Jatfr`ah gf ehasfs pflah fspfe`ah 7 sfjfstrf Vl`eauea

Tara fh pr`jfr pare`ah.

1. Eausah
Eausahfs
fs fspf
fspfeêb`e
eêb`eas
as y if
iflàr`e
làr`eas.
as. Lk
Lkl
l n`s ``l
l êgfj.
êgfj.

Eualgk ula j`sja eklgueta sf pufga fleuagrar fl ahiula gf has eausahfs

iflàr`eas gf airavae`õl gf has eklsairagas fl fh artêeuhk 6= gfh Eõg`ik Tflah y
ah j`sjk t`fjpk fl ahiula gf has eausahfs fspfeêb`eas gf hks gfh`tks fl part`euhar,
LK GFNF W@T@B@EA^UF fl has gks gf bkrja ekleurrfltf, pufs fstk hfs`kla fh
pr`le`p`k gfh lkl n`s `l êgfj (lk gks vfefs pkr hk j`sjk) pkr taltk, s`fjprf, ha
eausah fspfeêb`ea prfvahfef sknrf ha eausah iflàr`ea. Tkr fofjphk fh aetuar ha
eklgueta pkr jkt`vk anyfetk k bÿt`h, gfh artêeuhk 6= Lk >, brfltf ah artêeuhk 147
lujfrah 7¿ .

Eask gf aláh`s`s? fl ula b`fsta, s`l jfg`ar pahanra, l` earfk prfv`k, s`l s`qu`fra
eklkefrsf l` manfrsf v`stk altfs, Oksà tkja ul euem`hhk y maef ul halef a Hu`s
m`r`àlgkhk
m`r`àlgkhk fl fh pfemk, ekl abfetae
abfetae`õl
`õl gf has artfr`as pr`le`pahfs efrea ah ekrazõl.
Hu`s bahhfef. Fl fstf eask, sf pufgf eklehu`r quf fx`st`õ ula razõl k bulgajfltk
fl fh prkefgfr gfh airfskr; K pkr fh ekltrar`k sf trata gf ul jkt`vk anyfetk k bÿt`h
quf iflfra airavae`õl;. Ekl hk v`stk fl ehasfs, eharajfltf fs ul jkt`vk anyfetk,
quf
quf if
iflf
lfra
rarê
rêa
a ai
aira
rava
vae`
e`õl
õl fspf
fspfeê
eêb`
b`ea
ea gf
gfhh ar
artê
têeu
euhk
hk 14
147.
7. Jas
Jas lk gf bk
bkrj
rja
a
ekleurrfltf ekl ha gfh art. 6=, pufstk quf s` sf t`p`b`ea pkr has gks eausahfs sf
hfs`kla fh lkl n`s `l êgfj, fs gfe`r, sf pklf ul j`sjk mfemk k e`reulstale`a fl
gks lkrjas, pkr taltk, ha eausah fspfeêb`ea prfvahfef sknrf ha iflàr`ea, y tajpkek
fs ekrrfetk gfsfemar ha fspfeêb`ea y pklfr ÿl`eajfltf ha iflàr`ea gfh artêeuhk 6=.

>. Trkm
Trkm`n`e`
`n`e`õl
õl gf ha aalahki
lahkiêa
êa ``l
l jah
jahaj
aj partf.
partf.

Uf gfnf tflfr fl euflta para maefr ou`e`ks gf t`p`e`gag, quf ÿl`eajfltf fs gfh`tk
hk qu
quf
f ap
aparf
arfef
ef ta
taxat
xat`va
`vajf
jflt
ltf
f gfse
gfser`t
r`tk
k fl fh eõ
eõg`i
g`ik
k pfla
pflah,
h, pkr ta
taltk
ltk,, s` ula
ula
 

eklgueta lk hkira aoustarsf eanahjfltf a ul gfh`tk, lk pufgfl maefrsf alahkiêas

fl pfrou`e`k gfh prkefsagk. Tkr fofjphk fl fh gfh`tk gf iflke`g`k skhajfltf sf
ekjfltf eualgk sf atfltf ekltra hks irupks gf pfrsklas gfser`tks taxat`vajfltf
fl fh artêeuhk 141. Fstk fs, irupks lae`klahfs, àtl`eks, rae`ah, rfh`i`ksk k pkhêt`ek.
Fltklefs, s` ul gfh`leufltf pklf ula nkjna fxphks`va fl ul fstag`k para jatar a
tkgk ul fqu`pk gf butnkh y sus m`lemas, ekjftf iflke`
iflke`g`k;
g`k; Ekl hk v`stk fl ehasfs,
lk ekjftfrêa iflke`g`k, pufstk quf has vêet`jas lk skl irupk lae`klah, àtl`ek,
rfh`i`ksk l` pkhêt`ek. Uf tratarêa fltklefs gf ul mkj`e`g`k jÿht`phf, jas lk gf ul
iflke`g`k.

^fek
^fekrg
rgar
ar tajn
tajn`à
`àl
l qu
quf
f has
has jk
jkga
gah`
h`ga
gagf
gfs
s euhp
euhpks
ksa
a y pr
prft
ftfr
fr`l
`ltf
tfle
le`k
`kla
lahh sk
skl
l
ÿl`eajfltf has quf v`flfl sfñahagas fl fh eõg`ik, pkr taltk, lk fx`stf tkrtura
prftfr`ltfle`klah k sfeufstrk euhpksk, has gfjás quf fh eõg`ik sfñahf gfnfrál sfr 
fj`lfltfjfltf gkhksas.

Fstruetura gf hks gfh`tks?

Tara ula jaykr ekjprfls`õl gf hks gfh`tks fl part`euhar sf pufgfl g`v`g`r fl fh

suoftk aet`vk, suoftk pas`vk, vfrnk rfetkr, sale`õl, y ag`e`klahjfltf fstál hks
ekjpk
ekjpklf
lfltf
ltfs
s lkrja
lkrjat`v
t`vks
ks y gfser`
gfser`pt`
pt`vks
vks.. Fh su
suoft
oftk
k aet`vk
aet`vk fs fh quf
quf rf
rfah
ah`za
`za ha
aee`õl, sfiÿl fh gfh`tk sf pufgf fstanhfefr
fstanhfefr qu`àl t`flf ha eah`gag gf suoftk aet`vk.
Tkr fofjphk. Vl anufhk, gfe`gf jatar a su l`ftk brutk gf aeefsk earlah v`khfltk, ah
sàpt`jk gêa gf su lae`j`fltk. Euáh gfh`tk ekjft`õ; Knv`ajfltf quf sfrêa ul
mkj`e
mkj`e`g
`g`k
`k ai
airav
ravag
agk
k pk
pkrr fh pa
parfl
rfltfs
tfsek
ek,, lk pufgf
pufgf fstan
fstanhfe
hfefrs
frsf
f quf
quf sf
sfa
a ul
`lbalt`e`g`k gf aqufh quf eklsaira fh artêeuhk 14= gfh eõg`ik pflah, pkrquf fstf
gfh`tk rfqu`frf quf fh suoftk aet`vk sfa ha jagrf. Ahiulks gfh`tks rfqu`frfl quf fh
suoftk
suoftk pas`vk sfa ekh
ekhfet`
fet`vk,
vk, ekjk fl ha rfnfh`õ
rfnfh`õl
l (art.
(art. 729.
729. Hks  quf jfg`altf fh
fjphfk gf has arjas prftflgal …) , fstk s`il`b`ea quf ula skha pfrskla lk pufgf
ekjftfrha.
 

Fh suof
suoftk
tk pa
pas`
s`vk
vk fs sknr
sknrf
f fh quf
quf rf
rfea
eaf
f ha aee`
aee`õ
õl, ta
tajn
jn`à
`àl
l pufg
pufgf
f tf
tflf
lfr 
r 
fspfe`b`eae`klfs,
fspfe`b`eae`klfs, fl fh j`sjk gfh`tk gfser`tk fl fh párrabk altfr`kr,
altfr`kr, pkr fofjphk, fh
suoftk pas`vk sfrêa fh m`ok brutk gf gfh`tk sfxuah quf tflia masta kemk gêas gf
lae`gk. Tkr taltk s` t`flf lufvf gêas gf lae`gk, sf pasarêa ha eklgueta ah gfh`tk gf
mkj`e`g`k airavagk, aÿl s` fh suoftk aet`vk bufra ha jagrf. May gfh`tks quf lk
t`flfl ul suoftk pas`vk `lg`v`guahjfltf ekls`gfragk, pkr fofjphk fl hks gfh`tks gf
jfrk pfh`irk, ekjk hk sfrêa fh pkrtf `hfiah gf arjas, ekl fsta aee`õl, hks abfetagks
skl fh eklihkjfragk ske`ah, ha ekjul`gag gklgf sf rfah`za ha eklgueta.

Ekl
Ekl rfhae`
rfhae`õl
õl ah vfrnk
vfrnk rf
rfetk
etkrr may
may ulks
ulks gf
gfh`t
h`tks
ks quf
quf flh`s
flh`sta
tal
l jÿht`
jÿht`ph
phfs
fs vfrnk
vfrnks
s
rfetkrfs, pkr fofjphk fh gfh`tk gf fstupfbae`fltfs (artêeuhk 592), fhhk hk maef fh
hfi`shagkr gfltrk gf ha pkhêt`ea er`j`lah gf rfpr`j`r ajph`ajfltf g`ema eklgueta
pul`nhf,
pul`nhf, pkr fh eklt
ekltrar`
rar`k
k may gfh`tks
gfh`tks quf skhk tra
trafl
fl ul vfrnk rfetkr,
rfetkr, vr.ir.
vr.ir. fh
mkj`e`g`k. Ekl hks vfrnks rfetkrfs lk sf pufgfl maefr mfrjflàut`ea sunoft`va, fs
gfe`r, garhf eaga euah ul s`il`b`eagk g`st`ltk, pufs fh vfrnk rfetkr gfnf fltflgfrsf
fl fh sflt`gk jas hatk ekjk gfb`l`e`õl gf g`ee`klar`k, asê tajpkek fs pfrj`t`gk
aquê maefr alahkiêas `l jahaj partf, pkr fofjphk ekjk vfrnk rfetkr, lk fs hk
j`sjk ‘ahjaeflar‚ quf ‘Eklsfrvar‚.

B`lahjfltf ekl rfhae`õl a ha sale`õl, ekl hk fxph`eagk fl ehasf, sf gfnf tflfr fl

euflta ha hfy =04 gf >447 fl su artêeuhk 17. Quf para pkgfr `jnr`ear hks gfh`tks ah
lufvk prkefg`j`fltk pflah krah aeusatkr`k, aujfltõ has pflas fl ula tfrefra
partf gfh jêl`jk a ha j`tag fl fh jáx`jk, tah ekjk sf fxph`eõ gftfl`gajfltf fl
ehasfs, fsk sf gfn`õ a quf fh s`stfja aeusatkr`k aujfltõ has rfnaoas masta fl ha
j`tag pkr aefptae`õl gf eariks, pkr taltk, fra lfefsar`k aujfltar has pflas, gf
hk ekl
ekltra
trar`k
r`k ha pke
pkea
a ealt`
ealt`gag
gag gf pfla
pfla `jpuf
`jpufsta
sta a ul prkef
prkefsa
sagk
gk quf
quf ae
aefp
fptõ
tõ
rfspklsan`h`gag lk sfrêa sub`e`fltf para rfekifr fh `loustk pflah. Tkr fofjphk, fl
ul eask gf mkj`e`g`k s`jphf (artêeuhk145), gf ula airfskr quf lk buf eapturagk fh
bhairale`a y aefptõ eariks, s` lk fx`st`fral hks aujfltks gf ha hfy =04 gf >447, su
pfla pkgrêa g`sj`lu`rsf masta fl ha j`tag, pkr hk quf gf hks trfef añks jêl`jks
 

quf fstanhfef fh artêeuhk 145, hks puriarêa fl 2 añks y jfg`k, quf s` a fsk hf
airfiajks hks gfseufltk pkr rfgfle`õl gf pfla pkr tranaok k fstug`k earefhar`k y
ha b`i
b`iura
ura gf ha h`nfrt
h`nfrtag
ag eklg`
eklg`e`
e`kl
klah,
ah, fh t`
t`fjp
fjpk
k fl pr
pr`s`
`s`õl
õl sf
sfrêa
rêa juy `lbfr
`lbfr`kr
`kr a
aqufhhks sf`s añks.

Ekl hks aujfltks gf ha hfy =04 gfnf tflfrsf juy fl euflta quf lk sf aph`eal a
hks gfh`tks quf mal s`gk jkg`b`eagks pkr fh hfi`shagkr ekl pkstfr`kr`gag a g`ema hfy
=04, pufstk quf fhhks, fl fh aláh`s`s quf fh hfi`shat`vk hfs maef para jkg`b`earhks ya
trafl `jphêe`ta ha ealt`gag gf pfla quf sf aparfoarêa a hks aujfltks gf ha hfy =04.
Tkr fofjphk, rfv`sfl fh artêeuhk >46 gfh eõg`ik pflah, quf buf jkg`b`eagk fl fh añk
>44=, g`emk artêeuhk asê phaltfagk lk gfnf maeàrsfhf hks `lerfjfltks pul`t`vks.

N`fl ourêg`ek. Fs fh vahkr ske`ah quf sf prktfif a travàs gf ha eklsairae`õl gfh

gfh`tk. Asê pkr fofjphk, hk quf sf prktfif ekl ha prkm`n`e`õl gfh mkj`e`g`k fs ha
v`ga. Tara pkgfr ekjprflgfr y aph`ear ul gfh`tk gfnf fstar ehark euáh fs fh n`fl
 ourêg`ek quf prktfif y asê pkgfr alah`zar fl fh eask eklerftk s` g`emk n`fl ourêg`ek
rfsuht
rfsuhtõ
õ fb
fbfet
fet`va
`vajf
jflt
ltf
f hfs
hfs`k
`klag
lagk.
k. U` lk rf
rfsu
suhtõ
htõ hf
hfs`k
s`klag
lagk,
k, ha ek
eklg
lgue
ueta
ta lk fs
alt`ourêg`ea.

Vla bkrja báe`h gf fstanhfe

fstanhfefr
fr fh n`fl ourêg`ek, fs rfj`t`rsf ah lkjnrf gfh têtuhk quf
prfefgf ah gfh`tk, asê pkr fofjphk hks gfh`tks gf usurpae`õl k has gfbraugae`klfs
fstál ekltfl`gks gfltrk gfh têtuhk gf hks gfh`tks ekltra fh patr`jkl`k feklõj`ek,
pkr taltk fstf sfrá fh n`fl ourêg`ek quf tutfhal.

Gf hks gfh`tks fl part`euhar 

Iflke`g`k.
 

Fl fh iflke`g`k, s` n`fl fh n`fl ourêg`ek fs ha v`ga, gker`lar`ajfltf va jás ahhá,

pufstk quf hk quf sf abfeta fs ha mujal`gag fl phflk, fs ul gfh`tk quf traspasa
has brk
brkltf
ltfras
ras gf hks Fst
Fstag
agks.
ks. Asê
Asê pkr
pkr fo
fofjp
fjphk
hk fh pks`nh
pks`nhf
f iflk
iflke`g
e`g`k
`k quf
quf fs
fstá
tá
keurr`flgk fl fh paês gf U`r`a, lks abfeta a tkgks hks ekhkjn`alks, pufstk quf
atflta ekltra fh iàlfrk mujalk. Ha t`p`b`eae
t`p`b`eae`õl
`õl gfh iflke`g`k
iflke`g`k a l`vfh julg`ah t`flf
su kr`ifl ah b`lah`zar ha sfiulga iufrra julg`ah y ha prkm`n`e`õl gf rfpft`e`õl gf
g`emks aetks gf narnar`f alt`sfj`ta. Ekjk sf fxph`eõ altfr`krjfltf, lk tkgks hks
mkj`e`g`ks jÿht`phfs eklst`tuyfl iflke`g`k, t`flfl quf fstar g`r`i`gks mae`a irupks
quf
quf eujph
eujphal
al ahi
ahiula
ula gf has eklg`
eklg`e`k
e`klf
lfs
s quf
quf tr
traf
af fh artêeu
artêeuhk
hk fstk
fstk fs
fs?? ir
irup
upk
k
lae`klah, rae`ah, àtl`ek, rfh`i`ksk k pkhêt`ek. Fl Ekhkjn`a fs eklke`gk fh iflke`g`k
pkhêt
pkhêt`ek
`ek ekltr
ekltra
a ha Vl
Vl`õl
`õl Tatr`
Tatr`õt
õt`ea
`ea.. U`l
U`l fjnar
fjnarik
ik,, para
para aquf
aqufhha
hha gàeaga
gàeaga gf hks
kemflta lk fstana t`p`b`eaga g`ema eklgueta. Gf has eah`gagfs gf irupks jfrfef
jaykr fxph`eae`õl ha gf ‘irupk lae`klah‚, Quà fs ula lae`õl; Fs hk j`sjk lae`õl

y Fstagk;, pkr quà lufstra eklst`tue`õl fs ula eklst`tue`õl pkhêt`ea y lk ula

eklst`t
eklst`tue`õ
ue`õl
l lae`
lae`kla
klahh ekjk hk buf ha gf 1==
1==2,
2, fstas
fstas prfiult
prfiultas
as lks ayuga
ayugall a
fltflgfr quf pkr lae`õl sf flt`flgf ul irupk gf pfrsklas ekl ula j`sja
`gflt`gag, ul j`sjk pasagk, ul j`sjk `g`kja y ula j`sja v`s`õl gf buturk. Asê
fltklefs, fl Ekhkjn`a, fx`stfl var`as lae`klfs, pufstk quf may var`ks irupks ekl
g`emas earaetfrêst`eas, fsa phurah`gag buf ha quf rfeklke`õ ha eklst`tue`õl pkhêt`ea
gf 1001. Eualgk sf atflta, fltklefs, ekltra ul irupk lae`klah, ekl ha b`lah`gag
gf aeanarhk, sf ekjfltf iflke`g`k.

Fh iflke`g`k lk rfqu`frf lfefsar`ajfltf jÿht`phfs jufrtfs, vàasf pkr fofjphk

quf s` jatk a ul skhk j`fjnrk gf ul irupk rfh`i`ksk, pfrk ekl ha b`lah`gag gf
gfsfstan`h`zar y aeanar ekl g`emk irupk sf fstá ekjft`flgk iflke`g`k. Fs jás,
pufgf fx`st`r iflke`g`k s`l jufrtfs, pkr fofjphk, sf fv`tal lae`j`fltks ah `ltfr`kr 
gfh irupk k sf maefl aetks gf sfirfiae`õl.

Fh iflke`g`k hk pufgfl ekjftfr irupks ah jarifl gf ha hfy, k tajn`àl sf pufgf

ekjftfr gfsgf ha `lst`tue`klah`gag.

Fh gfh`tk gf iflke`g`k lk pfrj`tf ha aph`eae`õl gfh pr`le`p`k gf kpkrtul`gag, b`iura

fsta
fsta gf
gfhh prkef
prkefg`j
g`j`fl
`fltk
tk pfla
pflahh quf
quf ekl
eklbkr
bkrjf
jf hk g`
g`spk
spklf
lf fh artêeu
artêeuhk
hk >6
>64
4 gf ha
 

eklst`tue`õl pkhêt`ea, pfrj`tf a ha b`seahêa ha suspfls`õl k rflule`a a ha pfrsfeue`õl

pflah gfltrk gf ulas eausahfs fspfeêb`eas eklsairagas fl fh artêeuhk 5>7 gfh
eõg`ik gf prkefg`j`fltk pflah.

Fh gfh`tk gf iflke`g`k lk prfser`nf, asê sf eklsairõ fl fh artêeuhk =5 gfh eõg`ik

pflah eklbkrjf a ha jkg`b`eae`õl quf sf hf `ltrkguok a g`emk artêeuhk ekl ha hfy

17>2 gf >414.

Artêeuhk 14>. Ha apkhkiêa gfh iflke`g`k.

 Apkhkiêa
 Apkhkiêa s`il`b`ea gfbflsa,
gfbflsa, asê pkr fofjphk fs bajksk fh tfxtk gf ha ‘Apkhkiêa gf
Uõeratfs‚ quf rfah`zõ para gfbflgfrsf gf has aeusae`klfs quf hf m`e`frkl hks
skb`stas y quf euhj`lõ ekl ha sale`õl gf knh`iarhk a nfnfr ha e`euta.

Fh gfh`tk gf iflke`g`k fs tal iravksk quf gfnf prkm`n`rsf euahqu`fr ifrjfl gfh
j`sjk, euahqu`fr pflsaj`fltk quf sf g`bulga fl ekltra gf ul irupk lae`klah,
àtl`ek, pkhêt`ek k rfh`i`ksk gfnf sfr rfpr`j`gk pul`t`vajfltf. Asê pkr fofjphk ul
irab`t` quf ah`fltf a ha pfrsfeue`õl gf ul irupk pkhêt`ek k ul ekjfltar`k fl ul
jfg`k gf ekjul`eae`õl k rfg ske`ah quf `le`tf ah kg`k y pfrsfeue`õl a gftfrj`lagk
irupk
irupk ekl
eklst`t
st`tuyf
uyfl
l apkhkiê
apkhkiêa
a gfh ifl
iflke`g
ke`g`k.
`k. Tkr fh ekltrar
ekltrar`k,
`k, ula ajflaza
ajflaza pkr 
`ltfrlft k `le`tae`õl a quf sf jatf a gftfrj`lagk pfrsklaof lae`klah, fofjphk fh
m`ok gf ul jalgatar`k, lk eklst`tuyfl, fl fstr`etk sflt`gk, apkhkiêa gfh iflke`g`k.

MKJ@E@G@K.
Trktfif fh n`fl ourêg`ek gf ha v`ga ( ha `ltfir`gag pfrsklah sfrá fh n`fl ourêg`ek gf
has hfs`klfs pfrsklahfs). Fh mkj`e`g`k gfh artêeuhk 145 sf eklkef ekjk mkj`e`g`k
s`jphf, gf fseasa keurrfle`a fl ha práet`ea gaga ha ealt`gag gf e`reulstale`as
e`reulstale`as gf
airavae`õl quf sf flh`stal fl fh artêeuhk 147.

Vl rfqu`s`tk nás`ek para quf sf eklb`iurf fs quf fh suoftk pas`vk sfa t`tuhar gfh
n`fl ourêg`ek, fs gfe`r, quf fstà v`vk, s` sf hf g`spara a ul eagávfr, sf pufgf
ekjftfr ul `rrfspftk a eagávfr pfrk lk mkj`e`g`k, fstk rfsuhta rfhfvaltf eualgk

skl var`ks hks airfskrfs y fs ulk fh quf hf eausa ha jufrtf, y hks gfjás
 

eklt`lÿal has airfs`klfs eualgk ya ma pfrg`gk ha v`ga. Aquê sf rfekjflgõ fh

ehás`ek gfh e`lf ariflt`lk ‘efl`zas gfh paraêsk‚.

mttps?//www.ykutunf.ekj/watem;v:JALnRFMaVaJ

Uf alah`zõ fl ehasfs, s` fx`stf mkj`e`g`

mkj`e`g`k
k eualgk sf g`spara ekl ál`jk gf jatar a
ula pfrskla ekl jufrtf efrfnrah, para eklehu`r quf aÿl fl fsks easks fx`stf
mkj`e`g`k.

Hks jfg`ks para jatar gfnfl sfr `gõlfks, y tflfr ula rfhae`õl gf eausah`gag, asê
pkr fofjphk, s` U`jõl fh jaik va a ha b`seahêa a eklbfsar quf jfg`altf aetks gf
mfem`efrêa
mfem`efrêa jatõ a su flfj`ik qu`fl sf fleuflt
fleufltra
ra fl ktra e`ugag, y ekl fh euah lk

tuvk l`liÿl ekltaetk bês`ek, pufs lk pufgf eklehu`rsf, pflahjfltf, quf fx`sta
mkj`e`g`k, pkrquf lk fstá fh lfxk eausah. Fstf eklefptk gf lfxk eausah gfnf
fx`st`r y alah`zarsf fl tkgks hks gfh`tks, gf hk ekltrar`k lk sf eklb`iura fh pul`nhf.

 Asê j`sjk hks jfg`ks gfnfl sfr `gõlfks, pkr taltk, s` prftflgk
prftflgk flvflflar
flvflflar a
ahiu`fl, lk fs sub`e`fltf ekl garhf ahtas gks`s gf ekeaekha para quf gfspuàs gf
ahiulks añks hf eausf ula palerfat`t`s y bahhfzea, asê eklbêflsf quf hf g` ekek ekha
para jatarhf, lk fx`stf gfh`tk. Knv`ajfltf,
Knv`ajfltf, lk knh`iuà a ha vêet`ja a tkjar ha ekea
ekha.

EAVUAHFU GF AI^ARAE@ÕL.

Has eausahfs gf airavae`õl, ekjk tkgk fl fh gfrfemk pflah, lk skl knoft`vas, fl

gfrf
gfrfem
emk
k pf
pfla
lahh ha rf
rfsp
spkl
klsa
san`
n`h`
h`ga
gag
g fs suno
sunoft
ft`v
`va,
a, pkr
pkr ta
talt
ltk,
k, fl ha ea
eaus
usah
ah gf
airavae`õl t`flf quf suri`r ul aetuar gkhksk.

Tkr fofjphk, ha easuah pr`jfra gfh artêeuhk 147 airava ah mkj`e`g`k eualgk sf
jatf a ahiulks baj`h`arfs, ekjk hks aseflg`fltfs. Tfrk `jai`lfjks fh eask gf

Fg`pk, fl ha h`tfratura ir`fia, Uõbkehfs lks larra ha m`stkr`a gf ul rfy quf ah sanfr 
 

pkr fh kráeuhk quf su m`ok rfe`àl lae`gk eualgk sfa aguhtk jatará ah pagrf y sf
easará ekl su jagrf. Tkr fhhk g`emk iknfrlaltf kpta pkr ahfoarhk gfh rf`lk y quf
sfa er`agk pkr eajpfs`lks. Ah kntflfr ha fgag aguhta fsf l`ñk quf fs Fg`pk, v`aoa
a g`emk rf`lk y fl ul fleufltrk fl ul eaj`lk sf flbrflta a ul irupk gf v`aofrks y
eausa ha jufrtf gf ulk gf fhhks, y hufik eklkef a ula mfrjksa juofr jaykr quf
àh ekl qu`fl tfrj`la easálgksf. Fg`pk lk sanêa quf aqufh mkjnrf quf jatõ fl ha
vêa fra su pagrf, y gfseklkeêa pkr ekjphftk quf aqufhha juofr fra su jagrf.
Gfnf Fg`pk rfspklgfr pkr ha eausah gf airavae`õl gfh mkje`g`k; P gf ekltfra,
gfnf rfspklgfr pkr fh `lefstk;, ekl hk v`stk fl ehasfs, LK, pufstk quf lk tuvk
eklke`j`fltk y vkhultag para ekjftfr g`emas aee`klfs.

Lk khv`garsf tajpkek quf fstas easuahfs skl fspfeêb`eas, pkr taltk prfvahfefl
sknrf has iflàr`eas s` fl has gks sf pufgf rfekifr ha eklgueta, y quf skl
fxehus
fxehus`v
`vas
as pa
para
ra fh mkj`e
mkj`e`g`
`g`k,
k, fs gf
gfe`r
e`r,, hks gfh`tk
gfh`tks
s t`flfl
t`flfl iflfr
iflfrahj
ahjflt
fltf
f su
sus
s
eausahfs gf airavae`õl, asê fl fh artêeuhk >74 fstál has eausahfs gf airavae`õl
prkp`as para fh murtk, k fl fh artêeuhk 194 fstál has gfh sfeufstrk. Lk sf gfnfl
eklbulg`r l` aph`ear gf bkrja `lekrrfeta.

Fh mkj`e`g`k hf prfsta has eausahfs gf airavae`õl a has hfs`klfs pfrsklahfs ekjk

vfrfjks eualgk sf fstug`f g`emk gfh`tk.

EAVUAH
EAVUAH T^@
T^@JF^
JF^A
A. M`
M`st
stõr
õr`e
`ea
a y gket
gketr`
r`la
lar`
r`aj
ajfl
fltf
tf sf hh
hhaj
ajõ
õ a fsta
fsta ea
eaus
usah
ah
‘parr`e`g`k‚ pufs sf efltrõ fl fh mkj`e`g`k gfh pagrf, tfja quf fs ankrgagk a
bklgk pkr ha er`j`lkhkiêa y fl fspfe`ah pkr fh ps`ekaláh`s`s. »quà razklfs pufgf
tflfr ula pfrskla para prftflgfr aeanar ekl su prkifl`tkr; Fh j`tk ir`fik gf
erklks quf gfvkrana a sus m`oks s`rvf para quf fh ps`ekaláh`s`s alah`ef g`emk
mkj`e`g`k gfh pagrf.

Masta
Masta aqu
aquêê j`s qufr`g
qufr`gks
ks fgu
fgueal
ealgks,
gks, ha pr`j
pr`jfra
fra partf gfh rfsujfl,
rfsujfl, fh pr`j
pr`jfr 
fr 
pare`ah hk maefjks fl has bfemas aekrgagas hulfs 15 y jartfs 17 fl mkra gf
ehasfs, sfrál e`lek prfiultas gf easks s`j`harfs a hks v`stks fl ehasf, eaga ula

vahgrá ul pultk, lk fltra hfs`klfs pfrsklahfs pkrquf lk hk mfjks tfrj`lagk gf

 

alah`zar. Ukhk sf pfrj`tf fh usk gfh eõg`ik, y fh eõg`ik lk sf pufgf prfstar 

guraltf fh fxajfl.