RNYEAMA? 9292- 9292

@GL^H]GM? EFKNFENYÃG, LENFLEG\ @Ã\ELG\ U CG]NCÇ]ELG
LGYYNYG? EFKNFENYÃG LEPEH
FEPNH? \ÅR]ECA
RGYGHNHA? EL; “ 9

G\EKFG]^YG? LAF\]Y^LLEAFN\
LAF\]Y^LLEAFN\ EE

]NCG?  GRHELGLEAFN\ U ^\A\ MN

MN HA\ GME]EPA\ RGYG JAYC
JAYCEKÜF.
EKÜF.

GH^CFA? PNKG LG]GK×G ONFE@NY GHNOGFMYG

@NLJG MN NF]YNKG? 7: MN O^FEA MNH 9292

 

7. EF
EF]Y
]YAM
AM^L
^LLE
LEÜF
ÜF

Nh prnsnftn trgigoa efvnstekgteva mg g lafalnr sairn hgs gphelgleafns y usas

mn gmetevas pgrg jarceküf, pgrg ha lugh sn iuslg `unftns qun kgrgftelnf hg
larrnltg ef`arcgleüf y sng mn gpartn g hg gltevemgm glgmåcelg nf hg lçtnmrg mn
Lafstrulleafns EE y g ha hgrka mn hg lgrrnrg.

Nh ncphna mn gmetevas nf laflrntas y cartnras ns tgf gftekua laca nh prapea

lncn
lncnft
fta
a u at
atra
rass gkha
gkhacn
cnrg
rgft
ftns
ns jemr
jemrçu
çuhehela
las.
s. \n
\nkÿ
kÿf
f La
Laut
utef
efja
ja (755
(755;)
;),, ha
hass
racgfas g÷gmãgf lhgrg mn junva, sgfkrn, cgftnlg a hnljn g laflrntas y
cartnras rumecnftgreas pgrg cnoargr hg trgigogiehemgm mn hgs cnzlhgs. G `efghns
mnh sekha ZEZ, laf hg efvnfleüf mnh lncnfta Rarthgfm, hg `ufleüf mn has gmetevas
quãcelas hnftgcnftn nvahuleafü mniema g su infn`elea g hg trgigogiehemgm y
murg
murgie
iehem
hemgm
gm mn cnzl
cnzlhg
hgss ln
lncn
cnft
ftgm
gmgs
gs.. Gl
Gltu
tugh
ghcn
cnft
ftn,
n, nf cu
culj
ljas
as pg
pgãs
ãsns
ns,,
prçlte
prçltelgc
lgcnft
nftn
n tam
tamas
as has sestnc
sestncgs
gs lncnft
lncnftasa
asass pra
pramul
mulema
emass efm
efmust
ustreg
reghcn
hcnftn
ftn

laftenfnf ghkÿf tepa mn gmeteva quãcela.

Nh mnsgrrahha mn gmetevas nspnlã`elas pgrg hg came`elgleüf mn hgs prapenmgmns
rnahükelgs (prapenmgmns lgpglns
lgpglns mn jglnr `huer hgs cnzlhgs) g igsn mn lncnfta
Rarthgfm, mgtg mn preflepeas mn hg målgmg mn 75<2. Hg precnrg pgtnftn pgrg nh
usa mn uf gmeteva phgste`elgftn g igsn mn hekfasuh`afgta sn aituva nf Efkhgtnrrg
g preflepeas mnh sekha ZZ. Hg precnrg pgtnftn qun laftncphü hg `girelgleüf y hg
utehezgleüf mn supnrphgste`elgftns g igsn mn fg`tghnfa suh`afgta `un gpraigmg nf
has Nstgmas ^femas nf 75<:.

  Nh precnr gmeteva quãcela seftåtela `un utehezgma nf 75<2 nf has Nstgmas

^femas, y lafsesteü nf uf mespnrsgftn pgrg fnkra mn juca pgrg gphelgleüf mn
ufg
ufg pekc
pekcnf
nftg
tgle
leüf
üf ufe`a
ufe`arc
rcn
n nf uf pgve
pgvecn
cnft
fta
a mn la
lafl
flrn
rnta
ta.. Ha
Hass gm
gmetetev
evas
as
ef
efla
larp
rpa
arg
rgma
marrns mn ger
ern
n lacn
acnfz
fzgr
graf
af g snr mns
nsg
grra
rrahhhhg
gma
mass g pg
pgrt
rter
er mn
efvnstekgleafns nf pgvecnftas mn laflrnta nf has Nstgmas ^femas. T LE]G]EAF
Mnc Xh 7995: S

Hg ecpartgfleg qun jg gmquerema nh ncphna mn has gmetevas nf hg nhgiargleüf mnh

jarceküf jg jnlja qun, gltughcnftn, hg farcgtevg fgleafgh n eftnrfgleafgh, gsã
laca hgs Farcgs, Efstrulleafns, Lümekas, ntl., lafsemnrnf g nstas pramultas
laca ufa mn has lacpafnftns mnh jarceküf.
 

9. AION]EPA\
9.7.Aionteva Knfnrgh
9.7.7. Efv
Efvnst
nstekg
ekgrr sairn
sairn has usas
usas y gphel
gphelgle
gleafn
afnss mn has gmetev
gmetevas
as pgr
pgrg
g
Jarceküf.
9.9.Aiontevas Nspnlã`elas

9.9.7.  Gfghezgr has me`nrnftns tepas mn gmetevas nxestnftns y su usa nf nh

jarceküf.
9.9.9. Efvnstekgr sairn has gmetevas pgrg jarcekafns cçs utehezgmas nf hg
efmustreg mn hg lafstrulleüf.
9.9.<. Lafalnr has rnqunrecenftas nspnlã`elas pgrg lgmg tepa mn gmeteva
nxestnftn pgrg jarceküf.
<. CGYL
CGYLA
A ]NÜY
]NÜYEL
ELA
A
<.7.Mn`efeleüf mn gmetevas pgrg jarceküf

Mn glunrma laf hg F]N EFNF 7;09, gmeteva sn mn`efn laca uf ‘Rramulta

quã
uãce
cela
la,, qun fa sng ln
lnc
cnft
fta
a Rarth
arthgf
gfm
m, çrem
çrema
a a gkug
ug,, utetehhez
ezgm
gma
a
nxlhusevgcnftn laca uf efkrnmenftn mnh cartnra u jarceküf y qun sn
g÷gmn gftns a murgftn su cnzlhgma pgrg, cnoargr lenrtgs prapenmgmns–.

Has gmetevas tgfta hãquemas laca pahvas qun sn eftramuln nf hg cnzlhg nf

pnqun÷gs lgftemgmns (fa supnrear gh >% nf cgsg gkhutefgftn) y cnmegftn nh
pralnsa quãcela a `ãsela qun gucnftgf nf hgs prapenmgmns mnh jarceküf
`rnsla y nfmurnlema.

Laca `ufleüf preflepgh mnh gmeteva sn tenfn hg came`elgleüf mn ufg a

vgregs prapenmgmns lgrgltnrãstelgs mnh jarceküf gh ekugh qun sus n`nltas
snlufmgreas sn vnf rn`hnogmas nf came`elgleafns efnvetgihns mn ghkufgs
prapenmgmns a lgrgltnrãstelgs laca nh rntrgsa mnh tencpa mn `rgkugma y hg
mescefuleüf mn rnsestnflegs cnlçfelgs.

 Glleafns nspnlã`elgs
nspnlã`elgs mn has gmetevas nf jarceküf `rnsla?
 Mncgfmg mn gkug.
 Laftnfema mn gern.
 Lgpglemgm mn trgigoa y cgftnfecenfta nf nh tencpa.

]encpas mn `rgkugma.
 

 Lgpglemgm mn iacina.
 Glleafns nspnlã`elgs
nspnlã`elgs mn has gmetevas nf jarceküf nfmurnlema
nfmurnlema??
 Cümuha mn nhgstelemgm.
 Murgiehemgm.
 Ynsestnfleg quãcelg.

Ynsestnfleg g hgs jnhgmgs.
<.9.Lhgse`elgleüf y lgrgltnrãstelgs mn gmetevas

<.9.7. \nkÿf hg G\]C =5= as gmetevas nstçf lhgse`elgmas

lhgse`elgmas laca?

]ERA G? Ynmultar mn gkug (phgste`elgftns).

]ERA I? Yntgrmgmar mn `rgkugma.
]ERA L? Glnhnrgftn mn `rgkugma.
]ERA L9? Glnhnrgftn mn rnsestnfleg.
]ERA M? Ynmultar mn gkug y rntgrmgftn.
]ERA N? Ynmultar mn gkug y glnhnrgftn.
]ERA @? Ynmultar mn gkug mn ghta rgfka.
]ERA K? Ynmultar mn gkug mn ghta rgfka y rntgrmgftn.
]ERA @9? \upnrphgste`elgftn.
]ERA K9? \upnrphgste`elgftn y rntgrmgftn.
]ERA GG? Eflhusar mn gern.

<.9.9.
<.9.9. Nxestn
Nxestn atr
atrgg lhg
lhgse`
se`elg
elgleü
leüf
f cçs sef
seftnt
tntezg
ezgmg,
mg, rng
rnghez
hezgmg
gmg par nh
Lnftra ]nlfahükela mnh Jarceküf (L.].E) qun nstgihnln?

Ynmultarns mn gkug (Rhgste`elgftns).

\u `ufleüf preflepgh ns mescefuer hg lgftemgm mn gkug nxestnftn nf uf

jarceküf pgrg uf cesca tepa mn trgigogiehemgm a gucnftgr hg trgigogiehemgm sef
came`elgr su laftnfema mn gkug.
 

Ynmultarns mn gkug mn ghtg gltevemgm (\upnrphgste`elgftns).

\u `ufleüf ns mescefuer nf ufg cgkfetum sekfe`elgtevg nh laftnfema mn

gkug
gkug mn uf jarc
jarcek
eküf
üf se
sef
f came
came`e`elg
lgrr hg tr
trgi
gigo
gogi
giehehem
emgm
gm a gu
gucn
cnft
ftgr
gr nf krgf
krgf

cgkfetum hg trgigogiehemgm sef came`elgr nh laftnfema mn gkug.

Came`elgmarns mn `rgkugma (Glnhnrgmarns, rntgrmgmarns).

\u `ufleüf preflepgh ns came`elgr nh tencpa mn `rgkugma mn uf jarceküf.

Eflhusarns mn gern.

\n lgrgltnrezg par pramuler nf nh jarceküf uf vahucnf laftrahgma mn `efgs

iuriuogs mn gern.

Cuhte`ufleafghns.

Came`elg cçs mn ufg `ufleüf mnh jarceküf.

<.<.Mn`efeleüf y cama mn usa mn has gmetevas lhgse`elgmas snkÿf hg

G\]C =5=.
<.<.7.. ]ERA G? Ynmultarn
<.<.7 Ynmultarnss mn gkug (phgste`elgft
(phgste`elgftns).
ns).

\af gmetevas qun gltÿgf sairn hg supnr`elen mn hgs pgrtãluhgs mn

lncnft
lncnfta
a ecp
ecpeme
emenfm
nfma
a hg `arcgl
`arcgleüf
eüf mn gk
gkhac
hacnrg
nrgmas
mas mn pg
pgrtãl
rtãluhg
uhgss mn
lncnfta.

]enfnf laca `ufleüf preflepgh hg mescefuleüf mn gkug fnlnsgreg pgrg

aitnfnr ufg mntnrcefgmg lafsestnfleg.

Nstçf lacpunstas mn 0-: lacpafnftns?

  Gknftns mespnrsgftns.
mespnrsgftns.
  Gknftns jucnltgftns.
jucnltgftns.
 Laftrahgmarns mn `rgkugma.
 Rracatarns mn rnsestnflegs.
  Gknftns laftrahgmarns mn gern eflarpargma.
 

 Rrnsnrvgftns/nstgiehezgftns.
<.<.7.7. Cama m
mnn us
usa
 \n gmeleafg ufg mases mnh 2.7 % gh 2.=% mnh pnsa mnh lncnfta.
 \n gmel
gmelea
eafg
fgf
f g gq
gqun
unhhhhas
as laf
aflr
lrnt
ntas
as mn ig
igoa
oa gs
gsnf
nftg
tgce
cenf
nfta
ta y ig
igog
og
rnhgleüf gkug/cgtnregh lncnftgftn pgrg pramuler  

uf lafl
laflrn
rnta
ta mn lafs
lafses
estn
tnfl
fleg
eg `h`hue
uemg
mg,, la
laf
f gh
ghta
ta gs
gsnf
nftg
tgce
cenf
nfta
ta,, pn
pnra
ra
trgigogihn, qun sn punmg lahalgr laf palg a fefkufg veirgleüf.
 \u nc
ncph
phna
na gy
gyum
umg
g gmnc
gmncçs
çs g ce
cefe
fece
cezg
zgrr hg nx
nxum
umgl
gleü
eüf
f y g me
mesc
scef
efue
uer 
r 
hg snkrnkgleüf, sencprn y lugfma sng ienf lahalgma.
 Hgs gphelgleafns cçs lacufns mnh laflrnta `huema saf? nf snlleafns
cuy mnhkgmgs, çrngs laf pala nspglegcenfta mnh glnra mn rn`unrza,
igoa nh gkug, laflrnta iacingma, pgrg rnmuler hg prnseüf mn iacina, nf
çrn
rng
gs mafmn
afmn fa sn punmn
unmnf
f usgr
usgr ha
hass cåta
åtama
mass laf
afvvnflea
fleaf
fgh
ghns
ns
mn lafsahemgleüf.

\n utehezg nf Jarcekafns iacingmas y prncnzlhgma, nf jarcekafgma
mn nh
nhnc
ncnf
nfta
tass nstr
nstrnl
nlja
jass a pr
prn`
n`gi
gire
relg
lgma
mass y ja
jarc
rcek
ekaf
afns
ns mn gh
ghtg
tg
rnsestnfleg. (GF@GJ, 927:)

Ehustrgleüf 7? Cnlgfesca mn glleüf mn has phgste`elgftns.

phgste`elgftns.

@unftn? GF@GJ, (927:)

 

<.<.9.. ]ERA I? Y
<.<.9 Yntgrm
ntgrmgftns
gftns..

Nstn tepa mn gmeteva ns utehezgma pgrg prahafkgr nh `rgkugma mnh jarceküf,

gh ekugh qun nh cesca tgcieåf ns ncphngma nf hg mescefuleüf mn pårmemg mn
gsnftgcenfta y gucnfta mn hg trgigogiehemgm, nspnleghcnftn nf gcienftns laf
ghtgs tncpnrgturgs.

]gcieåf rnmulnf nh renska mn `esurgleüf gh pnrceter hg mesepgleüf mn lghar 

mn jemrgtgleüf par cçs tencpa.

Åstas punmnf gltugr mn cgfnrgs mesteftgs nf rnhgleüf laf su fgturghnzg

ufg mn nhhgs ns `gvarnlenfma hg sahuiehemgm mnh suh`gta lçhlela. (@nrfçfmnz,
9279)

<.<.9.7. Cama m
mnn us
usa
 \n utehezg mnh 2.<% gh 7.>% mnh pnsa mnh lncnfta.
 \us gph
gphelg
elglea
leafns
fns rnl
rnlacn
acnfm
fmgmg
gmgss saf
saf pgr
pgrg
g Jar
Jarcek
cekafn
afnss nf ten
tencpa
cpass
lghurasas, Jarcekafns prncnzlhgmas, Jarceküf nf cgsg y jarcekafns
iacingmas.
 Ns mn krgf gphelgleüf nf jarcekafns laf trgfspartn g krgf mestgfleg.
 Rgrg nvetgr ouftgs `rãgs.

<.<.<. ]ERA L? G
<.<.<. Glnhn
lnhnrgftn
rgftns.
s.
\af gmetevas mn glleüf laftrgreg g has rntgrmgmarns, åstas `glehetgf hg
mesahuleüf mn has gfjemremas mnh lncnfta, gh pramuler ufg lrestghezgleüf
rçpemg mn sehelgtas.

<.<.<.7. Cama m
mnn us
usa
 \u cama mn gphelgleüf nf nh jarceküf fa grcgma ns hg rnhgleüf mn 7?9 g
7?> (gmeteva? gkug).
 Hg gphelgleüf nf jarceküf grcgma ns cçxecg hg rnhgleüf 7?0 (gmeteva?

gkug) nstgs cnmemgs nf pnsa.

 

 \n gp
gphehellg kn
knfn
fnrg
rghc
hcnf
nftn
tn nf Jarc
Jarcek
eküf
üf nf tenc
tencpa
pa `rãa
`rãa,, ja
jarc
rcek
eküf
üf
praynltgma, jarcekafns prn`girelgmas.
 Ns cuy ecpartgftn cnfleafgr qun knfnrghcnftn laftenfnf pramultas
larrasevas par ha qun rnquenrnf mn nxtrncgs prnlguleafns mn usa.

<.<.=.. ]ERA M? Ynmultar

<.<.= Ynmultar mn gku
gkugg y rntgrmgftn.
rntgrmgftn.
Nstn gmeteva tenfn hg pgrteluhgremgm mn `useafgr hgs prapenmgmns mn mas
sustgflegs qun saf hg phgste`elgftn laf ufg glleüf precgreg y hg rntgrmgftn laf
ufg glleüf snlufmgreg, gpravnljgfma mn ufg krgf cgfnrg has mas n`nltas,
pnrcet
pnrcetenf
enfma
ma gsã la
laftr
ftrahg
ahgrr hg pårme
pårmemg
mg glnhnr
glnhnrgmg
gmg mn cgf
cgfnog
nogieh
iehemg
emgm.
m.T LE]
LE]G]E
G]EAF
AF

]NL7> Xh 7995: S

<.<.=.7. Cama m
mnn us
usa
 Ns utehezgma knfnrghcnftn nf phgftgs mn cnzlhg parqun pnrcetn ghlgfzgr 

y sairnpgsgr hg rnsestnfleg mn mesn÷a.

 \u usa pnrcetn sgtes`glnr laf has rnqunrecenftas mn cgfnogiehemgm.

<.<.>.. ]ERA N? Ynmultar

<.<.> Ynmultar mn gkug
gkug y glnhnrgftn.
glnhnrgftn.

\af gmetevas qun lucphnf ufg cuhte`ufleüf senfma gsã qun phgste`elgf hg
cnzl
cnzlhg
hg y gucn
ucnft
ftg
gf su cgfn
cgfnog
ogi
iehem
ehemgm
gm,, nsta
sta pnrce
nrcetn
tn hg laha
halg
lglleü
eüf
f y
lacpgltgleüf cçs `çleh y hg kgfgfleg mn rnsestnfleg g tncprgfg nmgm. T LE]G]EAF
Acg7: Xh 7995: S

<.<.0.. ]ERA @9?

<.<.0 @9? \upnrphgst
\upnrphgste`elgf
e`elgftn.
tn.

Has gmetevas supnrphgste`elgftns pnrcetnf ufg mase`elgleüf mn jgstg >

vnlns cgyar sef ghtnrgr fe nh tencpa mn `rgkugma fe nh laftnfema mn gern mnh
jarceküf.

Nf knfnrgh gltÿgf laca rnmultarns mn gkug a `hueme`elgftns tnfenfma

laca rnsuhtgma ufg lafsestnfleg `huemg sef mescefuleüf mn rnsestnfleg, ufg
lghemgm jacakåfng, cãfecg snkrnkgleüf y nxumgleüf, nftrn atrgs.

<.
<.<<.0
.0.7
.7.. Cama
ama mn usa
usa
 

 Hg mases utehezgmg vg g mnpnfmnr mnh `girelgftn hg lugh `hultÿg nftrn nh

2.>% gh 9% mnh pnsa mnh lncnfta.
 Ns knfnrg
knfnrghcn
hcnftn
ftn utehez
utehezgma
gma nf jar
jarcek
cekaf
afns
ns iacing
iacingmas
mas,, jar
jarcek
cekafn
afnss
prnt
prntnf
nfsg
sgma
mas,
s, ja
jarc
rcek
ekaf
afns
ns mn gh
ghtg
tg rnse
rnsest
stnf
nfle
leg,
g, ja
jarc
rcek
ekaf
afns
ns pg
pgrg
rg
nhncnftas nsinhtas laf ghtg mnfsemgm mn grcgmurgs, ntl.

<.<.;.. ]ERA K9? \upn

<.<.; \upnrphg
rphgste`el
ste`elgftn
gftn y rntgrm
rntgrmgftn.
gftn.

Nstn tepa mn gmeteva pnrcetn hg rnmulleüf mnh gkug mn cnzlhg nf cçs

mn uf 79% pgrg
pgrg aitnfn
aitnfnrr mntnrc
mntnrcefg
efgmg
mg lafses
lafsestnf
tnfleg
leg nf nh la
laflr
flrnta
nta y
gmncçs rntgrmgr su `rgkugma.

  Nstas gmetevas saf cuy utehezgmas pgrg jarcekafns prncnzlhgmas

nf has qun sn rnquenrn hgrkas tencpas mn trgfspartn. Nf su mnsncpn÷a ns

secehgr g has nstgiehezgmarns, pnra laf uf pamnr rnmultar mn gkug, nstn

tepa mn gmetevas saf pahe`ufleafghns.

<.<.:.
<.<.:. ]ERA
]ERA GG?
GG? Efl
Eflhus
husar
ar mn ger
gern.
n.

\af gmetevas laf ufg vnftgog qun nh gern eftramulema `ufleafg laca uf
huirelgftn nftrn hgs pgrtãluhgs mn lncnfta par has vglãas gmeleafghns nf su
nstrulturg.

Nstn
Nstn gmetev
gmeteva
a tgcieå
tgcieåf
f eflarp
eflarparg
arg cel
celrap
rapara
arass gh jarcek
jarceküf
üf pra
pramul
mulenf
enfma
ma
rnsestnfleg gh jenha y mnsjenha, cgyar malehemgm, cnfar pnrcngiehemgm y
nxumgleüf.

Nh jarceküf, gmncçs mn sus lacpafnftns sühemas, laftenfn uf parlnftgon

mn vglãas mn `arcgs y mecnfseafns vgregmgs, pravnfenftns
pravnfenftns mnh gern gtrgpgma
y mn hg `rglleüf mnh gkug mn gcgsgma qun sn nvgparg. Nf lgciea, gh utehezgr 
uf ef
efla
larp
rpar
argm
gmar
ar mn gern
gern sn pr
pram
amul
ulnf
nf celr
celrai
aiur
uriu
iuog
ogss ns
ns`å
`årel
relgs
gs lu
luya
yass
meçcntras aslehgf nftrn 9> y 9>2¾ laf ufg mestgfleg nftrn nhhas mn 722 g
922¾. (@nrfçfmnz,927
(@nrfçfmnz,9279)
9)
 

  Rgrg atarkgr rnsestnfleg g hgs jnhgmgs eftnrnsg pgrteluhgrcnftn qun hgs

iuriuogs sngf pnqun÷gs. Hg pgstg mn lncnfta nstç pratnkemg laftrg has
n`nltas mnh jenha-mnsjenha, se nh `gltar mn mestgfleg ns cnfar g 2.92 cc.

Hg lgftemgm mn gern y tgcg÷a mn hgs iuriuogs mn gern eflarpargma gucnftgf

laf hg cgyar `huemnz mnh jarceküf. Nf rnhgleüf laf nstn ÿhteca gspnlta,
punmnf sn÷ghgrsn has sekuenftns vgharns?

Ehustrgleüf 9? Lgftemgm mn gern y tgcg÷a mn hgs iuriuogs.

 @unftn? @nrfçfmnz, (9279)

<.<.:.7. Cama m
mnn us
usa
 Hgs praparleafns nf qun sn mase`elgf nstas gmetevas vgf nftrn nh
2.29% y nh 2.72% mnh pnsa mnh lncnfta, cnmegftn nh lugh sn eflarparg
nh gern nf uf parlnftgon vgregihn nftrn nh <% y nh 0% mnpnfmenfma mn
hgs lafmeleafns nspnlã`elgs mnh pramulta.
 Ns cçs lacÿf su usa nf pgvecnftas y pratnlleüf laftrg gknftns
quãcelas.

<.=. Gmetevas mn jarceküf cçs usgma

usgmass par hg efmustreg

Nftrn has gmetevas cçs utehezgmas gltughcnftn nf hg efmustreg lafstrultevg sn

tenfn?

\upnrphgste`elgftns
Has usas cçs lacufns mn has supnrphgste`elgftns nf hg gltughemgm snkÿf

\ntcex, (9275) saf?

 

 Laflrnta cgrefa
 Laflrnta mespgrgma
 Laflrnta prn`girelgma
 Laflrnta grquetnltüfela
 Laflrnta mn `arcgs nspnleghns
 Laflrnta laftnfenfma lnfezgs vahgftns a juca mn seheln
 Laflrnta laftnfenfma nslaregs mn ghtas jarfas
 Laflrnta mnfsa
 Laflrnta heknra

Ehustrgleüf <? ^sas mn gmetevas supnrphgste`elgftns.

supnrphgste`elgftns.

@unftn? \ntcex, (9275)

Yntgrmgftns mn `rgkugma.

Has usas cçs lacufns mn has rntgrmgftns mn `rgkugma nf hg gltughemgm

snkÿf \ntcex, (9275) saf?

 Rgrg tama tepa mn jarceküf nf nme`eleas, punftns, hasgs, pgvecnftas, ntl.

 Laftrah mnh `rgkugma efelegh mnh jarceküf
 Mafmn sn rnquenrg jarceküf mnfsa mn ghtg rnsestnfleg efelegh y `efgh laf
nxlnhnftn glgigma.
 

 Runmn ncphngrsn laf tamas has tepas mn lncnfta, sef ncigrka, has
rnsuhtgmas snrçf cnoarns laf lncnfta `rnsla. Gsã cesca punmn usgrsn
laf eflhusarns mn gern, phgste`elgftns, supnrphgste`elgftns, glnhnrgftns,
puzahgfgs y atras gmetevas.
 Laca gjarrgmar mn lncnfta gh rnmuler nh gkug cgftnfenfma hg rnhgleüf

gkug/lncnfta y hg trgigogiehemgm.
  Ghgrkg nh tencpa mn lahalgleüf
lahalgleüf mn hg cnzlhg.

Ehustrgleüf =? ^sas mn gmetevas rntgrmgftns mn `rgkugma.

@unftn? \ntcex, (9275)

Ecpnrcngiehezgftns.

Hass usas
Ha usas cç
cçss la
lacu
cufn
fnss mn ha
hass ef
eflr
lrnc
ncnf
nftg
tgma
marn
rnss mn rnse
rnsest
stnf
nfle
leg
g nf hg
gltughemgm snkÿf \ntcex, (9275) saf?

  Geshgcenfta mn lecnftgleafns
lecnftgleafns
 \ahnrgs
 ]nogmas
 Rgrnmns
 Reslefgs
 Lestnrfgs.

Ehustrgleüf >? ^sas mn gmetevas Ecpnrcngiehezgftns.

 

@unftn? \ntcex, (9275)

=. GFÇHE\E\
=.7. Ns ecpartgftn gfghezgr mn ufg cgfnrg cefuleasg hgs lgftemgmns mn
gmetevas qun sn rnquenrn par nfmn uf nstçfmgr knfnrghezgma ns qun nh
gmeteva fa punmn pgsgr g snr cgyar mnh >% mnh pnsa mnh lncnfta

=.9. \n punmn gfghezgr qun hg mases rnqunremg mnpnfmn mnh tepa mn gmeteva sn
punmn mnler nftaflns qun pgrg gmetevas eflarpargmarns mn gern hg mases
usugh ns mn 2.2<% g 2.2>% mnh pnsa mnh lncnfta, g lacpgrgleüf mn has
gmetevas phgste`elgftns qun su mases usugh ns mnh 2.7 % g 2.=% mnh pnsa
mnhh ln
mn lncn
cnft
fta,
a, tn
tnfe
fenf
nfma
ma nf lu
lunf
nftg
tg qu
qun
n pg
pgrg
rg qun
qun ns
nstg
tgss ma
mase
sess sn
sngf
gf
nstgihnlemgs sn rnquenrn mn mgtas nspnlã`elas y `ufleafns nspnlã`elgs
pgrg nh lugh nh jarceküf nstç mnstefgma.

=.<. Nf lu
lugf
gfta
ta g ha
hass \upn
\upnrp
rphg
hgst
ste`e
e`elg
lgft
ftns
ns su ma
mase
sess vg g mn
mnpn
pnfm
fmnr
nr mn
mnhh
`girelgftn qun usughcnftn `hultÿgf mnsmn 2.>% g 9% mnh pnsa mnh
lncnfta pgrg has gmetevas glnhnrgmarns mn `rgkugma su mases usugh pgrg
uf jarceküf fa grcgma vg nf ufg rnhgleüf mn 7?9 g 7?> (gmetevas? gkug)
y pgrg uf jarceküf grcgma ufg mases cçxecg mn 7?0 (gmeteva? gkug).

=.=. Gfghezgfma mnftra mnh lgcpa mn hag gmetevas eflarpargmarns mn gern sn

aitenfn qun hg malehemgm mnh jarceküf vg g mnpnfmnr mn hg lgftemgm mn
gern y tgcg÷a mn hgs iuriuogs yg qun nstgs lgrgltnrãstelgs gucnftgf
laf
laf hg `huem
`huemnz
nz mnh
mnh ja
jarc
rcek
eküf
üf,, gsã
gsã sn tetenf
nfn
n qu
qun
n nf uf
ufg
g rnhg
rnhgle
leüf
üf mn
 

gkug/lncnfta mn 2.<> nh tgcg÷a mn hgs iuriuogs vg nf uf rgfka mn 72-

722¾, pgrg ufg rgzüf mn gkug /lncnfta mn 2.;> sn tenfn uf tgcg÷a mn
iuriuogs nf uf rgfka mn >2->22 ¾.

>. LAFL
LAFLH^
H^\E
\EAF
AFN\
N\

>.7. Mnspuås mn tnrcefgr nh trgigoa mn tepa efvnstekgteva glnrlg mn has

gmetev
gmetevas
as pgrg
pgrg jarcek
jarceküf
üf , jnc
jncas
as pamema
pamema laflhu
laflhuer
er qun nx
nxest
estnf
nf vgr
vgreas
eas
lgs
gsa
as nf qu
qun
n hg ÿfe
felg
lg gh
ghtn
tnrrfgte
fgtevvg mn sa
sahu
hulleü
eüf
f n`el
n`elen
enf
ftn ns hg
eflarpargleüf y usa mn gmetevas, senfma has gmetevas ufg ghtnrfgtevg qun
sencprn pnrceterç aptecezgr gs cnzlhgs y has pralnsas lafstrultevas, par 
nhha lgmg vnz sn vg lafsemnrgfma cgs rekurasgcnftn nh lretnrea mn
lafse
lafsemnr
mnrgr
gr has gme
gmetev
tevas
as laca
laca uf lac
lacpaf
pafnft
nftn
n far
farcgh
cgh mnf
mnftra
tra mn has
jarcekafns camnrfas yg qun nstas laftreiuynf g cefecezgr has renskas
qun nf su cgyarãg sn algseaf
eafgf gh fa pamnr laftrahg
rahgrr hgs

lgrgltnrãstelgs efjnrnftns mn hg cnzlhg mnh jarceküf laca saf has

tencpas mn `rgkugma, has vglãas, nh lghar mn jemrgtgleüf, ntl.

>.9. Ns cuy ecpartgftn tnfnr nf lunftg has tepas mn gmetevas nxestnftns y sus
usas,, g trgvås mn nsn laf
usas lafalecen
alecenfta
fta pamrncas
pamrncas nhnk
nhnker
er nh rnqunrema
rnqunrema,, yg
qun laf nh usa mn lug
lughquen
hquenrr gmetev
gmeteva
a sn punmn hhnkgr
hhnkgr g aitnfn
aitnfnrr uf ghta
krgma mn murgiehemgm, rnsestnfleg gh ekugh qun nvetgr nh `esurgcenfta, ns
fnlnsgrea pgrg nh usa nstas gmetevas tnfnr nf lunftg hg n`nltevemgm mn
has cescas, laflhuynfma gsã qun hg sahuleüf qun irefmn nh gmeteva nf uf

lgsa nspnlã`ela mnpnfmnrç mnh tepa mn gmeteva, mn hg lgftemgm mn gkug, hg

`arcg,
`arcg, hg krgfuh
krgfuhacn
acntrã
trãg,
g, lac
lacaa tgc
tgcieå
ieåf
f nh tencpa
tencpa mn cncnzlh
zlhgm
gma
a hgs
tn
tnc
cpnr
nrgt
gtur
urg
gs, nft
ftrn
rn at
atra
ras,
s, pun
puns nsta
stas `gl
`gltarn
tarnss me
mern
rnlltgc
tgcnf
nftn
tn
mntnrcefgrçf hg `ufleafghemgm mnh gmeteva.

>.<. Nh laflrnta gh snr ufa mn has cgtnreghns cçs usgmas nf hg lafstrulleüf

rnquenrn nh laftrah mn su `girelgleüf tgfta nf phgftg laca nf airg par 
nhha nxestnf mevnrsas pralnmecenftas nstgihnlemas par nftemgmns laca
hgs mnh GLE, cnmegftn hgs lughns sn punmn mesn÷gr laflrntas farcghns
mn pns
pnsa
a heknra
heknra laf mnt
mntnrc
nrcefg
efgmg
mg rns
rnsest
estnfl
nfleg,
eg, la
laflr
flrnta
ntass pn
pnsgm
sgmas
as y
 

laflr
laflrnta
ntass la
laf
f lgrglt
lgrgltnrã
nrãste
stelgs
lgs ns
nspnl
pnlegh
eghns
ns ute
utehezg
hezgfma
fma gm
gmetev
etevas,
as, la
laf
f nh
mesn÷a mn hgs cnzlhgs y hg gyumg mn has gmetevas sn iuslg tnfnr lenrtgs
prapenmgmns nf nh jarceküf nf nstgma `rnsla y nf nstgma nfmurnlema.

>.=. Ns precarmegh tnfnr nf lunftg hg tncpnrgturg gcienftgh y hg jucnmgm

rnhgtevg pgrg nh `rgkugma mnh laflrnta yg qun saf `gltarns mernltgcnftn

rnhgleafgmas laf nh n`nlta mn hg laftrglleüf nf nh cesca.

>.>. Nh aion
aionteteva
va pr
pref
efle
lepg
pghh mn uf gmet
gmetev
eva
a ns gp
gpar
artg
tgrr pa
pase
setetevg
vgcn
cnft
ftn
n g hg
hgss
lgrgltnrãstelgs mnh jarceküf, laca tgcieåf ns gpartgr nf nh çcieta
nlafücela laca ns nh lgsa mn has gmetevas tepa N (glnhnrgftns), yg qun
gyumg gh lafstrultar gh mnsnfla`rgma mn has nhncnftas nstrulturghns nf
cnfar tencpa qun nsta sn trgmuln nf lastas g `gvar mnh laftrgtestg gh
rnmuler tencpas ncphngmas g lgusg mn utehezgr uf gmeteva nf nh jarceküf.

>.0. Ha
Hass gmet
gmetev
evas
as cç
cçss ut
utehehez
ezgm
gmas
as nf hg ef
efmu
must
stre
reg
g gl
gltu
tugh
ghcn
cnft
ftn
n sa
saf
f ha
hass
glnhnrgftns y phgste`elgftns, punsta qun nstas mgf laca infn`elea nf nh
jarceküf ufg cgyar trgigogiehemgm lugfma sn rnquenrn jarcekafns mn
ghtg rnsestnfleg y cnfar tencpa ncphngma nf nh mnsnfla`rgma, par nhha
alupgf nf uf krgf parlnftgon nf hg gltughemgm.

0. YNLA
YNLACN
CNFM
FMGL
GLEA
EAFN
FN\
\
0.7. Ns rnlac
rnlacnfm
nfmgih
gihn
n hg vnre`el
vnre`elgle
gleüf
üf mn mas
mases
es üpt
üptecg
ecgss mn gme
gmetev
tevas
as qun
phgftng nh `girelgftn pgrg pamnr hakrgr nh rnfmecenfta üpteca rnahükela
laca
laca cn
cnlç
lçfe
fela
la rn
rnqu
qunr
nrem
ema,
a, gh ek
ekug
ughh qu
qun
n pg
pgrg
rg nv
nvgh
ghug
ugrr ha
hass n`nl
n`nlta
tass
snlufmgreas sn mnin lucpher gh pen mn hg hntrg mn hgs efmelgleafns mnh
`girelgftn.

0.9. Ns fnlnsgrea qun ufg vnz phgftngma nh rnqunrecenfta mnh jarceküf g

fnlnsetgr nh lafstrultar mnig ecpafnrsn vgregs ghtnrfgtevgs mn glunrma
laf su fnlnsemgm y g hgs nspnle`elgleafns mn lgmg tepa mn gmetevas,
 

pastnrearcnftn mninrç snhnlleafgr hg cnoar apleüf y `efghcnftn aitnfnr 

hgs mases rnqunremgs pgrg hg
h g `girelgleüf mnh jarceküf larrnspafmenftn.
0.<. Ns lafvnfenftn rnghezgr gfçheses mn has gkrnkgmas y tnfnr nh rnspnlteva
lafalecenfta mn hgs lgrgltnrãstelgs tgfta `ãselgs laca cnlçfelgs mn
nstas pgrg ufg iunfg eflarpargleüf mn gmeteva gh ekugh qun pgrg uf iunf

mesn÷a mn cnzlhg mn jarceküf.

0.=. Ns rnlacnfmgihn nh sn÷ar nstumegftn gcphãn sus lafalecenftas nf

`unftns qun kgrgftelnf lghemgm mn ef`arcgleüf sairn nh tncg mn gmetevas
pgrg jarceküf yg qun gh snr uf krgf lgcpa mnftra mn hg lafstrulleüf
sn rnquenrn mn culja lafalecenfta, qun gpartgrç tgfta nf hg lçtnmrg mn
lafstrulleafns EE, laca nf hg vemg pra`nseafgh.

0.>. Ns rnla
rnlacn
cnfm
fmgi
gihn
hn qun,
qun, gu
gufq
fqun
un hg cgya
cgyarã
rãg
g mn ha
hass gm
gmetetev
evas
as fa sa
saf
f
pnhekrasas pgrg hg sghum, lenrtas gmetevas saf par fgturghnzg punmnf
rnsuhtgr ef`hgcgihns, par nhha ns ecpartgftn tacgr lenrtgs cnmemgs mn
pratnlleüf laca saf nvetgr nh laftglta mernlta laf has aoas, hg ialg, hg
penh,h, pun
pen punss tam
tamas
as has quã
quãcel
celas
as mni
mninf
nf laf
lafsem
semnrg
nrgrsn
rsn lac
laca
a tüx
tüxela
elass y
larrasevas.

0.0. Has gmetevas mninf snr gkrnkgmas nf uf jarceküf murgftn nh cnzlhgma

 oufta laf hg ÿhtecg parleüf mnh gkug mn cnzlhgma laf nh `ef mn gsnkurgr 
hg rnpgrteleüf
rnpgrteleüf ufe`a
ufe`arcn
rcn mnh gmeteva
gmeteva nf tama nh laflrnta g cnfa
cnfass qun hgs
nspnle`elgleafns mnh `girelgftn cnfleafnf ha laftrgrea a hg gmeleüf mn
nstn tnfkg qun snr rntgrmgmg pgrg uf prapüseta rnqunrema
nspnlã`elgcnftn.

;. IE
IEIH
IHEA
EAKY
KYG@
G@ÃG
ÃG
;.7. LA^]EFJA, G. mn \., @girela n praprenmgmns ma intìa. Hesiag? HFNL
nmetarg. v.7. 755;. 072p.
;.9. Gmetevas Laflrnta. (2= mn altuirn mn 9270).  Gmetevas pgrg laflrnta.
Aitnfema mn ]epas mn gmetevas pgrg laflrntas?
jttp?//gmetevaslafl.ihakspat.lac/9270/72/eftramul
jttp?//gmetevaslafl.ihakspat.lac/9270/72/eftramulleafQ=.jtch
leafQ=.jtch
 

;.<. @nrfçfmnz, C. (79 mn gkasta mn 9279. Aitnfema mn?

jttp?//www.rnkestralmt.lh/rnkestralmt/www/gmcef/uphagms/mal]nl/gmetevas
.pm` 

;.=. @nrf
@nrf÷gfm
÷gfmnz
nz Lgfavgs, C. (\.@.).
(\.@.). Ynkestralmt.lh . Aitnfema mn Gmetevas -
ELJ?
jttp?//www.rnkestralmt.lh/rnkestralmt/www/gmcef/uphagms/mal]nl/gmetevas
.pm` 
;.>. Kuiea, H. [. C. (9292). Eflemnfleg Mnh jarceküf heknra y `hnxeihn nf hg
aptecezgleüf mn snlleafns, multehemgm y mnsncpn÷a
nstrulturgh. Lucirns, 0 (7),
(7), 0;-;:.
;.0. Yexac, C. Y. (75:=). Gmetevas pgrg has jarcekafns
jarcekafns. Ynvnrtn.
;.;. Rghgleas, C., \enrrg \çfljnz, L. O., & Runrtgs, @. (922<). Cåtamas y
tålfelgs mn lgrgltnrezgleüf mn gmetevas pgrg nh jarceküf.
;.:. Kg
Kgsp
spgr
gr-]
-]ni
nigr
gr,, M. (7
(755
55=)
=).. Gm
Gmetetev
evas
as pg
pgrg
rg nh ja
jarc
rcek
eküf
üf.. Lg
Lghehemg
mgm
m y
Farcgtevg. Cgtnreghns mn lafstrulleüf, ==(9<<), =>-02.
;.5. IAY
IAYYGH
YGHHNY
HNYG\,
G\, R. (92
(9225)
25).. F^N
F^NPG\
PG\ ]NF
]NFMNF
MNFLEG
LEG\
\ NF GME
GME]EP
]EPA\
A\
RGYG JAYCEKÜF G^]LACRGL]GF]N. Cgre Lgrcnf Gfmrgmn, 7<.
;.72. Rghgleas, C., \enrrg \çfljnz, L. O., & Runrtgs, @. (922<). Cåtamas
y tålfelgs mn lgrgltnrezgleüf mn gmetevas pgrg nh jarceküf.Aitnfema mn ?
rnkestralmt/www/gmcef/uphagms/mal]nl/gmetevas.pm` 
;.77. \ehvg, A. O. (927:). <02 nf laflrnta . Aitnfema mn <02 nf laflrnta?
jttps?//www.<02nflaflrnta.lac/ihak/mntghhn/kn
jttps?//www.<02nflaflrnta.lac/ihak/mntghhn/knfnrghemgmns-tepas-mn-
fnrghemgmns-tepas-mn-
gmetevas-pgrg-nh-laflrnta
;.79. ]NLFALYN]A. (927>). ]NLFALYN]A. Aitnfema mn
jttps?//sntcex.lac/efmnx.pjp/qun-a`rnlncas/gm
jttps?//sntcex.lac/efmnx.pjp/qun-a`rnlncas/gmetevas-pgrg-jarcekaf
etevas-pgrg-jarcekaf