MECHANICAL TISSUE

COLENHYMA
living cells big vacuole similar To the parenchematic D the thickness of
the cell wall where in colenchyms are thicker due To the presen cellulose
amicelluloses
pectins
hey we longer cells compared with colenchymatic cells
Ze t the mechanical stress the t the Thicanes Think about the windy cand
intercellular
eking off Étinghimota spaces

Angular C The wall Thickening occurs at the anguls

cell wall thickening occurs at the corner
It just below the epidermis
Djfgy
is located

IIIII
Yellow angular colenchind
green sub
gHypodermis
Lamellar C The cell wall Thickening occuss at the outer inner Tangential cellwall
calls appears as Tangential layers
guyton It occurs in PETIOLE

nnular C The cell wall thickening is uniformly distributed Cells appear circular in
cross section Cells are closely packed and everything is internal To
the con
oooooooooooo

oconor L The only 1 That possesses the intercellular spaces and cell wall This
intercellular spaces the cells look circular oval in
ning occurs in the
the cross section
agates
 stems or eubaceouswoody plants Is
Collenchymais present in
young present in the
petioles and everywhere is located at the perifery of the stem petiole Forming
The hypodermis Typical of cellery ribs

Vascular bundle have also collenchyma in the phloem site

panel
Pylon
Xylem

Associated To the
epidermis and to the vascular bundle

FUNCTION
ng ay g any g
T guarantees a certain degree of flexibility It allows the growth elongation of
he plant It can contain also chloroplast so it can perform also photosynthe

SCLERENCHYMA dead cells so the cell will contain

lignin that represent
an impermeable layer
Intrusive growth elongation of the primary cell wall

Scleveidst
are short sclerenchymac cells FÉÉIÉÉ ÉÉÉ interruption Pits
presentin the endocetof coconut
We can distinguish 5 4
kind of them

brachystereids d Stone cells found edible parts of fruit blueberry

in
Macrosleverds d elongated columnal cells thin cells with a narrow lumen
Osteosdevelds D bone shaped it can be also branched
Asterosclereids b Aster which means star
Trichosclereids a hair in green thicol hair like elongated scleveids
we observed them in the leaf olive banana forthe rigidity
resp
 p
ibers long schevenchymatic tissue lignihed 2nd cell wall main mechanicalTiss
of plants and can be find associated in the vascular bundle

Ntfff bundle
cap sclerenchyma likes 008

Item

Kylary f are associated to De xylem synonimas of wood also said woodkibe

3
I kind of xylem
bentracherds are present inparticular group of plants in the Gymnosperm
a

something in the middle Vascular Tissue tacherds involved in the

Transport of Aro and mineral ion
Ta'cheids and extremeFibers shouter
they are something in the middle between
than fibers longer thin Tracheids They are involved m the mech supportandcond It

this x are the pits with a circular shadow that

BODERED PITS
says
us that they are

IBRIFORM FIBERS mainly True XYLARY FIBERS elongated with lumen

a
very narrow
and pits

elatinus Fibers we don't have lignin but cellulose hydroscopic able to absorb
water
tension
Wooed
Iso't
sa'd Reaction Modod s forms in place
of normal wood in response To granty more flexible to
the absence of lignin
 g
Appears shiny gelatinous this because
gelatinous fibers
more flexible

Me don'tcontain
lignin It
formed on the
is

par
oftheplanttha
is under
tension

To The xylem To the phloem

EXTRAXYLARY FIBERS not assogiated
It
PHLOIC FIBERS PERIVASCULAR FIBERS
own as Bast f directly associatedTo phloem in region of plant init is called pericycle
vascular bundle capsheet
they upresent the commercial fibers
PHLOEMLEGS
HAD I SOFT FIBERS
IF detail dicotiledons
Angiosperms monocotyledons plant
plants

FUNCTION OF SCLERENCHIMA
Technical support m E II plantorgan
moved in the transport
Xerophitic plants live in a very short Ho endoment thisTissue is imp Topreventlossof
Imp m the Dostisconce spontaneous opening at maturity of a plantorgan ofAnthers
or fruit
Mel prevent from dessication
DERMAL TISSUE we can distinguish between dead tissue secondly
pray
demol Tissue It Dermal Tissue derived hom De protedem
EXTERNA derm T and INTERNAL
I DERMAL TISSUE protoderm derived
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
epidermis typical ofstem leafs Endodermis
VHitoDeumis
EXODERMIS

formed from core cambium

II Demac TISSUE phellogen
periderm we have only external dermal Tissue

EPIDERMIS characterized by packed cells it is a barrier that protect

closely
The inner Tissue from the extracellular environment
FUNCTIONS
IIII
EE
cell wall we observed the presence control gothic changes
a Transpiration process
IT represents a barrier
All epidemic posses a cuticle
rank environment
posses a very Thick cuticle
Wen in The protodorm u have a cuticle

IT consist in many kind of specialized cells the least dilferenated are the
ament cells MONOCOTILEDON have a quite elongated cell
1
Parallel arrangement of the stomata Pamiers con is the less specialized
the Most I kind of epidermis is the STOMATA
STOMA DUMB BELL

00
ÉÉ
chloroplast
substomatal
canty
guard cel
subsidiary cells inner region is thine compared to the other
They allow the transpiration process photo slide
spongi pain

I
facilitate the
passage of
gasses
SUNKEN STOMA They are below the phone of De epidermis We find them in
cells where u have To UMIT TAE TRASPIRADON Process

PLANT HAIRS TRICHOMES

Bey can be heterogenous in terms of sign

THROMES protect against frost reflect solar radiation and collect moister

CALANCAM Typical desertplant

mother and of EPIDERMIC Cores are PARZEAE resp for the Typical velvety
appearance of some petal

silica CELLS in corn leaf accumulate in Their cell call

Bucciform Lores They have a very Turgid cells Typical of leafs
bubble shape
resp for the curling
up of the leaf lamina Is holding import
To reduce the expose To sunlight Loss of Hyo is reduced
RHIZODERMIS present in the Root

we dont have a cuticlewhich is an impermeable byer

Absence of STOMATA
Presence of the root hairs with a shorter life they survive 1 2 DAYS
TRICHOBCAST

Roothair

491 ATRICOBLAST

MULTILAYERED VELAMEN consist in

many layers
of cells subericed cell that
we observed in the devil root

Orchid possess aerial root which posses multi which absolved Hyo from
the atmosphere

EXODERMIS Typical of root only in the old not Derives from the parench
cells peripheral
region

ENDODERMIS only internal dermal tissue Ring of cells that surrounds the

roof
PINELEATH PHLOEM
m endodendedeemmbte

qq.jp SUBER
subem m theaterlinner
vodsu tangential cellwall

ERASPARAN BAND STRIP Apopbstpathway

When riches Ho forced to enter the cell
4,0 the endo is blocked by suben'm is

I DERMAL TISSUE in
hence
plants undergo to a 2ndgrowth
not around
D Epidermis is no longer able to surround The
tin
stem D it has to be replaced by Idema tissue
PERIDERM Typical of the stem root
the outer surface
derived from core cambiumpheliogenypgygyyy.compbellenn on
DILJIT pericline division
000009phelloderm
Nese 3 layers FORM THE PERIDERM phellem Cork is De The dermal
ISSUE PHELLODERM is a perenchymothe tissue
CORK use dead cells D accumulation of TANMS disguising bitter Este
MANY LAYERS OF PENDERMS ARE ACOMOGATED The phellogem continuous proday
new Tissues D RHYTIDOME is The bark of the trees corteccial
SAMBUCUS
LENTICEL conispondent of stomata in the periderm
0Rte
derives from the meristematic Tissue
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PARENCHYMAL
Filling Tissue pushes against De phellem and determines
the opening of it

E8EE yARYstococHA Control

closing layers

SECRETORY TISSUE
INTERNAL EXTERNAL

Mode of Just I single cells but in most of the sit multicellular

EXTERNAL SEC TISSUE

GLANDULAR THRICHOMES we find it in leaves stem flowers fruits
They
can secret hydrophobic philic or a
a mixture of the 2 30 posses it
cells
gpsecreting attichedby The cuticle can be presentalso
in the glandular Tetricong
pendundelstock
FEET Taints BASAL core
embedded in
epidermis the epidermis

they bare abundant organnels ER MITOCHONDRIA

secrete organic aids musillage terpens some are defensive sub others can
hey insects
tract be toxic for them etc
HYDATHODES involved in the release of up Guttation m form of liquid
In the Transpiration we have stomata that release Ito in form of vapor
are typical of leaves at the margin ou at the
hey tip That
n'ch Sol hem the
NECTARIES
prod of
involved in derived
sugar
phloem 1
FLORAL NECT EXTRAFLORAL NEC
nuolved in the attu of the pollinators Assoc To be vegetative
like leaf Inv
partotp
m defensive processes
 NTERNAL SEC STRUCTURE near the cortex stem root leaf in the mesophy
and also in the fruit

SECRETING CELLS isolated with isodiametric cells secreting resits mucillage

Tamis oils gums I

In the spongi have intercellular

we
big spaces

Secretory cantis ducts they can be formed by schicogeny process phisical sep of
shirt long cells ground Vascular Tissue with the
formation of this
space
A consist in the litic
lysogary
the pit u can notice
lysis by canes enzyme
n the orange in some dots D secretory

LANCIFERS prod of the LATEX a milky soup white yellow

y
ARTICULATED NON ART
above the other
many cells I sigh laticifers
Typical of De Euphorbia m the and on the morose family
poppy
 unbends
VASCULAR TISSUE
ftp.pyp pyftY4MHz0
W plants PHLOEM food material
trachea
insembers

XYLEM greek word that means wood Made by a cells some are living
Mes sve des
Trebeids
Vessels
Aubers
Xylem
xylem parenchyma

TRACHEIDS non livin cell with F lignilied 2nd cell wall thepassage of O
an
is blocked They posses
pits the interruption of and cell wall on be simplebord
The diameter is quite the same in all

Based on the 2nd cell wall we can distinguish patterns

thickening
ANNULAR T
cell wall mater'd
ring of II I above the
her most primitive Type of thickenly
My
SPIRAL T PITTED T uniformly dist acceptiTDe RT

Is BORDERED

seacarnoRT Tarsiers bends arranged in

185
RETWEET like a
map
pg
Tracheids Function
Transport facilities by The absence of an alive
mechanical support
pr
lateral cord of 1120 In the bordered
Pits facilitate
Bonbon Ronco
pit we can distinguish

Toros act like

a ball moving laterally closing the
theloss of water
pitchamber h'niting

VESSELS are
quite short structures with a wide lumen dead cells with
II cell wall and
a we have bodeed pits Cells have t diametercomp
with Thcheids
present in Angiosperms
GNETOM order of the gymnosperm that posses vessels Connection link between
Aug Gymno Aquatic plants

VESSEL aminged one bore the other

single cell is the vessel membefeleme
posses perforation and allows the presage of 120
Most evolved kind of vessel cells drumshaped structure

TTÉsse with drumshaped structure

L's'Esas
Tower end in Pj
Diff Types of perforation plate

Single perforation plate end of the vessel

posses I single perforation it can alsohave
multiple perforation plate

SCALARIFORM PERF REROUTE Pont

like net
ranged in pallet series
3 Amyd a

FORAMINATE P

g
white with
Elondary
FUNCTION
Core wall areas is De pit chamber y thickening
Te emptiness big lumen slows the flow of Hoo
dignified at cell wall mechanical sipport

originate also fam Baheids with pitted thickening from reticulate and spiral
theyposses perf plate absence in the Tracheids

XYLEM FIBERS Albers belong To Be sclerenchina distinguished m there with 3

kind 2 of them associated to Be Tylor RUBEN TRACHEIDS LIBMFORM FIBERS
the gymnosperm
hey are mainly present in
846M P has storage
function

AXIAL PARENCHIMA RADIAL P

Theyderived from Me VASCULAE CAMBIUM
which consist in 2 kind of cells
1
p yay n

Oriented
long the man sois of thestem Perpendicular to be long Ates
Parallel to the an's
long
Pivenchimatic cells which overlook the lumen of vessels They
posses tycoses
reumubte resins in part of tanning resp for the typical color odor of wood with
protective function

XYLEM can be also classified based on his origin

Protoxycoly
PRIMARY known a preppy ayyy
METAXYLEM

SECOND GROWTH D II XYLEM

IX YUM derived from the procambium which gives anger to it

1
PROTOXYLEM METAXYLEM
dxylem
formed 1st young one
homed in a secondmoment
amount of parenchyma osistly m the plants That don'thave a 2ndgrowth

gets destroyed formingthe me methyl is the functional one

NOTOSYZEM LACUNA

I XYLEM it is famed from the vascular cambium

PHLOEM IT derives from a word PAL dosa Bank allTissue outside
greek
the 8420M it includes II phloem I phloem cortex periderm
Tpical sieve Tube member They posses the waters Phloem is a complexTissue uh
consist of s types of call

Sieve Elements
companion cells
phloem parenchyma
phloemfibers internal secretory structure

PHLOEM is external To the

tylem To which it forms the VASCULAR BUNDLE
upperepidermisCADAXYAL
stop tent
Ag
1g Lowerepidermis ABAXIAL

Typical ofDe Cucurbitaceae

EE I
metaxylem