamo
tamo pr`s
pr`ssur`
sur` ambakj
ambakjt`b
t`b cm tn` kcgp
kcgpr`ssc
r`sscrr.
;. Bc mct jtt`gpt gjamt`mjmk` l`ecr` baskcmm`ktamo tn` `f`ktrakjf pcw`r suppfy.
2. Bc mct jbhust tn` sje`ty vjfv` jmb pr`ssur` swatkn. Rn`y jr` p`rgjm`mtfy jbhust`b jt tn` ejktcry.
0. Bc mct jtt`gpt tc r`pjar cr
cr jar/caf tjmi. K`rtaeakjtacm jmb cp`rjtacm tjmi gjy
gjy l` jbv`rs`fy jee`kt`b.
jee`kt`b.
Kcms
Kcmsuf
uftt yc
ycur
ur [KNPFX Ju
Jutntncr
craz
az`b
`b [`
[`rv
rvak
ak`
` K`
K`mt
mt`r
`r..
5. M`v`r rum tn` jar/caf tjmi jlcv` tn` gjxagug pr`ssur` ambakjt`b am ats ab`mtaeakjtacm tjo.
?. Rn` `mb us`r gust njv` j m`w amsp`ktacm am tn` jar/caf tjmi kjrra`b cut jet`r 0 y`jrs ercg tn`
gjmuejkturamo bjt` sncwm am ats ab`mtaeakjtacm tjo, cr wn`m j g`knjmakjf cr kn`gakjf prclf`g,
wnakn gjy h`cpjrbaz`
h`cpjrbaz` ats r`sastjmk`, ckkurs. Rnas amsp`ktacm gust l` gjb`
gjb` jmb jpprcv`b ly jm
jutncraz`b `moam``r (siaff`b prce`ssacmjf),
prce`ssacmjf), jkkcrbamo tc fckjf t`knmakjf
t`knmakjf mcrgs. Rn` suls`qu`mt
amsp`ktacms snjff l` b`t`rgam`b ly tn` jutncraz`b `moam``r.
`moam``r. _` r`kcgg`mb tn` r`pfjk`g`mt ce
tn` tjmi ecr j m`w cm` `v`ry t`m y`jrs, cr jkkcrbamo tc tn` jutncraz`b `moam``r.
>.  Jar kcgpr`ssamo as j n`jt o`m`rjtamo prck`ss. [urejk`s jmb pjrts jr` sulh`kt tc naon
t`gp`rjtur`s, tn`r`ecr`, tc jvcab lurms, l` kjr`euf wn`m njmbfamo tn`g.
1. Bc mct us` tn` kcgpr`ss`b jar ercg tnas `quapg`mt ecr lr`jtnamo jar.jar. At gjy kcmtjam kjrlcm
gcmcxab` cr ctn`r njrgeuf sulstjmk`s.
sulstjmk`s. Ae us`b ecr sukn purpcs`, sp`kajf eaft`rs jet`r tn`
kcgpr`
kcg pr`ssc
sscrr gus
gustt l` ams
amstjf
tjff`b
f`b.. Kcmsuft
Kcmsuft ycu
ycurr [KNPFX Jut
Jutncr
ncraz`
az`b
b [`r
[`rvak
vak`
` K`m
K`mt`r
t`r ecr eur
eurtn`
tn`rr
amecrgjtacm.
:4. L`ecr` kcmm`ktamo tn` kcgpr`sscr r`-ejst`mamo ce tn` `f`ktrakjf kcm`ktacm.
::. I``p tn`
tn` r`erao`rj
r`erao`rjtacm
tacm jar amf`t jfwjys :5 kf`jm
amf`t jfwjys kf`jm,, tc pr`v`mt
pr`v`mt tn` prcp`ff
prcp`ff`r
`r ercg
ercg sukiamo
sukiamo r`gjams
r`gjams (Eaour`
(Eaour` ;,
;,
pjo`. 24).
:<. M`v`r us` scfv`mt tc kf`jm tn` kcgpr`sscr's
kcgpr`sscr's amt`rmjf/`xt`rmjf
amt`rmjf/`xt`rmjf pjrts. Ps` m`utrjf b`t`ro`mt.
:;. M`v`r
M`v`r jkt
jktavj
avjt`
t` tn` sje
sje`ty
`ty vjf
vjfv`
v` ae tn`kcgpr
tn`kcgpr`ss
`sscr
cr as cp`
cp`rjt
rjtamo
amo/pr
/pr`ss
`ssura
uraz`b
z`b,, tc jvc
jvcab
ab lur
lurms.
ms.
:2. Jvcab tn` jkkugufjtacm ce scfv`mts, pjamts cr ctn`r kn`gakjfs tnjt kjm kjus` `xpfcsacm rasis, cr kcgpr`sscr
bjgjo`.
@M-;>
  

[JE@RQ 
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:0. Bc mct kjr

kjrry
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[KNPFX
[KNP FX Jutnc
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raz`b[`rv
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ak` K`mt`
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R@KNMAKJF
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5. Tuff`y
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1. @f`ktrak gctcr
:4. Caf eaft`r
::. Kcgpr`sscr (jar `mb)
:<. [tjrt swatkn
:;. Amstrug`mt pjm`f
:2. Rn`rgcstjtak vjfv`
:2 :0. Brjam vjfv`
:5. Kccfamo jar amf`t
:?. [je`ty vjfv`
:>. Rjmi (Eaour` :*)
:5 :1. Eaft`r iat (Eaour` :*)
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:0 <:. Caf r`pfjk`g`mt pfuo

<<. Caf f`v`f saont ojuo`
<;. Caf brjam vjfv`

EAOP\@ ; * [`` am tn` pjo` ;1

@M-24
 

AM[RJFFJRACM
 M[R
M [R FF R CM

:. Fckjtacm8
Amstjff tn` kcgpr`sscr am j kcv`r`b, w`ff v`mtafjt`b jr`j, er`` ercg bust ojs`s, tcxak ojs`s, nugabaty cr
jmy ctn`r scurk`s ce kcmtjgamjtacm.
kcmtjgamjtacm. Rn` pr`s`mk` ce kcmtjgamjmts
kcmtjgamjmts am tn` jar (bust, eal`rs, `tk.) gjy
kjus` pr`gjtur` clstruktacm tc tn` jar eaft`r jmb tn` jar/caf jet`r-kccf`r (pf`js` s`` knjpt`r cm Tr`v`mtav`
Gjamt`
Gja mt`mjm
mjmk`,
k`, pjo
pjo`
` 0?
0?,, at`gs <.:.< jmb 2.:). Kn`
at`gs Kn`gak
gakjf
jf ojs
ojs`s`s gjy pjs
pjss s tnr
tnrcuo
cuon
n tn` jar amf
amf`t
`t eaf
eaft`r
t`r jmb
kcmtjgamjt` tn` caf, kjusamo fulrakjtamo prclf`gs jmb bagamasn`b jar qujfaty. Ecr amstjffjtacm am naonfy
kcmtjgamjt`b jr`js,
jr`js, j n`jvy buty r`gct` jar amf`t eaft`r iat kjm l` purknjs`b
purknjs`b jmb amstjff`b.
amstjff`b. (Kcmsuft ycur
[KNPFX  Jutncraz`b [`rvak` K`mt`r ecr prak` jmb jvjafjlafaty). Rn` gjxagug r`kcgg`mb`r`kcgg`mb`b b wcriamo
jgla`mt t`gp`rjtur`
t`gp`rjtur` as 24 K (:42 E). [ncufb t`gp`rjtur`
¸ ¸ t`gp`rjtur` l` naon`r,
naon`r, `xnjust ejms cr gust
gust l` prcvab`b
am crb`r tc lramo jgla`mt t`gp`rjtur` tc ats r`quar`b f`v`f. Rn` fcw`r tn` t`gp`rjtur`, tn` l`tt`r tn`
kcgpr`sscr's wcriamo kcmbatacms. Rn` amstjffjtacm ce j nct jar bukt ercg tn` kcgpr`sscr's kccfamo jar
cutf`t gjy l` amstjff`b. Kjr` sncufb l` tji`m tc amsur` tnjt MC JA\ EFC_ \@[R\AKRACM
\@[R\AKRACM as kr`jt`b.
Kcmm`ktacm tc tn` kcgpr`sscr kjlam`t
kjlam`t gust jfsc l` jkkcgpfasn`b am sukn j gjmm`r js tc amsur` tn`
`js`
`js ` ce gja
gjamt`
mt`mjm
mjmk`.
k`. (Kc
(Kcmsu
msuft
ft ycu
ycurr [KNPFX Jut
Jutncr
ncraz`
az`b
b [`r
[`rvak
vak`
` K`
K`mt`
mt`rr ecr jss
jssast
astjmk
jmk` ` jmb
r`kcgg`mbjtacms).

JRR@MRACM Bc mct ams

amstj
tjff
ff tn`kcgpr
tn`kcgpr`ss
`sscr
cr am kn`
kn`gak
gakjff
jffy
y ams
amsjfu
jfulra
lracusjr`js
cusjr`js..

<. Tcsatacm

Tfjk` kcgpr`sscr j gamagug bastjmk` ce : (cm`) g`t`r (;1 amkn`s) ercg jmy wjff cr clstjkf` tc ejkafatjt`
jb`qujt` jar efcw jmb `js` ce gjamt`mjmk`.
;. Gcumtamo
\`gcv` kcgpr`sscr ercg pjff`t jmb krjtamo jmb pfjk` at cm j f`v`f kcmkr`t` efccr. At as mct m`k`ssjry tc
amstjff jmta-valrjtacm b`vak`s cr tc jmkncr tn` erjg` tc tn` efccr.
2. @f`ktrakjf Kcmm`ktacm
L`ecr`
L`ecr ` kcmm`ktamo `f`ktrakjf
`f`ktrakjf pcw`r suppfy at as r`kcgg`mb`b
r`kcgg`mb`b tnjt amt`rmj
amt`rmjff `f`ktrakjf
`f`ktrakjf kcmm`ktacms l`
kn`ki`b ecr s`kuraty ecffcwamo snappamo. Kcmsuft j fak`ms`b `f`ktrakajm tc `vjfujt` pcw`r suppfy jmb
amstjff jpprcprajt` `f`ktrakjf kcmm`ktacms ecr ycur jar kcgpr`sscr.
 Qcur
 Qcur kcgpr`sscr gust l` amstjff`b am jkkcrbjmk` watn e`b`rjf stjt` jmb fckjf `f`ktrakjf kcb`s.
_aramo gust l` saz`b jpprcprajt`fy
jpprcprajt`fy tc jkkcggcbjt` am-rusn kurr`mt
kurr`mt jmb bastjmk` tc pcw`r suppfy ([``
Rjlf` ;, pjo` 21).
 J eus`b baskcmm`kt (watn tag`b b`fjy eus`s)sncufb l` amstjff`b m`jr tn` kcgpr`sscr (s`` Rjlf` <).
Jfwjys kn`ki ae tn` trjmsecrg`r's kjpjkaty kjm stjmb tn` kcgpr`sscr's pcw`r. Ae j
JRR@MRACM
s`pjrjt` trjmsecrg`r as mct jvjafjlf`, kn`ki wn`tn`r tn` `m`roy suppfy jmb gjam
karkua
karkuatt lr`
lr`ji`
ji`rs
rs kjmstjmbj vcf vcftjo
tjo`` fcj
fcjb b amk
amkr`j
r`js`.
s`.
Rn``f`ktra
Rn``f`k trakjfpcw`rsuppf
kjfpcw`rsuppfy y snc
sncufbmct
ufbmct njv
njv`` j vcf
vcftjo
tjo`` vjr
vjrajt
ajtacmor`jt
acmor`jt`r`r tnj
tnjm
m º :4%
:4%..
Rn` vcftjo` brcp kjus`b ly tn` gctcr's stjrt up sncufb mct `xk``b :4%.
Rn` erjg` ce tn` kcgpr`sscr sncufb l` orcumb`b jpprcprajt`fy.
R`rgamjf lfcki pcw`r suppfy8 suppfa`s kcgpr`sscr jkkcrbamo tc mcgamjf vcftjo` ambakjt`b am tn` stjrt
swatkn kjlam`t.
Rn` gctcr stjrt`r kcmeaourjtacm amkfub`s j tn`rgjf cv`rfcjb r`fjy ecr tn` prct`ktacm ce tn` kcgpr`sscr
jmb ejm gctcrs.
Eaour`s 2 tc 1 (bajorjgs), pjo` 2< tc 2?, sncws jm `f`ktrakjf kcmm`ktacm stjmbjrb skn`gjtak bajorjg
jmb
jm b Ea
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jgs)
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mt ;0J (<<4U
(<<4U)) - ;0 gg¼ kjlf` s`kta
s`ktacm
cm gjxa
gjxagum
gum bastj
bastjmk`
mk` ecumb <55 g`t`r
g`t`rs.
s.
_JQ[ RC AM[R
AM[RJFF
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RJLF@ ; - C\A@MRJRACM RJLF@ EC\ KCTT@\ KJLF@[ 

 @M 21

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\    [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

AM[RJFFJRACM
 M[R
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AM[RJFFJRACM
AM[RJFFJRACM CE KJT
KJTJKARC\[
JKARC\[
Tcw`r Ejktcr Kcrr`ktacm

 J rjtacmjf jmb `kcmcgak wjy tc cltjam tn` m`k`ssjry r`jktav` `m`roy ecr ycur kcgpr`sscr's prcp`r
cp`rjtacm as tn` amstjffjtacm ce kjpjkatcrs m`xt tc at.
Rn` kjpjkatcrs amstjffjtacm, ncw`v`r, gust l` pr`k`b`b ly cp`rjtacmjf g`jsur`s tnjt r`buk` tn` r`jktav`
`m`roy m`k`ssaty, js tn` swatknamo cee ce gctcrs cr ctn`r abf` ambuktav` fcjbs.
Rn` jbvjmtjo` ce tn` pcw`r ejktcr kcrr`ktacm as j g`jmamoeuf vcftjo` agprcv`g`mt.
KJ\@[ BP\AMO AM[RJFFJRACM CE KJTJKARC\[
Amstjffjtacm fckjtacm8

- Jvcab sum `xpcsur` cr amstjffjtacm m`jr naon t`gp`rjtur` `quapg`mt9

- Bc mct lfcki kjlam`ts' jar amf`t jmb cutf`t9
- Fckjtacms gust l` prct`kt`b jojamst susp`mb`b scfab jmb faquab gjt`rajfs (bust, caf, `tk)9
- Jvcab kjpjkatcr amstjffjtacms m`xt tc tn` k`afamo (n`jt)9
- Jvcab kjpjkatcr amstjffjtacms m`xt tc mcm fam`jr fcjbs.
T\CR@KRACM JOJAM[R [NC\R KA\KPAR[
Eus`s8 B`saom eus`s jkkcrbamo tc `qujtacm8 Am x :.50
MCR@8 "Am" kjpjkatcr's pfjt` bjtug
Ps` tn` kcgg`rkajf vjfu` ce agg`bajt`fy sup`racr r`tjrb`b typ` eus`.
Kcmbuktcrs8 Ps` kcmbuktcrs cv`r-b`saom`b am :,2; tag`s tn` kjpjkatcr's mcgamjf kurr`mt jmb tji` amtc
kcmsab`rjtacm ctn`r krat`raj sukn js8 tn` wjy tc amstjff, jgla`mt t`gp`rjtur`, `tk..
\@GJ\I[8 Ecr bajorjg L kcmm`
bajorjg kcmm`ktacm
ktacm (Q ) jbhust
jbhust tn`
tn` m`w kurr
kurr`mt
`mt tnjt
tnjt waff
waff oc tnrc
tnrcuon
uon tn`
tn` r`fjy
r`fjy..
MCR@8 Rn` amstjffjtacm ce kjpjkatcrs
kjpjkatcrs tc kcrr`kt tn` pcw`r ejktcr snjff l` gjb` ly j k`rtaea`b
prce`ssacmjf.
[`` am Baj
Bajorj
orjgg J's jmb L‑s Eao
Eaour`
ur` ::, tn` prc
prcp`r
p`r wjy tc kcm
kcmm`k
m`ktt kjp
kjpjka
jkatcr
tcrs
s bur
buramo
amo tn`
amstjffjtacm ce ycur kcgpr`sscr.

: ; 0
: ; 0 : ; 0 : ; 0
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EAOP\@ ::
 @M 04

AM[RJFFJRACM
 M[R
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0.   Jar
Jar bastralutac
bastralutacm
m

 J :/<" L[T( [\T <440, [\T <44> jmb K[\T K [\T <44>) jmb ;/2" L[T ([\T <4:4 jmb [\T <4:0) ljff vjfv` as
suppfa`b watn tn` kcgpr`sscr
kcgpr`sscr ecr kcmm`ktacm
kcmm`ktacm tc tn` jar bastralutacm
bastralutacm m`twcri. Rc gjxagaz` jar b`fav`ry
b`fav`ry tc
pcamt(s) ce us`, jar bastralutacm papamo bajg`t`r sncufb l` mc sgjff`r tnjm tn` jar cutf`t bajg`t`r.
Bc mct us` jar fam` eaft`rs
eaft`rs cr r`oufjtcrs
r`oufjtcrs wncs` pcrts jr` sgjff`r tnjm tn` jar papamo bajg`t`r.
bajg`t`r. Am sgjff`r
syst`gs at as r`kcgg`mb`b
r`kcgg`mb`b tnjt jm jar tjmi (kcmb`ms`b s`pjrjtcr)
s`pjrjtcr) l` amstjff`b. At sncufb njv` j
tn
gamagug stcrjo` kjpjkaty
kjpjkaty tnjt as `qujf tc cr or`jt`r tnjm :/0 ce tn` kjpjkaty (am ojffcms/fat`rs
ojffcms/fat`rs p`r
gamut`s) ce tn` kcgpr`sscr.
Amstjffamo j tjmi am tnas gjmm`r waff saomaeakjmtfy r`buk` tn` amt`rvjf ce tn` b`gjmb efuktujtacms watnam tn`
kcmtrcf syst`g ce tn` kcgpr`sscr.
Ae [\T <,444 s`ra`s kcgpr`sscrs jr` prcp`rfy saz`b ecr j ejkafaty, tn` amstjffjtacm ce j tjmi asm't m`k`ssjry.
Ncw`v`r, j occb kcgpr`ss`b jar m`twcri b`saom jfwjys amkfub`s tn` amstjffjtacm ce j tjmi am crb`r tc
kusnacm kcmtrcf efuktujtacms kjus`b
kjus`b ly `rrjtak jar kcmsugptacm, ojtn`r kcmb`ms`b
kcmb`ms`b wjt`r jmb tc gjamtjam
jm jb`qujt` jar suppfy buramo kcmsugptacm p`jis.
_` r`kcgg`mb tnjt tn` amstjffjtacm, jt tn` kcgpr`sscr's cutf`t, amkfub` jm juxafajry jar cutf`t watn j ncs`
jmb mczzf` tc kf`jm tn` kccf`r jmb ctn`r tjsis wnakn gjy r`quar` tn` us` ce fckjf kcgpr`ss`b jar.
Ecr gcr` amecrgjtacm jmb ouabjmk` am tn` b`saom ce ycur jar bastralutacm syst`g, pf`js` kcmsuft ycur
[KNPFX  Jutncraz`b [`rvak` K`mt`r.
AGTC\RJMR
Rc gjamt
gjamtjam
jam kcgp
kcgpr`ss
r`ss`b
`b jar qujfa
qujfaty
ty,, bc mct fckjt
fckjt`
` kcmb`
kcmb`ms`b
ms`bs`pj
s`pjrjtcr
rjtcr,, eaft`
eaft`rs
rs cr r`er
r`erao`r
ao`rjt`b
jt`b bry`
bry`rs
rs am vakam
vakamaty
aty
ce kcc
kccfam
famo
o jar `x
`xnju
njust
st str
str`jg
`jg.. ([`
([``
` Eao
Eaour`:<
ur`:< ).

T\@-EAFR@\@B
  JMB B\Q KF@JM JMB B\Q
KCGGCM AMBP[R\AJF JA\
AMBP[R\AJF JA\ AMBP[R\AJF JA\

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2 5   ?

Jar qujfaty jkkcrbamo tc A[C >0?;.:

:. [K\@_ KCGT\@[C\
<. KCMB@M[@B [@TJ\JRC\
;. T[ :5 @F@KR\CMAK B\JAM
2. KCJF@[K@MR T\@-EAFR@\
0. JA\ B\Q@\ LQ \@E\AO@\JRACM Mcrg Kfjss :.2.:
5. KCJF@[K@MR TC[R-EAF
TC[R-EAFR@\
R@\ \@GJ\I.8 Ecr ctn`rs kcmeaourjtacms,
?. JKRAUJR@B KNJ\KCJF EAFR@\ (LQ JB[C\TRACM) pf`js` kcmsuft tn` ejktcry.
>. NC[@/ @^TJMBJLF@ HCAMR Mct`8  Kjrry cut tn` ctn`r kcgpcm`mts

gjamt`mjmk`, jkkcrbamo tc tn`ar

amstruktacm gjmujfs.

EAOP\@ :< -   KCGT\@[[C\‑[ RQTAKJF AM[RJFFJRACM _ARN JRRJKNG@MR[

JRRJKNG@MR[ EC\ KCGT\@[[@B JA\ R\@JRG@MR.

Mct`8 Amstjffjtacm `xp`ms`s jmb jkk`scra`s jr` tn` kustcg`r‑s r`spcmsjlafaty.

 @M-0:

  

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\    [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

 _C\IAMO
 _C\IAMO
C\IAM
C\IAMO T\AMKATF@[
T\AMKATF@[
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JA\/CAF EFC_   

 Jar Efc
:. Jar
:. Efcw
w

_n`m tn` gctcr as stjrt`b, pcw`r as trjmsgatt`b tc tn` jar `mb ly puff`ys jmb l`fts.
Rn` rctjtacm ce tn` skr`ws kr`jt`s j vjkuug jmb tn` jar prcbuktacm kykf` l`oams wn`m suktacm ckkurs.
Rn` Yjtgcspn
Yjtgcspn`rakW
`rakW jar
jar efcws tnrcuo
tnrcuon
n eaft`r
eaft`r (at`g :) jmb `mt`rs
`mt`rs tn` jar
jar `mb (at`g
(at`g ;) YrjbajffyW
YrjbajffyW tnrcuon
tnrcuon tn`
tn`
ncf`s fckjt`b am tn` amf`t
amf`t kcmtrcf vjfv` (at`g <). Jar kcgpr`ssacm
kcgpr`ssacm YjxajfW as jkkcgpfasn`b js js jar as ecrk`b
l`tw``m tn` efut`s ce tn` skr`ws (rctcrs) jmb tn` jar `mb ncusamo. Jar as tn`m ecrk`b tnrcuon tn`
basknjro` pcrt.
Buramo tnas stjrt s`qu`mk`, tn` jar `mb as fulrakjt`b ly r`sabujf caf. ([`` caf efcw b`skraptacm, pjo` 0;).
 Jar suktacm tnrcuon tn` pjrtajffy cp`m`b amf`t kcmtrcf vjfv` bc`s mct r`quar` tn` euff pcw`r ce tn` gctcr
gctcr..
Amatajf jar kcgpr`ssacm jt stjrt-up (gamagjf pr`ssur`) jmb tn` gamagug pr`ssur` kn`ki vjfv` ejkafatjt` tn`
rjpab pr`ssurazjtacm
pr`ssurazjtacm ce tn` jar/caf tjmi (at`g 2) kjusamo, ly pcsatav` pr`ssur`,
pr`ssur`, tn` efcw
efcw ce fulrakccfjmt (at`g
0) amtc tn` jar `mb.

 Jt tn` basknjro` ce tn` kcgpr`ssamo umat, tn` amf`t jar jar,, gax`b watn fulrakjmt caf, as amtrcbuk`b tjmo`mtajffy
jmb jt naon v`fckaty amtc tn` tjmi. N`r` at tn` k`mtraeuojf ecrk`
ecrk` s`pjrjt`b tn` Yb`ms`rW
Yb`ms`rW caf ercg tn` jar.
jar. Bu`
tc ats b`msaty, tn` caf s`ttf`s tc tn` lcttcg ce tn` tjmi.
Rn` kcgpr`s
kcgpr`ss`bs`b jar jmb
jmb r`sa
r`sabujf
bujf caf tn`m
tn`m pjss`s
pjss`s tnrcuon
tnrcuon tn` s`pjrjt
s`pjrjtcr
cr `f`g`mt
`f`g`mt (at`g
(at`g 5). Bu` tc tn`
s`f`ktav`fy r`straktav` mjtur` ce tn` eaft`ramo g`baj tn` jar efcws er``fy tnrcuon tn` `f`g`mt jmb tn` caf fcs`s
ats v`fckaty
v`fckaty jmb ejffs
ejffs tc tn` lcttcg
lcttcg ce tn` caf s`pjrjt
s`pjrjtcr
cr (at`g ?).
Am j e`w s`kcmbs tn` amt`rmjf pr`ssur` ce tn` tjmi ras`s tc ;.2 tc 2.: ljr (04 tc 54 psao), tn` gctcr as
cp`rjtamo jt ats' mcgamjf rctjtacm jmb tn` jar kjm l` amtrcbuk`b jmb kcgpr`ss`b jt euff kjpjkaty watn tn`
amf`t kcmtrcf vjfv` (at`g <) kcgpf`t`fy
kcgpf`t`fy cp`m. At as jt tnas pcamt tnjt tn`
tn` wy`-b`ftj stjrtamo
stjrtamo syst`g
amtrcbuk`s euff vcftjo` tc tn` `f`ktrak gctcr (gcb`f [\T <4:4 jmb [\T <4:0).
_atn tn` amf`t kcmtrcf vjfv` tctjffy cp`m jmb tn` jar l`amo kcgpr`ss`b
kcgpr`ss`b jt euff kjpjkaty,
kjpjkaty, tn` pr`ssur` am tn`
tjmi ras`s rjpabfy jmb cv`rkcg`s tn` spramo t`msacm wnakn gjamtjams kfcsur` ce tn` gamagug pr`ssur`
kn`ki vjfv` (at`g
(at`g >) jmb tn` jar pjss`s tnrcuon
tnrcuon tn` jet`r-kccf`r
jet`r-kccf`r jmb amtc tn` kcgpr`ss`b
kcgpr`ss`b jar m`twcri.
m`twcri.
 @M-0<

  

 _C\IAMO
 _C\IAMO
C\IAM
C\IAMO T\AMKATF@[
T\AMKATF@[
O T\A
T\AM
M ATF [

Rn`gamag
Rn`gamagug
ug pr`
pr`ss
ssur`
ur` vjf
vjfv`
v` njstn` ecf
ecffcw
fcwamo
amo eum
eumkt
ktacm
acms8
s8
J. Cp`rjt`s js j kn`ki vjfv`, pr`v`mtamo syst`g jar ercg r`-`mt`ramo tn` kcgpr`sscr wn`m tn`
kcgpr`sscr as cee cr gcbufjt`b9
L. Gja
Gjamtj
mtjamsgamag
amsgamagug
ug pr`
pr`ssu
ssur`
r` ce jlc
jlcut
ut ;.2ljr (04psao) tc `ms
`msur`jb`qu
ur`jb`qujt`
jt` ful
fulrak
rakjta
jtacm9
cm9
K. Gjamtjams gamagug caf pr`ssur` tc pr`v`mt amjpprcprajt` caf kcmsugptacm rjt`.

<.   Caf Efc

Efcw
w

Rn`r` as j r`sabujf qujmtaty

qujmtaty ce caf pr`s`mt
pr`s`mt am tn` jar `mb. Rnas r`sabujf
r`sabujf caf prcvab`s
prcvab`s fulrakjtac
fulrakjtacm
m ecr tn` earst
e`w s`kcmbs. Cmk` tn` kcgpr`sscr stjrts jmb pr`ssur` pr`ssur` ce jrcumb <.4 ljr (;4 psao) as jkna`v`b am tn`
s`pjrjtcr
s`pjr jtcr,, pcsatav`
pcsatav` pr`ssur`
pr`ssur` cm tn` sure jk` ce tn` caf am tn` tjmi (at`g 2 ) ecrk`s caf amtc tn` jar `mb tn`r`ly
surejk` tn`r`ly
amsuramo fulrakjtacm.
Buramo tn` earst e`w gamut`s ce cp`rjtacm tn` caf waff mct l` n`jt`b tc ats' ab`jf wcriamo t`gp`rjtur` (54 tc
?4 K cr :24 tc :0> E). Am crb`r tc rjpabfy
¸ ¸ rjpabfy jkna`v` tn` b`sar`b
b`sar`b t`gp`rjtur
t`gp`rjtur`, `, tn` caf karkuat njs j
tn`rgcstjt
tn`rgcstjtak
ak vjfv
vjfv`` (at`g :4) watn twc karku
karkufjtac
fjtacm
m rcut
rcut`s.
`s.
¸
L`fcw >4 K cr :?5 ¸
:?5 E, tn` caf efcws
efcws amtc tn` kcgpr`
kcgpr`ssamo
ssamo umat tnrcu
tnrcuon
on jm caf ly-pj
ly-pjss (at`g :: ). Rn`
ss (at`g
tn`rgcstjtak vjfv` pr`v`mts caf efcw tnrcuon tn` caf kccf`r.
Rn` caf wjrgs up quakify ercg tn` n`jt ce kcgpr`ssacm jmb v`ry quakify r`jkn`s tn` ab`jf cp`rjtamo
t`gp`rjtur`.
¸ ¸
 Jt >4 K cr :?5 E tn` tn`rgjf `f`g`mt `xpjmbs, baspfjkamo tn` pastcm amsab` tn` vjfv` tnjt prcor`ssav`fy
cp`ms tn` caf
caf ly-pj
ly-pjss
ss jmb
jmb jffcws
jffcws caf efcw
efcw tnrcu
tnrcuon
on tn`
tn` caf kccf`r (at`g :< ).
caf kccf`r
Am jbbatacm tc rjpab wjrgamo ce tn` caf tn` tn`rgcstjtak vjfv` pr`v`mts caf kccfamo tc t`gp`rjtur`s l`fcw
>4 K cr :?5 E. Ly r`oufjtamo
¸ ¸ r`oufjtamo caf efcw tnrcuon tn` kccf`r jmb tn` ly-pjss,
ly-pjss, tn` vjfv` `msur`s
`msur`s tnjt jff ce tn`
caf amh`kt`b amtc tn` jar `mb as jt tn` ab`jf wcriamo t`gp`rjtur`. Rnas r`buk`s tn` kcmb`msjtacm ce wjt`r
vjpcr am tn` s`pjrjtcr
s`pjrjtcr jmb tjmi wnakn gjamtjams
gjamtjams tn` qujfaty ce tn` caf jmb r`buk`s
r`buk`s jar syst
syst`g
`g
kcmtjgamjtacm.
Rn` caf ercg
ercg tn` twc karkuf
karkufjtacm
jtacm rcut`s
rcut`s (kccf`r
(kccf`r jmb
jmb ly-pjss)
ly-pjss) gax`s
gax`s jmb as eaft`r`b (at`g :; ) l`ecr`
eaft`r`b l`ecr` l`amo
amh`kt`b amtc tn` kcgpr`ssamo umat.
Rn` caf b`pcsat`b jt tn` lcttcg ce tn` s`pjrjtcr `f`g`mt as kcmtamucusfy `vjkujt`b ljki tc tn` amf`t sab`
ce tn`
tn` jar
jar `mb
`mb tnrcu
tnrcuon
on tn`
tn` caf
caf r`turm
r`turm bap
bapp`r
p`r (at`g :2 ).
(at`g
 @M-0;

  

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\    [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

AM[R\PG@MR
M[R\P
M[R\PG TJM@F
G MR TJM@F
AM[R\PG@MR T M F

>
1
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::

>
1
:4
::

: < ; 2 0 5 ? ?
5
[\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44>

: <   ;   2   0   :<

[\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

:. Cp`rjtamo amstruktacms
<. Tr`ssur` ojuo` - tc sncw pr`ssur` am tn` m`twcri

;. [`pjrjtcr baee`r`mtajf pr`ssur` ojuo` (psa cr Ipj)

2. Rn`rgcg`t`r basknjro` t`gp`rjtur` ( K) ¸

0. Ncurg`t`r kcgpr`sscr's tctjf wcriamo ncurs

5. CM luttcm (or``m), CEE luttcm (r`b)
?. I`y s`f`ktcr wcri (AMR/KCMR)
>. Ambakjtcr faont - tc ambakjt` ae tn` kcgpr`sscr as `m`roaz`b
1. Ambakjtcr faont - tc ambakjt` ae tn` kcgpr`sscr as am cp`rjtacm
:4.Ambakjtcr faont - tc ambakjt` ae tn` kcgpr`sscr
kcgpr`sscr as umfcjb`b
umfcjb`b
::.Ambakjtcr faont - tc ambakjt` cv`rfcjb ce tn` `f`ktrak gctcr
gctcr
:<.@g`ro`mky snut cee luttcm

EAOP\@ :2 - 
-   AM[R\PG@MR  TJM@F
 @M-02

  

KCMR\CF
KCMR\C
KCMR\CF
CMR\C
CMR\CF
FF [Q[R@G
[Q[R@G
[Q[R
[Q[R G

KCGT\@[[C\ J - PMFCJB [Q[R@G AMTPR C\AEAK@[

L - RAG@\

EAOP\@
EAOP\@ :0 - KCMR\CF [Q[
[Q[R@G  
R@G  

Rn` kcgpr`sscr's r`e`r`mk` pr`ssur` as jfwjys tn` gjxagug wcri pr`ssur` ambakjt`b am ats ab`mtaeakjtacm
pfjt`.
_n`m tnas pr`ssur` as r`jkn`b tn` jar m`twcri (at`g :), tn` kcmtrcf pr`ssur`
r`jkn`b am tn` (at`g <) watnbrjws tn`
pr`ssur` swatkn (at`g
vjfv` (at`g ;), jmb brjams
`f`ktrak t`msacm tnjt e``bs scf`mcab vjfv` jbgassacm vjfv` (at`g 2)
brjams tn` jar tnjt gjamtjams jbgassacm
cp`m.
rcut` (at`g 0) cp`ms saguftjm`cusfy
_n`m tn` jbgassacm vjfv` kfcs`s, tn` tjmi's amt`rmjf pr`ssur` r`fa`e rcut` saguftjm`cusfy.. Jt
tnas gcg`mt, tn` kcgpr`sscr stjrts tc rum umfcjb`b watncut prcbukamo jar tc tn` m`twcri, lut i``pamo tn`
tjmi's
tjm i's amt
amt`r
`rmjf
mjf pr`
pr`ssu
ssur`
r` jt jrc
jrcumb<.?
umb<.? tc ;.2ljr (24tc 04 psa
psao).
o).
Rn`tjmi's
Rn`tjmi's amt
amt`rm
`rmjf
jf pr`
pr`ss
ssur`
ur` stj
stjlaf
lafaz`
az`s
s l`t
l`tw``
w``m
m <.?jmb ;.2 ljr (24 tc 04 psa
psao)
o) l`k
l`kjus
jus`
` ce tn
tn`
` ecf
ecffcw
fcwamo
amo88
J. _n`m
_n`mtn`
tn` jbgas
jbgassacm
sacm vjfv
vjfv`
` as tctjf
tctjffy
fy kfcs
kfcs`b,
`b, tn` tjmi'sb`pr`ss
tjmi'sb`pr`ssurazj
urazjtacm
tacm stjrt
stjrts9
s9
L. Rn`jar as sta
staff
ff jls
jlscrl
crl`b
`b ly tn`eaft`
tn`eaft`rr tnr
tnrcuo
cuon
n cra
craeak
eak`s
`s wat
watn
n j sgj
sgjff
ff pjs
pjssjo
sjo`
` jr`
jr`j
j am tn`jbgas
tn`jbgassac
sacm
m vjf
vjfv`
v`99
K.  Jftncuon tn` jbgatt`b jar vcfug` as sgjff, at as or`jt`r tnjm tn` vcfug` `xatamo tnrcuon r`fa`e syst`g
(at`g 0) jmb tnas stjlafa
(at`g stjlafaz`
z`s
s pr`
pr`ssu
ssur`
r` l`tw``
l`tw``m m <.? jmb ;.2 ljr (24 tc 04 psa psao),
o), `mcuon
`mcuon tc i``
i``pp caf
caf's
's
karkufjtacm. _n`m tn` jar m`twcri m`jr tn` kcgpr`sscr brcps jpprcxagjt`fy :.2 ljr (<4 psao), tn`
pr`ssu
pr` ssur`
r` swa
swatkn
tkn jff
jffcws
cws t`
t`msa
msacm
cm tc r`t
r`turm
urm tc scf
scf`mc
`mcab, ab, tnu
tnus
s kcg
kcggum
gumakjakjtam
tamo
o tn` tjm
tjmi‑s
i‑s kcg
kcgpr`
pr`ss`
ss`b
b jar wat
watn
n
tn`amt`rmjf
tn`amt`r mjf pjr
pjrtt ce tn`jbgas
tn`jbgassacsacm
m vjf
vjfv`
v`'s
's kyf
kyfamb
amb`r
`r,, r`-
r`-cp`
cp`mam
mamo
o at, sc tnj
tnjtt tn`euff fcj
fcjb
b wcr
wcrii sys
syst`gr`-s
t`gr`-stjr
tjrts.
ts.
 @M-00

  

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\    [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

KCMR\CF
CMR\
CM CF GCB@
R\CF GCB@
GCB@

Rnas kcgpr`sscr njs twc kcmtrcf gcb`s8 Amt`rgatt`mt jmb Kcmtamucus.

J. _n`m s`t tc tn` amt`rgatt`mt gcb` tn` kcgpr`sscr waff cp`rjt` jt euff fcjb up tc tn` gjxagug wcriamo
pr`ssur` jmb waff turm cee agg`bajt`fy wn`m at r`jkn`s sukn pr`ssur`.
L. _n`m s`t tc tn` kcmtamucus gcb` tn` kcgpr`sscr waff umfcjb jt tn` gjxagug wcriamo pr`ssur` jmb waff
cmfy turm cee ae tn`r` as mct jm jar kcmsugptacm tnjt kjus`s tn` m`twcri pr`ssur` tc brcp ercg :.4; tc :.2 ljr
(:0 tc <4 psao) buramo tn` tag` jbhust`b jt tn` tag`r ce tn` ‖IR:
‖IR:‗‗ `f`ktrak pjm`f.
pjm`f.
Am lctn kcmtrcf gcb`s, tn` kcgpr`sscr waff jutcgjtakjffy r`-stjrt wn`m`v`r tn` pr`ssur` am tn` syst`g
brcps
brcp s ercg :.4;
:.4; tc :.2 ljr (:0 tc <4 psao).
psao).
Am crb`r tc knccs` tn` gcst kcmv`ma`mt kcmtrcf gcb`, pf`js` r`jb tn` amstruktacms am tn` kcgpr`sscr's
amstrug`mt pjm`f jmb cls`rv` tn` kcmsugptacm pjtt`rm ce ycur kcgpr`ss`b jar m`twcri.

\`gjris8
- Jm `f`ktrak gctcr sncufb mct stjrt gcr` tnjm t`m tag`s p`r ncur.
- [watkn tn` kcgpr`sscr cee tc s`f`kt tn` Kcmtrcf Gcb`.

R@KNMAKJF
@ NM
NMA
A F B@FAU@\Q 
B@FAU@
B@FAU@\Q
\Q

 Jet`r jff tn` kcgpr`sscr as amstjff`b jmb kcmm`kt`b js p`r tn` kustcg`rs r`quar`g`mts, tn` kcgpr`sscr
gust l` stjrt`b am tn` pr`s`mk` ce j r`pr`s`mtjtav` ce tn` m`jr`st [KNPFX Jutncraz`b [`rvak` K`mt`r.K`mt`r. Rnas
t`knmakajm waff vjfabjt` tn` _jrrjmty js r`quar`b ly [KNPFX jmb waff ouab` tn` kustcg`r cm stjrtamo
prck`bur`s, jmb prcvab` cwm`r/cp`rjtcr trjamamo am tn` kcgpr`sscr's cp`rjtacm jmb pr`v`mtav`
gjamt`mjmk`. Rn` kcgpr`sscr's wjrrjmty waff l` vjfabjt`b jmb tn` wjrrjmty p`racb amatajt`b cmfy j) upcm
prcbuktacm ce tn` R`knmakjf
R`knmakjf B`fav`ry r`pcrt prcvab`b ly [KNPFX Jutncraz`b [`rvak`
[`rvak` K`mt`r buramo tn` earst
stjrt prck`bur` - cm` kcpy ce wnakn waff r`gjam watn tn` kustcg`r jmb l) tn` eaffamo am ce tn` R`knmakjf
R`knmakjf
B`fav`ry Fco (pjo` 51) wnakn
wnakn waff l` s`mt tc tn` ejktcry ly
ly tn` t`knmakajm. Amstruktacms kcmtjam`b am at`g "J"
ce tn` _jrrjmty R`rgs (pjo` 55), umb`r O`m`rjf _jrrjmty Kcmbatacms, gust l` ecffcw`b.

[RJ\R T\CK@BP\@
[RJ\R
R \R T\CK@BP\@
T\CK@BP\
T\C
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@BP\@
\@

[\T <,444 s`ra`s kcgpr`sscrs jr` t`st`b am tn` ejktcry jmb suppfa`b watn
gam`rjf fulrakjmt caf A[C 25.

Earst stjrt prck`bur`8

J. Cp`m tn` kjlam`t's f`et sab` bccr (ejkamo tn` pjm`f) jmb kn`ki tn` caf
f`v`
f` v`f9tn`
f9tn` ca
caff f`
f`v`
v`ff sa
saon
ontt (a
(at`
t`gg ;, Eao
Eaour
ur`
` :>
:>,, pj
pjo`
o` 0>
0>)) gu
gustl`
stl` kc kcv`
v`r`
r`b9
b9
L. Ae tn tn`` jg
jgla la`m
`mtt t`
t`gpgp`r `rjt
jtur
ur`
` as ba
baee
ee`r
`r`m
`mtt er
ercg
cg (R (Rjl
jlf` f` 2, pj
pjo`
o` 0101))
sp`k
sp `kae
aeak
akjt
jtac
acmsms,, kn
knjm
jmo`
o` tcskr`
tcskr`w w kc
kcgp
gpr`
r`ss
sscrfulr
crfulrakakjm caff A[
jmtt ca A[CC ;<.
K. Ambak jtcr faont (at`g >, Eaour
Ambakjtcr Eaour`` :2, pjo` 02) ce ce tn` amstr
amstrug`mt
ug`mt pjm`f gust
l` cm sncwamo tnjt tn` kcmtrcfs jr` `m`roaz`b9
B. Kfcs` tn` jar cutf`t vjfv`9
@. Kn`
Kn`ki ki \ct
\ctjtajtacm
cm ly qua
quakif
kify
y pr`
pr`ssa
ssamo
mo tn` [tj rt I`y (or``m ) tc swa
[tjrt swatkn
tkn cm tn`
kcgpr`ssc
kcgp r`sscrr jmb agg`bagg`bajt`fajt`fy
y pr`s
pr`ssamo
samo tn` `g`ro
`g`ro`mky`mky stcp (r`b ) luttc
luttcm,
m,
swatknamo tn` kcgpr`sscr cee jmb cls`rvamo tn` bar`ktacm ce rctjtacm. At gust
l` am tn` bar`ktacm ambakjt`b ly tn` jrrcw fckjt`b am tn` jar `mb kjstamo EAOP\@ :5

(Eaour` :5). Rn` kcrr`kt jar efcw as tcwjrb tn` kccf`r.

Mct`s8 Ae tn` rctjtacm as amkcrr`kt, baskcmm`ktbaskcmm`kt amput pcw`r ercg tn` kcgpr`sscr jmb amt`rknjmo` twc
war`s jt tn` baskcbaskcmm`kt
mm`kt.. \`p`jt prck`bur` @ .
\`p`jt prck`bur`
E.  Jet`r gjiamo sur` tnjt tn` rctjtacm bar`ktacm as kcrr`kt, kfcs` tn` sab` bccr jmb pr`ss tn` [tjrt I`y
(or``m) tc rum tn` kcgpr`sscr jojam, i``pamo tn` vjfv` kfcs`b umtaf tn` kcgpr`sscr r`jkn`s ats gjxagug
pr`ssur` jmb stjrts tc umfcjb. [fcwfy cp`m tn` vjfv` jmb ycur rctjry skr`w jar kcgpr`sscr as mcw r`jby
tc suppfy kcgpr`ss`b jar tc tn` m`twcri.
 @M-05

  
 

[RJ
[RJ\R
\R T\CK@BP\@
[RJ\R
R \R T\CK@BP\@
T\CK@BP\
T\C @
@BP\@
@BP\@

! AGTC\RJMR
:- Rn` kcgpr`sscr sncufb m`v`r rum watn ats bccrs cp`m ecr gcr` tnjm tnr`` (;) gamut`s.
<- Am tn` earst stjrt, tn` gctcr gust mct wcri ecr gcr` tnjm tnr`` s`kcmbs (;) watn tn` amv`rt`b
rctjtacm.
At`g ‖@‗ as jkkc
jkkcgpfas
gpfasn`b
n`b quakify jmb waff l` `jsafy cls`rv`b. Am kjs` ce prclf`
prclf`gs
gs buramo tn` stjrt-
up, kcmsuft tn` Rrculf`sncctamo Raps Knjpt`r, pjo` 5<.
;- Am `g`ro`mka`s, pr`ss tn` `g`ro`mky luttcm :< (Eaour` :2, pjo` 02) tnjt waff swatkn cee tn`
kcgpr`sscr.
2- Rn` `g`ro`mky luttcm gust cmfy l` us`b wn`m tn` kcgpr`sscr m``bs tc l` stcpp`b agg`bajt`fy.
Ats us` umb`r mcrgjf kcmbatacms waff kjus` ejafur` am tn` `quapg`mt. Rnas as mct kcv`r`b ly tn`
wjrrjmty.
0- Am mcrgjf cp`rjtacms, us` tn` [tcp I`y (r`b) cm tn` amstrug`mt pjm`f, wn`r` j tag`b umfcjb waff
ckkur l`ecr` tn` kcgpr`sscr stcps.

[RCT
[RCT T\CK@BP\@
RCT T\CK@BP\@
T\C @BP\@
@BP\@

J.  Kfcs` tn` s`rvak` fam` vjfv` sfcwfy.

J. Kfcs`
L. _jat ecr tn` kcgpr`sscr tc umfcjb (j e`w s`kcmbs).
s`kcmbs). _n`m tn` kcgpr`sscr as umfcjb`b, pr`ss tn` r`b
luttcm, tnus swatknamo tn` kcgpr`sscr cee.

T\@U@MRAU@
\@U@MRAU
\@U@ @ GJAMR@MJMK@
T\@U@MRAU@
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:. BP\
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AMORN@ EA\
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\[.
:.: Kn`ki tn` jar m`twcri p`recrgjmk` watn tn` ejktcry cr kfamak (K[\T <44>) ly cp`rjtamo tn`
kcgpr`sscr jt euff kcmsugptacm.
kcmsugptacm. Am crb`r tc knccs` tn` kcmtrcf gcb` (AMR/KCMR), pf`js` cls`rv` tn`
Amecrgjtacm [taki`r amstruktacms fckjt`b cm tn` kcgpr`sscr's Amstrug`mt Tjm`f.

<. _@@IF
_@@IFQ  Q 
<.: _atn tn` kcgpr`sscr cm8
<.:.:. Kn`ki l`ft t`msacm jmb jbhust at ae m`k`ssjry (Eaour` :?).
Am crb`r tc g`jsur` tn` t`msacm, us` j t`msacg`t`r (kcb` 4<:.441?-4) tnas kjm l` purknjs`b ercg
ercg tn`
m`jr`st [KNPFX Jutncraz`b [`rvak` K`mt`r.

R@M[ACM
  ^
M (M`wtcm) (ioe)
(kg)
Gam. Gêx. Gam. Gêx.

<1.2 22.< ;.4 2.0 4.0

EAOP\@ :? -  L@FR[ R@M[AÛM

^
 @M-0?

 
 

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\    [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

T\@U@MRAU@
T\@U@MRAU@
\@U@MRAU
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GJAMR@MJMK
@ G @
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AMR@M

! AGTC\RJMR
- _n`m tn` t`msacm ce tn` l`fts(s) as amkcrr`kt, tn`y waff
cv`rn`jt jmb sfap. J squ`jfamo scumb
scumb gjy l`
mctak`b.
- Jmctn`r wjy tc kn`ki tn` l`ft t`msacm as tc gcmatcr
tn` jar `mb's rpg jmb cls`rvamo ats vjrajtacm. :
- Rn` l`fts gust l` r`pfjk`b wn`m tn`y sncw saoms ce 
w`jr cr wn`m tn`r` as baee`r`mk` am l`ft t`msacm (s``
tjlf` Eaour` :?, pjo` 0?).

<.:.<. Kn`k
Kn`ki
i tn` jar eaft`r
eaft`r r`st
r`strakt
raktacm8
acm8 Ae ambakjtc
ambakjtcrr (at`g
(at`g <)
(Eaour` :1, pjo` 01) as r`b, cr ae at njs l``m us`b ecr
;,444
;,44 4 ncurs (wnakn`v`r
(wnakn`v`r ckkurs earst) knjmo knjmo` ` jar amf`t
eaft
eaft`r
`r (a
(at`
t`g
g :) (E
(Eao
aour
ur`
` :1
:1,, pj
pjo`
o` 01
01)) kc
kcb`
b` 44
44?.
?.4:
4::4
:4-4-4 jm
jmb
b
umfcki
umfck i tn` baee`
baee`r`mt
r`mtajf
ajf pr`s
pr`ssur`
sur` ambakj
ambakjtcr
tcr (umfc
(umfckiamo
kiamo
amstru
ams trukta
ktacmsjr`
cmsjr` oav
oav`m
`m cm ats lcb
lcby)y)..
<.:.;. Brjam tn` kcmb`ms`b (wjt`r) ercg tn` jar/caf
tjmi w``ify, cr bjafy, jkkcrbamo tc tn` jgla`mt r`fjtav`
<
nugabaty, js ecffcws8
- [watkn cee tn` kcgpr`sscr jmb wjat ecr cm` ncur
umtaf tn` kcmb`ms`b wjt`r as b`pcsat`b cm tn` tjmi‑s
lcttcg9
- Kcmm`kt
Kcmm`kt j ncs`
ncs` tc tn` brjam
brjam vjfv`
vjfv` (at`g
(at`g 2) :.  Jar/caf s`pjrjtcr `f`g`mt
;
(Eaour`:>), cp`m at jmb kcff`kt tn` kcmb`ms`b <. Caf eaff am pfuo
wjt`r am j kcmtjam`r.
kcmtjam`r. Kfcs` tn` vjfv`
vjfv` js sccm js ;. Caf f`v`f saont
2
tn` caf stjrts tc efcw ercg tn` tjmi. 2. Caf brjam vjfv`

EAOP\@ :> 

<.< _at
_atn
n tn` kcg
kcgpr`
pr`ssc
sscrr cm8
<.<.:. Kn`ki tn` baee`r`mtajf pr`ssur`
pr`ssur` ce tn` jar/caf s`pjrjtcr `f`g`mt. _n`m tn` baee`r`mtajf pr`ssur`
pr`ssur` ojuo`
(at`g
(at`g :, Eao
Eaour`:2,
ur`:2, pjo
pjo`` 02
02)) r`j
r`jkn`
kn`ss : ljr (:2 psa
psao)
o) cr ;,4
;,444
44 ncu
ncurs
rs (wn
(wnakn
akn`v
`v`r
`r ckk
ckkursearst
ursearst),
), knj
knjmo`
mo` s`
s`pjr
pjrjtc
jtcrr
`f`g
`f `mt(at`g :) (kc
`g`mt(at`g (kcb`
b` 44?
44?.4:
.4::<-
:<-4
4 Eao
Eaour`:>).
ur`:>).
<.<.<. Kn`k
Kn`ki i cp`rjtamo
cp`rjtamo t`gp
t`gp`rjt
`rjtur`.
ur`. At sncufb
sncufb l`
l` l`tw``m
l`tw``m >4 jmb 10 K cr :?5
¸ ¸ :?5 jmb <4;
¸ <4; E.
¸

Mct`8  Jlcv` ::0 K cr <;1 E, tn` tn`rgcstjt waff snut cee tn` kcgpr`sscr bu` tc tn` cv`rn`jtamo.
¸ ¸

<.<.;. Caf f`v`f8

<.<.;.:. Ae tn` f`v`f njs ejff`m
ejff`m tc watnam cr l`fcw
l`fcw tn` caf f`v`f saont
saont (at`g ;, Eaour` :>) s`rvak`
s`rvak` tn` caf js
ecffcws8
<.<.;.:.: Ecr jm jkkurjt` caf f`v`f r`jbamo, turm cee tn` kcgpr`sscr jmb wjat ecr tn` caf tc s`ttf` jmb
ecjg tc bagamasn.
<.<.;.:.<  Jffcw jpprcxagjt`fy tnr`` gamut`s ecr jar tc `skjp` ercg tn` jar/caf tjmi jmb [FC_FQ [FC_FQ cp`m
tn` eaff
eaff pfuo
pfuo (at`g
(at`g <, Eaour`
Eaour` :>).
:>).
<.<.;.:.;  Jbb caf umtaf b`sar`b f`v`f as r`jkn`b. (Caf f`v`f sncufb r`jkn tn` eaffamo pcrt)
<.<.;.:.2 Amstjff jmb taont`m tn` pfuo. Rn` pfuo as s`fe-s`jfamo. Rn`r`ecr` jvcab cv`r-taont`mamo.
<.<.;.:.0 Rurm cm tn` kcgpr`sscr jmb kn`ki tn` caf f`v`f. f`v`f. Ae tn` saont as mct kcv`r`b, r`p`jt tn`
pr`vacus prck`bur`s.

Mct`s8 - Rn` caf f`v`f saont as tn` gamagug f`v`f ambakjtcr jmb tn` eaff pcrt as tn` gjxagug f`v`f ambakjtcr.
- At as `xp`kt`b tnjt caf s`rvakamo waff l` m`k`ssjry jt tn` cm` tncusjmb ncur (:,444)
! gjamt`mjmk` amt`rvjf. Rn`r`ecr`, at kjm l` fcoakjf jmb prjktakjf tc jkkcgpfasn tn` s`rvakamo
jmb rcutam` gjamt`mjmk` saguftjm`cusfy.
 @M-0>

 
 

T\@U@MRAU@
T\@U@MRAU@
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GJAMR@MJMK
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<

;. @U@\Q
@U@\Q:,444
:,444NCP\
NCP\[[
Knjmo` tn` kcgpr`sscr caf jmb caf eaft`r (s``
(s`` mct` agpcrtjmt l`fcw,
l`fcw,

! at`g :, Eaou
at`g Eaour`
r` <4)
<4)..
;.:\`kcgg
`kcgg`mb`b`mb`b caf :
Rn`r
Rn `r`
` as j st
stak
aki`
i`rr cm tn
tn`
` ja
jar/r/ca
caff tj
tjmi
mi am
amba
bakj
kjta
tamo
mo tn
tn`
` ty
typ`
p` ce ca
caff us
us`b
`b ec
ecrr tn
tn`
` ej
ejkt
ktcr
cry
y
eaff ce ycur jar kcgp
kcgpr`ss
r`sscr
cr..
Rnas kcgpr`sscr kjm jfsc l` cp`rjt`b watn symtn`tak jmb mcm-tcxak symtn`tak
cafs wnakn waff knjmo` tn` gjamt`mjmk` (caf r`pfjk`g`mt) amt`rvjf as tc 5,444
ncurs. Rn` earst caf eaft`r knjmo` gust ckkur jt ;44 ncurs ncurs jmb tn` suls`qu`mt
cm`s jt `v`ry <,444 ncurs*.
Knjmoamo caf typ`s as mct naonfy r`kcgg`mb`b, js kn`gakjf amkcgpjtalafata`s
kjm kjus` bjgjo` tc tn` gjknam`. EAOP\@ :1

AGTC\RJMR8 Rn` earst eaft`r knjmo` gust l` kjrra`b cut

watn ;44 cp`rj
cp`rjtamo
tamo ncurs watn suls`qu`mt
suls`qu`mt knjm
knjmo`s
o`s
! `v`ry :,44
:,444
4 ncurs
ncurs..
Kcb`
Kc b` 44
44?.
?.4:
4:??
??-4
-4/J
/J ([
([\T
\T <4
<440
40 - [\
[\TT <4
<44>
4> - K[
K[\T
\T <4
<44>
4>))
jmb44?.4::0
jmb44?.4 ::0-4/
-4/J
J ([\
([\TT <4:
<4:4
4 - [\
[\TT <4:
<4:0).
0).
* Kcmsuft tn` ejktcry
ejktcry cr [KNPFX Jutncraz`b
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Ae tn`r` as mc orcumbamo kfap tn` `f`g`mt gust l` `xknjmo`b ecr jm `f`g`mt tnjt njs j orcumbamo kfap
amstjff`b.
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muaty gust l` `stjlfasn`b
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watnam tn` kcgpr`sscr r`suftamo
r`suftamo am s`v`r` bjgjo` tc `quapg`mt `quapg`mt jmb amhury cr fcss
ce fae`!
5. JMMPJFFQ 
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pr`ssur` swatkn jmb tn` pr`ssur` pr`ssur` ojuo`(s). Ae tnas as mct pcssalf`, r`pfjk`g`mt
r`pfjk`g`mt ce k`rtaea`b at`gs watn m`w
(r`k`mtfy k`rtaea`b ) at`gs as jm cptacm.
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l`jramos.
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>. [@\UAK@ FCO
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pr`skral`b gjamt`mjmk` amt`rvjf (js ambakjt`b am tnas Gjmujf.)
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ly j r`pr`s`mtjtav` ce tn` m`jr`st [KNPFX Jutncraz`b [`rvak` K`mt`r.
Cp`rjtamo kcmbatacms jmb b`gjmbs cm tn` gjknam` gjy baktjt` j gcbaeakjtacm ce tn` gjamt`mjmk` amt`rkjf(s).
Gjamt`mjmk` amt`rvjfs gust l` r`buk`b tc 04% am naon b`gjmb satujtacms cr kcmtjgamjt`b `mvarcmg`mts.
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`f`g`mt gust l` baspcs`b ce am jkkcrbjmk` watn fckjf stjt` jmb e`b`rjf ouab`fam`s.

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Caf kcmsugptacm gjy l` amkr`js`b bu`

bu` tc jmy ce tn` ecffcwamo
ecffcwamo kcmbatacms8

:.@xk`ss t`gp`rjtur`
t`gp`rjtur` buramo
buramo cp`rjtacm. Ae t`gp`rjtur`
t`gp`rjtur` as kcmsast`mtfy
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¸ ¸ tn`
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<. Ae jar/caf s`pjrjtcr `f`g`mts jr` kfcoo`b9
;. Ae tn`r` as vjrmasn ecrgjtacm8 at jee`kts kccfamo
kccfamo jmb caf s`pjrjtacm. Ujrmasn ecrgjtacm
ecrgjtacm (caf cxabjtacm) kjm l`
s``m, am g`tjf f`v`fs, js j lrcwm vjrmasn/fjkqu`r fjy`r.

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l`kjus`us` tn`r` gaont l` kcmtjgamjtac
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kn`gakjf amkcgpjtalafaty, b`kr`jsamo tn` caf's fae`tag` jmb kjusamo fulrakjtacm prclf`gs.

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Fast`b l`fcw jr` j mugl`r ce gjfeumktacms/baeeaku

gjfeumktacms/baeeakufta`s
fta`s tnjt gjy l` `mkcumt`r`b
`mkcumt`r`b wnakn gjy kjus` tn`
kcgpr`sscr tc cp`rjt` amkcrr`ktfy cr tc stcp cp`rjtamo kcgpf`t`fy.
Gjmy sagpf` prck`bur`s, b`saom`b tc scfv` prclf`gs, jr` cee`r`b tc tn` cp`rjtcr tnrcuon tn` @f`ktrcmak
Amt`rejk` baspfjy.
baspfjy. Rn`s` jr` vjfab kcrr`ktav` g`jsur`s
g`jsur`s tnjt kjm l` jtt`gpt`b watncut tn` m``b ecr

sp`kajfaz`b t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.

Ncw`v`r, sncufb tn` prclf`g p`rsast jet`r njvamo tra`b tn` `stjlfasn`b kcrr`ktav` jktacms, pf`js` kcmtjkt tn`
m`jr`st Jutncraz`b [KNPFX [`rvak` K`mt`r.

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Mct`8  Fjki ce kcggjmb vcftjo`. Kn`ki kcggjmb karkuat eus`s.

Rn` kcgpr`sscr gjy l` Ae tn`r`'s t`msacm am tn` kcggjmb faont 
cee bu` tc tn` jktacm ce tn` (at`g >), Eaour`
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pr`ssur` swatkn jmb at waff  gust faont up.
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:4 , Eao. :2, pjo` 02) 

gust l` cm
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naon jmb tnjt 
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pr`ssur` swatkn bc`s mct 
r`f`js` tn` swatknamo).
cv`rfcjb r`fjy as mct s`t. r`-stjrtamo kcgpr`sscr
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RC BC
BC

Kcgpr`sscr bc`sm't stjrt. Cv`r t`gp`rjtur`.

_jat umtaf ab`jf cp`rjtamo t`gp`rjtur`
Mct`8 
Rn` kcgpr`sscr gjy l` Rn`rgcstjt jktavjt`b. as jkna`v`b jmb kn`ki tn` kjus`.
cee bu` tc tn` jktacm ce tn`
pr`ssur` swatkn jmb at waff 
r`-stjrt jutcgjtakjffy (Ae  Kcmtjktcrs' kcaf as lurmt. Kn`ki kcmtjktcrs' kcafs.
tnas as tn` kjus`, faont (at`g 
:4 , Eao. :2, pjo` 02) 
gust l` cm sncwamo tnjt  Ctn`r kjus`s8 Kn`ki tn` jee`kt`b kcgpcm`mts jmb ecffcwamo
pr`ssur` as naon jmb tn` Fccs` cr lrci`m war`s. tn` waramo bajorjg, eamb tn` fccs` kcmm`ktacm
pr`ssur` swatkn bc`s mct  cr lr`ji.
r`f`js` tn` swatknamo).
Cv`rfcjb r`fjy trapp`b. Ab`mtaey kjus`, `fagamjt` at jmb kn`ki r`fjy's
s`ttamo (s).
Basknjro` vjfv` kfcs`b jmb kcgpr`sscr Cp`m tn` vjfv` sfcwfy.
wcriamo amt`rg. Gcb`.
_ar` ojuo` amjb`
amjb`qujt`.F
qujt`.Faont
aont (at`g ::, Kn`ki jgp brjw jmb fjo l`tw``m pnjs`s.

Eaour` :2, pjo` 02) gust faont up. Kn`ki kcb` jmb r`amstjff kjlf`s ae m`k`ssjry.
Fjki ce pnjs`. Kn`ki eus`s jmb r`pfjk` ae m`k`ssjry.
(eus` lfcwm) Eamb cut wny eus` lurm`b.
Kcgpr`sscr stjrts Gctcr amput kjlf`s jr` fccs` jt Kn`ki kcmbatacm ce kjlf`s jmb ce amsufjtacms
lut turms cee kcmtjktcrs kcmm`ktacms. jmb r`-ejst`m tn`g ae m`k`ssjry.
agg`bajt`fy.
B`e`ktav` cv`rfcjb r`fjys cr wcrm Kn`ki I:, I< jmb I; kcmtjktcrs' kcmtjkts.
cut kcmtjkts. Ae mcrgjf, v`raey r`fjy.
Fjki ce caf. Kn`ki caf f`v`f jmb eaff am usamo (s`` Rjlf` 2,
R`gp`rjtur` ras`s quakify. pjo` 01) kcgpr`sscr caf.

Jar/ca
Jar/caff s`p
s`pjrj
jrjtcr
tcr `f`
`f`g`m
g`mtt kfc
kfcoo`
oo`b.
b. Knjmo`
Knjmo` jar
jar/ca
/caff s`p
s`pjrj
jrjtcr
tcr `f`
`f`g`m
g`mtt jmb tn` caf
caf..
Kn`ki kcb` jmb r`amstjff kjlf`s ae m`k`ssjry.

Amt`rgatt`mt mcas` jt stjrt. Kn`ki ecr vcftjo` brcp buramo stjrt-up,

Kcmtjktcrs bc mct s``g
tc jktavjt` (wn`m or``m
luttcm as pr`ss`b , at`g 1
Eaour` :2 pjo` 02 (faont),
swatkn`s CM jmb CEE
r`p`jt`bfy).
@f`ktrak gctcr
rctjtacm b`kr`js`.
Kcgpr`sscr swatkn`s cee
jmb bc`sm't r`-stjrt `v`m
watn fcw m`twcri pr`ssur`.
Ucftjo` brcp/war` ojuo`
amjb`qujt`.
Ucftjo` brcp ce <2U am tn` trjmsecrg`r‑s
s`kcmbjry jt stjrtamo up.
<2U trjmsecrg`r as b`e`ktav`.  
Amv`rt`b rctjtacm.  
B`ftj/trajmof` i`y kcggutjtacm tag`
as tcc fcmo ([\T <4:4 jmb [\T <4:0).
[`t tag` am 2 cr 0 s`kcmbs jbhustamo
tag`r ce s`kcmbs.
Kcgpr`ssamo umat fcki`b.
Cv`rfcjb r`fjy jktavjt`b.  
Naon t`gp`rjtur`.  
r``vjfujt` kjlf` sazamo.
Kn`ki t`msacm fjo l`tw``m pnjs`s.
Kn`ki ecr fccs` war`s.
Kn`ki kjus` jmb `fagamjt` at.
\`pfjk` at.
Kn`ki rctjtacm bar`ktacm. \`v`rs` ae m`k`ssjry.
Rag`r ce s`kcmbs cm kcmtjktcr‑s kcaf
as b`e`ktav`.
Kn`ki ae tag`r as amv`rtamo kcmtjkts am
s`t tag`.
Kjff t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.
Kn`ki kurr`mt jmb cv`rfcjb r`fjy.
Kn`ki caf f`v`f jmb eaff js m``b`b
(s`` Rjlf` 2, pjo` 01).
Kn`ki ejm (prcp`ff`r) ecr lr`jijo`.
 \`pfjk` ae m`k`ssjry.
@M-5;

  

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\    [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

R\CPLF@[NCCRAMO
\CP F [NC
[NCCRAMO RAT[
CRAMO RAT[

T\CLF@G T\CLJLF@ KJ
KJP[@ _NJR RC
RC BC
BC
Naon t`gp`rjtur`. Kn`ki ae caf eaft`r as ecr lfckijo`
eaft`r knjmo` as watn ;44 wcriamo ncurs.
Kn`ki ae tn`r` as jar efcw am kccf`r kcr`
(Kf`jm at ae kfcoo`b).

Kcgpr`sscr swatkn`s cee Fcci ecr caf f`jijo` (r`pjar f`jijo`).

jmb bc`sm't r`-stjrt `v`m Rn`rgcstjtak vjfv` gjfeumktacm. Kjff t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.
watn fcw m`twcri pr`ssur`.
Tr`ssur` swatkn gjfeumktacm.
IR< cr I: kcaf lurmt. Fcci ecr tn` kjus` jkkcrbamo tc bajorjg.
Mc pnjs` am tn` kcggjmb.

Gctcr kcaf (juxafajr kcmtjktcr I2) lurmt. Kjff t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.

Fccs` cr wcrm cut l`fts. Raont`m cr r`pfjk` l`fts.

Jar eaft`r kfcoo`b. Kn`ki r`straktacm ambakjtcr jmb jar eaft`r
Kcgpr`sscr fcst cutput kcmbatacm, r`pfjk` ae m`k`ssjry.
subb`mfy.
[yst`g pr`ssur` ojuo` ncs` as Kcmm`kt ncs` cr r`pfjk` at.
Tr`ssur` am tn` jar
m`twcri as v`ry fcw. baskcmm`kt`b cr f`jiamo
(Fcci ecr jar f`jijo` mcas`).
Mct`8  [cf`mcab vjfv` kcaf lurmt cr watn
L`ecr` tjiamo jmy jktacm  craeak` kfcoo`b . Kjff t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.
cm tn` ecffcwamo 
Tr`ssur` swatkn gjfeumktacm.
baskr`pjmky, r`jb tn`
‖r`gjris" jt tn` Ncs` e``bamo scf`mcab vjfv` as tcrm \`kcm`kt cr r`pjar ncs`.
`mb ce tnas knjpt`r. cr baskcmm`kt`b.
Jar f`jijo` am scg` ce tn` \`pjar f`jijo`.
kcgpr`sscr's bukts.
Jar kcmsugptacm gukn fcw`r tnjm [watkn cee scg` pjrjff`f kcgpr`sscr
kcgpr`sscr's prcbuktacm kjpjkaty. cr amstjff fjro`r r`k`av`r.
Basknjro` vjfv` kfcs`b. Cp`m tn`
Cp`m tn` vjf
vjfv`
v` at`
at`g
g :0 ( Eaou
Eaour`
r` ;, pjo
pjo`` 24)
24)
Kcgpr`sscr watn v`ry (am tnas kjs`, pr`ssur` am tn` m`twcri sfcwfy.
ejst fcjb/umfcjb kykf`s. as v`ry fcw).
Tr`ssur` swatkn watn sgjff rjmo`. Kjff t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.

Naon fcjb fcss m`jr kcgpr`sscr. @fagamjt` fcjb fcss.

@xk`ss caf am tjmi. \`gcv` `xk`ss caf .

Caf ly pjss tc syst`g. Kcgpr`sscr's caf ecjgamo. Fcjb jmb umfcjb kykf` as ejst.
[`pj
[`pjrj
rjtcr
tcr `f
`f`g
`g`m
`mtt kc
kcgp
gprc
rcga
gas`
s`b.
b. \`pf
\`pfjk
jk`` s`
s`pj
pjrj
rjtc
tcrr `f
`f`g
`g`m
`mt.
t.
Caf eaft`r kfcoo`b. \`pfjk` at.
Jar eaft`r kfcoo`b. \`pfjk` at.
Fcw caf f`v`f. @vjfujt` kjus` jmb knjmo` caf usamo
Kcgpr`sscr's cv`rn`jtamo. (s`` Rjlf` 2, pjo` 01).
Kccf`rr kcr` kfcoo
Kccf` kfcoo`b.
`b. Kf`jm at.
Rn`rgcstjtak vjfv` gjfeumktacm. Kjff t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.
 @M-52

R\CPLF@[NCCRAMO
\CP F [NC
[NCCRAMO RAT[
CRAMO RAT[

T\CLF@G T\CLJLF@ KJ
KJP[@ _NJR RC
RC BC
BC
F`jijo` am tn` karkuat. Fckjt` jmb kcrr`kt f`jijo`.

@xk`ssav` caf kcmsugptacm.
(Rcc gukn caf ecumb am
tn` jar m`twcri).
\`turm
`f`g`mtfam` ce jar/caf s`pjrjtcr
as kfcoo`b. \`gcv`, kf`jm jmb r`pfjk` bukts.
[`pjrjtcr `f`g`mt bjgjo`b. Knjmo` jar/caf s`pjrjtcr `f`g`mt jmb
(Am tnas kjs`, tn` s`pjrjtcr s`rvak` caf.
baee`r`mtajf pr`ssur` ambakjtcr
waff sncw fattf` cr mc r`straktacm).

Kcgpr`sscr's cp`rjtamo pr`ssur` Kn`ki r`jscm ecr `xk`ssav` b`gjmb

l`fcw ;.2 ljr (04 psao) ecr tcc fcmo. (r`buk` b`gjmb cr jbb kjpjkaty).
L`jramos ce gctcr cr umat bjgjo`b.
Kjff t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.
@xk`ssav` mcas` cr valrjtacm.   Kccfamo ejm lfjb`
lfjb` as lrci`m cr wjrp`b.
wjrp`b.
Fccs` cr wcrm cut l`fts. Raont`m cr r`pfjk` l`fts.

Jar/c
Jar/caf
af s`
s`pj
pjrj
rjtc
tcrr `f
`f`g`
`g`mt
mt kf
kfco
coo`
o`b.
b. Kn`k
Kn`kii r`
r`st
stra
rakt
ktac
acm
m pr
pr`s
`ssu
sur`
r` oj
ojuo
uo`` jm
jmb
b
r`pfjk` `f`g`mt ae m`k`ssjry.

[je`ty vjfv` cp`ms Amf`t kcggjmb vjfv` stuki.

r`p`jt`bfy. B`e`ktav` scf`mcab vjfv` (s) cr pr`ssur`
swatkn. Kjff t`knmakjf jssastjmk`.

Gamagug pr`ssur` kn`ki vjfv` stuki.

Kcgpr`sscr cp`rjtamo tcc gukn Kn`ki ycur jar m`twcri kcmsugptacm pjtt`rm.
Rcc gukn wjt`r am
jlcv` tn` syst`g kjpjkaty. Ae tn` prclf`g as mct scfv`b, kjff t`knmakjf
jar/caf r`k`av`r
r`k`av`r..
jssastjmk`.

\@GJ\I[

Ae tn`r` as j pr`ssur` brcp cr j fcw pr`ssur` kcmbatacm am tn` jar m`twcri, gcmatcr tn` kcgpr`sscr
cp`rjtacm ecr tn` ecffcwamo8
L`ecr` jssugamo j kcgpr`sscr gjfeumktacm, sfcwfy kfcs` tn` basknjro` vjfv` umtaf kfcs`b jmb
cls`rv` tn` f`motn ce tag` r`quar`b tc pr`ssuraz` tn` kcgpr`sscr jmb gcmatcr tn` gctcr's `f`ktrakjf
kcmsugptacm.
Ae tn` kcgpr`sscr pr`ssuraz`s mcrgjffy, jmb tn` pr`ssur` sncwm cm tn` baspfjy ce tn` kcgpr`sscr's
@f`ktrcmak Amt`rejk` as naon jmb y`t tn` syst`g am tn` ejkafaty r`gjams fcw wn`m tn` vjfv` as cp`m`b,
tn`r` as j am jff fai`fanccb j lfckijo` am tn` syst`g. (a.`. j er``zamo prclf`g watn tn` r`erao`rjt`b bry`r
ce j kfcoo
kfcoo`b
`b eaft`r) saomaeakjmt
saomaeakjmt jar fcss am tn` jar m`tw
m`twcri.
cri.
Ae tn` pr`ssur` am tn` kcgpr`sscr brcps agg`bajt`fy watn tn` cp`mamo ce tn` vjfv` jmb tn`
kcgpr`sscr kjmmct gjamtjam pr`ssur` tn`m tn`r` as `atn`r j saomaeakjmt jar fcss am tn` m`twcri (a.`.
stuki scf`mcab vjfv` am r`o`m`rjtav` bry`r cr ejufty efcjt brjam am eaft`r) cr b`gjmb njs amkr`js`b bu`
tc j r`k`mt `quapg`mt amstjffjtacm. Am tnas kjs`, tn` m`k`ssjry jar b`gjmb as naon`r tnjm prcbuktacm.
Ae tn` kcgpr`sscr as kcgpr`ssamo jar jt euff fcjb jmb tn` `f`ktrakjf kcmsugptacm as watnam mcrgjf
fagats, tn` prclf`g gjy mct l` tn` kcgpr`sscr ats`fe.
Am jmy kjs`, ae j satujtacm as mct r`scfv`b tnrcuon tn` us` ce tn` trculf`sncctamo ouab`, kcmsuft ycur
[KNPFX Jutncraz`b [`rvak` K`mt`r.
 @M-50

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\    [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

 _J\\JMRQ
 _J\\JMRQ R
 \\ MRQ R@\G[
R@\G[
\G[
\G[

[knufz [.J., watnam tn` fagats ce tn`s` t`rgs, bc`s orjmt tnas prcbukt's earst luy`r/`mb us`r j wjrrjmt
[knufz wjrrjmty
y jojamst jmy gjt`rajf
cr gjmuejkturamo b`e`kt am tn` jar `mb ecr j p`racb ce < (twc) y`jrs ercg bjt` ce purknjs` amvcak` (cr wjrrjmty r`oastrjtacm
ly [KNPFX Jutncraz`b
Jutncraz`b [`rvak` K`mt`r) ae jmb cmfy ae tn` watn tn` ecffc
ecffcwamo
wamo kcmbatacms
kcmbatacms jr` g`t8
J. Rn` :,444 (cm` tncusjmb)
tncusjmb) ncur p`racb ecr fulrakjmt caf knjmo` as r`sp`kt
r`sp`kt`b
`b (jar `mb).
L. Cmfy jpprcv`b fulrakccfjmt jmb craoamjf [KNPFX r`pjar/gjamt`mjmk` pjrts jr` us`b.
K. Rn` kcgpr`sscr as mct cp`rjt`b watncut jar eaft`r cr watn sukn j bjgjo`b cm` tnjt `ee`ktav` eaftrjtacm as fcst, cr watn
tn` jar/caf s`pjrjtcr `f`g`mt sncwamo r`straktacm cm tn` pjm`f am `xk`ss ce r`kcgg`mb`b gjamt`mjmk` amt`rvjf.(jar
`mb).
B. Rn` r`gjamamo kcgpcm`mts ce tn` kcgpr`sscr jr` wjrrjmt`b jojamst gjmuejkturamo b`e`kts ecr j p`racb ce : (cm`)
y`jr (Amkfubamo
(Amkfubamo tn` f`ojf wjrrjmty p`racb earst 14 Ymam`tyW bjys), ercg bjt` ce craoam
craoamjf
jf purknjs` cr wjrrjmty r`oastrjtacm
r`oastrjtacm
ly [KNPFX Jutncraz`b [`rvak` K`mt`r.

O@M@\JF _J\\JMRQ KCMBARAC

KCMBARACM[
M[
J. Rnas wjrrjmty snjff cmfy l` kcmsab`r`b vjfab ae tn` stjrt-up as p`recrg`b jmb r`oast`r
r`oast`r`b`b ly ycur [KNPFX Jutncraz`b
Jutncraz`b
[`rvak` K`mt`rs jmb tn` pr`s`mtjtacm, tc [KNPFX [.J. ce tn` R`knmakjf R`knmakjf [`rvak` \`pcrt jmb tn` R`knmakjf
R`knmakjf B`fav`ry Fco.
L. [KNPFX jssug`s mc fajlafaty ecr fcst prcbuktacm bu` tc `quapg`mt gjfeumktacm.
K. Mc wjrrjmty s`rvak` waff l` p`recrg`b watncut tn` craoamjf purknjs` bckug`mtjtacm.
B. _`jramo pjrts, sukn js tn` cm`s l`fcw, wnakn jr` mjturjffy wcrm cut ly r`oufjr us` jmb tnjt jr` jee`kt`b ly tn`
amstjffjtacm jmb tn` wjy tn` prcbukt as us`b jr` `xkfub`b ercg tnas wjrrjmty8 jar eaft`r, caf eaft`r, vjfv`s, ncs`s, l`jramos,
caf s`jf, caf f`v`f saont, vjfv`s,
vjfv`s, l`fts, `f`ktrak kcgpcm`mts,
kcgpcm`mts, s`pjrjtcr
s`pjrjtcr `f`g`mt jmb fulrakjmt
fulrakjmt caf. [knuf
[knufzz [.J. waff cmfy
jssug` r`spcmsalafaty ecr tn` s`rvakamo `xp`ms`s ce tn` jlcv` g`mtacm`b pjrts jet`r `vjfujtacm ly [knufz [.J. ejktcry
p`rscmm`f jmb tn` ab`mtaeakjtacm ce gjmuejkturamo b`e`kts.
@. Rnas wjrrjmty waff mct jppfy tc kf`jmamo jmb amstjffjtacm s`rvak`s, rcff`r l`jramos r`-fulrakjtacm, jbhustg`mts r`qu`st`b
ly kustcg`r,
kustcg`r, knjmo` ce fulrakj
fulrakjmt
mt caf jmb eaft`rs, mcr tc jmy bjgjo` kjus`b tc tn` prcbukt's `xt`rmjf pjrts cr bjgjo` am
o`m`rjf bu` tc amkcrr`kt us`, m`of`kt, gcbaeakjtacms, `xt`rmjf jo`mts, us` ce agprcp`r jttjkng`mts, amjpprcprajt` sazamo
ecr tn` jppfakjtacm, snappamo cr b`fav`ry bjgjo`, pnysakjf gcbaeakjtacm (mct jutncraz`b ly [KNPFX [.J.), us` mct am
jkkcrbjmk` watn tnas amstruktacm gjmujf, amjb`qujt` `f`ktrakjf kcmbuktcrs, wrcmo vcftjo` `f`ktrakjf kcmm`ktacms cr
amstjffjtacm am j syst`g sulh`kt tc `xk`ssav` vcftjo` efuktujtacms.
E. [knufz [.J. wjrrjmts tn` `f`ktrak gctcr jmb tn` `f`ktrak swatkn tc tn` `xt`mt tnjt tn`s` at`gs jr` wjrrjmt`b ly tn`ar
gjmuejktur`r
gjmue jktur`rs.s. [jab gjmuejktur`rs
gjmuejktur`rs jmb [KNPFX [.J. r`s`rv` tn` raont tc sulh`k sulh`ktt ejaf`b kcgpcm`mts tc tn`
gjmuejktur`rs' `vjfujtacm. B`e`kts r`suftamo ercg amstjffjtacm `rrcrs jr` mct kcv`r`b ly tnas wjrrjmty.
wjrrjmty.
O. [knufz [.J. wjrrjmts tnjt pjrts jvjafjlafaty waff l` gjamtjam`b (jt [KNPFX JPRNC\AX@B K@MR@\[) ecr j p`racb mct
f`ss tnjm 0 (eav`) y`jrs ercg tn` fjst bjt` ce gjmue
gjmuejktur`
jktur` ce j sp`kaea
sp`kaeak
k kcgpr`sscr gcb`f.

_J\\JMRQ R@\GAMJRACM
Rnas wjrrjmty waff l` kcmsab`r`b vcab am tn` ecffcwamo satujtacms8

J.  Jt tn` `mb ce ats

a ts wjrrjmty p`racb.
L. _n`m tn` prcbukt as b`fav`r`
b`fav`r`b
b ecr
s`rvakamo tc umjutn
s`rvakamo umjutncraz`b
craz`b sncps.
K. _n`m saoms ce gcbaeakjtacm jr` mct`b.
B. _n`m gjamt`mjmk`
gjamt`mjmk` njs mct l``m p`recrg`b tc [KNPFX stjmbjrbs cr r`pjar pjrts us`b jr` mct [KNPFX craoamjf
craoamjf
pjrts.

_J\MAMO[
J.Rnas kcgpr`sscr
kcgpr`sscr as suppfa`b jkkcrbamo tc tn` kustcg`r's t`knmakjf sp`kaeakjtacm
sp`kaeakjtacms
s jt tn` tag` ce crb`ramo. At njs
sp`kaeak baspfjk`g`mt, pr`ssur` jmb vcftjo` knjrjkt`rastaks tnjt kjmmct l` knjmo`b, gcbaea`b cr jft`r`b am jmy wjy.
L. Fulrak
Fulrakjtacm
jtacm ce ycur rctjry skr`w jar kcgpr`sscr as eumbjg`mtjf.
eumbjg`mtjf. Gjamt`
Gjamt`mjmk`
mjmk` ce prcp`r fulrakccfjmt
fulrakccfjmt f`v`fs as
pjrjgcumt jmb njs l``m baskuss`b mug`rcus tag`s am tnas gjmujf.
K. @xp`ms`s r`fjt`b tc tn` s`rvakamo ce tn` kcgpr`sscr wnakn jr` hubo`b tc l` cutsab` tn` wjrrjmty pjrjg`t`rs jr` tn`
kustcg`r's r`spcmsalafaty.
B. B`jf`r
B`jf`rs,
s, r`pr`s`mtjtav`s
r`pr`s`mtjtav`s cr [knuf
[knufz
z Jutncraz`b K`mt`rs jr` mct jutnc
jutncraz`b
raz`b tc knjmo
knjmo`` tn`s` t`rgs cr tc jssug`
r`spcmsalafata`s cm l`njfe ce [KNPFX [.J..

@.Brjwamos jmb pnctc jr` amt`mb`b tc sncw kcgpcm`mt efcw jmb cra`mtjtacm cmfy jmb jr` mct amt`mb`b tc l` j
sp`kaeakjtacm brjwamo. [p`kaeakjtacm brjwamos jr` jvjafjlf` upcm r`qu`st ercg [KNPFX [.J. cmfy.
E. Rn` [KNPFX t`knmakajm
t`knmakajm waff prcvab` s`rvak` cm j earst kcg` earst s`rv`b ljsas.
O.Rnas [KNPFX prcbukt as suppfa`b watn trjkiamo kcmtrcf ce ats kcgpcm`mts.
Mct`8 [knuf
[knufz
z [.J. r`s`rv`s tn` raont tc gji` knjmo`s tc tn`s` wjrrjmty pcfaka`s watncut pracr mctak`.
 @M-55

  

[@\UAK@
 \UA FCO
FCO
FCO

Rn` purpcs` ce tnas kjrb as tc prcvab` j k`mtrjfaz`b fckjtacm ecr tn` bckug`mtjtacm ce jff s`rvak` jmb
gjamt`mjmk` p`recrg`b cm ycur kcgpr`sscr.
Kjr`euf gjamt`mjmk` ce tnas r`kcrb waff n`fp ycu tc trjki `quapg`mt gjamt`mjmk` amt`rvjfs jmb `xp`ms`s, js
w`ff js skn`buf` rcutam` gjamt`mjmk`.
Rc ejkafatjt` jkkurjky jmb `xp`ba`mk` wn`m r`qu`stamo s`rvak`s cr gjt`rajfs, pf`js` njv` ycur
kcgpr`sscr's
kcgpr`sscr 's gcb`f mugl`r,
mugl`r, s`rajf mugl`r jmb tn` s`rvak` fco jvjafjlf`.

Kcgpr`sscr gcb`f  Jar `mb gcb`f [`ra`s m¸

Kjlam`t Jar `mb

B`jf`r  Turknjs` m¸ Bjt`

 SSSSSS/SSSSSS/SSSSSS 

Earst stjrt bjt` Caf typ`

Cptacmjf `quapg`mt

MCR@[
 @M-5?

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[@\UAK@
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R@KNMAKJF
R@KNMAKJF
@ NM
NMA
A B@FAU@\Q
F B@
B@FA
FAU@\Q FCO
U@\Q FCO
FCO

T\CBPKR
Kcgpr`sscr gcb`f [`ra`s m¸  Jar `mb gcb`f ljr  Ucftjo`

[\T [`ra`s m¸

BJR@ [KNPFX JP
J PRNC\AX@B [@
[ @\UAK@ K@
K @MR@\

BA[R\ALPRC\/B@JF@\
Mjg`

 Jbbr`ss

Katy [tjt` Kcumtry

KC[RPG@\
Mjg`

 Jbbr`ss

Katy [tjt` Kcumtry

T`rscm am knjro` ce tn` `quapg`mt Tncm` M¸

AM[RJFFJRACM

_atn jar tr`jtg`mt umat Lrjmb Gcb`f

Q@[ MC
_atn jbbatacmjf tjmi Kjpjkaty (fat`rs) Ncus`b watn kcv`r 

Q@[ MC M¸ [`ra`     Q@[ MC

At njs
Tr`-eaft`r Tcst-eaft`r Jbscrl`mt eaft`r Jutcgjtak brjam Ctn`rs

Ps` typ` Fckjtacm

Rrjmspcrt jkk`scry Bastjmk` ercg wjff Jkk`ss tc kcgpr`sscr  

\`gcv`b Am g`t`rs/amkn`s Jb`qujt` Amjb`qujt`

U`mtafjtacm U`mtafjtacm jkk`ss (g cr amkn)
Bccr SSSSSSSxSSSSSS 
 Jb`qujt` Amjb`qujt` At njs v`mtafj
v`mtafjtacm
tacm bukt _ambcw SSSSSxSSSSSS 
 Jar m`twcri jttjkn`b tc kcgpr`sscr/tjmi

_atn ef`xalf` tul` _atn efjmo` _atn `xpjmbjlf` hcamt Ctn`rs

Ryp` ce m`twcri
Cp`m Kfcs`b am ramo [t`g typ` Þ jar m`twcr
m`twcri*
i*

* basknjro` bukts tc m`twcri jffcw wjt`r tc r`turm tc kcgpr`sscr  Q@[ MC

Amstjffjtacm `mvarcmg`mt Jar eaft`r  

 Joor`ssav` \`oufjr Occb [tjmbjrb U`nakufjr   Ctn`rs

 @M-51

[K\@_ JA\ KCGT\@[[C\  [\T <440 - [\T <44> - K[\T <44> - [\T <4:4 - [\T <4:0

R@KNMAKJF
R@KNMAKJF
@ NM
NMA
A B@FAU@\Q
F B@
B@FA
FAU@\Q FCO
U@\Q FCO
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B\AU@ RQT@

Bar`kt stjrt -Q [cet stjrt Ctn`rs

KCMR\CF RQT@

 Jmjfcoakjf @f`ktrcmak Jmctn`r 

EA\[R [RJ\R
@f`ktrcmak pcw`r m`twcri <
Kjlf` s`ktacm gg cr J_O
 Jb`qujt` Amjb`qujt`
Mc, cmfy m`utrjf
At njs orcumbam
orcumbamo
o Q@[ Amput kjlf` bastjmk`   g cr amkn
Kn`ki  Jbhustg`mt stjrt

\ctjtacm bar`ktacm Fulrakjmt caf f`v`f L`ft (s) t`msacm  SSSs`kcmbs

M`twcri vcftjo` @f`ktrak gctcr kurr`mt
am cp`rjtacm Rag` Nrs
U Fcjb`b  J  Pmfcjb`b
  J
Kn`ki cv`rfcjb r`fjy  Jbhustg`mt stjrt Kn`ki `f`ktrak kcmm`ktacm
  @f`ktrak Gjam `f`ktrak
@f`ktrak gctcr J [`kcmb
Trct`ktacm (bc mct us` jutcgjtak jfjrg syst`g)
pjm`f gctcr 
Gctcr  Pmfcjb
Eus` MNSSSJ
MNSSSJ Baj
Bajz`b
z`b SSSJ karkuat   Jbhustg`mtSSSJ tag`   Jbhustg`mtSSSgamut`s
lr`ji`r 
 Jgla`mt t`gp`rjtur` R`gp`rjtur` buramo cp`rjtacm Cp`rjtacm pr`ssur` Pmfcjb pr`ssur`
4  4 4  4
K/ E K/ E ljro ljro
lj
Bckug`mts tnjt ecffcw tn` prcbukt

Amstruktacm Gjmujf Nybrcstjtak R`st [n``t

Kcstug`r amstrukt`b jlcut

Gjmujf‑s kcmt`mts Q@[ MC Tr`v`mtav` gjamt`mjmk` Q@[ MC

Kcgpr`sscr g``ts us`r‑s b`gjmb

Q@[ MC Tcst-sjf`s Q@[ MC

CT@\JRACM
Kcgpr`sscr‑s t`knmakjf stjrt _cri gcb` umtaf :0np _cri kcgpr`sscr‑s gamut`s

M¸ ce ncurs Amt`
t`rrgat`m
`mtt Kcmtam
amu
ucus Fcjb`b Pmfcjb`b Mct umfcjb`b

Trcbukt‑s ab`mtaeakjtacm fjl`f

JBBARACMJF KCGG@MR[

Mct`8 Rnas kjrb gust r`turm tc tn` ejktcry.

Cwm`r/\`spcmsalf` R`knmakajm
@M-?4
 

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[knufz ce Jg`rakj, Amk.

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sjf`sDsknufzjg`rakj.kcg
www.sknufzjg`rakj.kcg