CHAPTER 1 F4

PHYSICS KSSM MEASUREMENT

DICTIONARY & FORMULA Physical quantities

Quantities that can be measured

Base quantities
Physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities

Derived quantities
Physical quantity obtained from the combination of base quantities through multiplication or division or both

Base units
Units that cannot be defined in terms of other units

Derived units
Units which are obtained from the combination of base units through multiplication or division or both

Consistency
The ability (of a measuring instrument) to measure a quantity with little or no deviation among the
measurements

Accuracy
The closeness of a measurement to the actual value

Sensitivity
The ability (of a measuring instrument) to detect a small change in the quantity to be measured

Vector quantity
Physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction

Scalar quantity
Physical quantities that have magnitude only

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CHAPTER 1 F4 CHAPTER 1 F4
MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT

Approximate Values of Some Measured Lengths

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CHAPTER 2 F4 CHAPTER 2 F4
FORCE & MOTION I FORCE & MOTION I

Distance
The total path length travelled from one location to the other

Displacement
The distance between two locations measured along the shortest path connecting them in a specified direction

Speed
Rate of change of distance

Velocity
Rate of change of displacement

Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity

Deceleration
Rate of decrease in velocity

Inertia
The tendency of the object to remain at rest or if moving to continue its motion in straight line

Mass
The quantity of matter in an object

Momentum
Product of mass and velocity

Principle of conservation of momentum

In a closed system, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision provided there is no external force

Elastic collision
A collision in which the objects do not combine after collision

Inelastic collision
A collision in which the objects are combined after collision
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CHAPTER 2 F4 CHAPTER 2 F4
FORCE & MOTION I FORCE & MOTION I

Force
An agent that can change the shape, velocity and displacement of an object

Impulsive force
Rate of change of momentum

Impulse
Change in momentum

Gravitational field
The region around the earth which an object experiences a force towards the centre of earth

Gravitational field strength

The gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg placed at that point

Gravitational acceleration
The acceleration of an object due to the pull of the gravitational force

Free fall
The motion in which the object falls due to gravitational force only

Weight
The gravitational force acting on the object

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CHAPTER 2 F4 CHAPTER 2 F4
FORCE & MOTION I FORCE & MOTION I

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CHAPTER 2 F4 CHAPTER 3 F4
FORCE & MOTION I G R A V I TAT I O N

Gravitational force
universal force that it acts between any two bodies in the universe

Centripetal force
For a body in circular motion, a force acts on the body in a direction towards the centre of the circle

Kepler’s First Law (Law of Orbits)

All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus

Kepler’s Second Law (Law of Areas)

A line that connects a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times

Kepler’s Third Law (Law of Period)

The square of the orbital period of any planet is directly proportional to the cube of the radius of its orbit

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CHAPTER 3 F4 CHAPTER 3 F4
G R A V I TAT I O N G R A V I TAT I O N

Relating Gravitational Acceleration, g on the Surface of the Earth with

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

...1
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Gravitational force between two bodies
...2

substitute 1 in 2

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CHAPTER 3 F4 CHAPTER 3 F4
G R A V I TAT I O N G R A V I TAT I O N

Centripetal Force in the Motion of Satellites and Planets

...1
r
...2
substitute 1 in 2
R h Linear speed shows how fast a body moves
in a circular motion
At height, h from the surface of the Earth,
distance from the
centre of the Earth:
r=R+h

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CHAPTER 3 F4 CHAPTER 3 F4 Kepler’s Third Law
G R A V I TAT I O N G R A V I TAT I O N (Law of Period)

Mass of the Earth and Formulating Kepler’s Third Law

the Sun
Newton’s Universal Centripetal force
Law of Gravitation

Equate two equations

Solving Problems Using Kepler’s Third Law Formula

Mass of the Earth

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CHAPTER 3 F4 CHAPTER 3 F4
G R A V I TAT I O N G R A V I TAT I O N

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CHAPTER 4 F4 CHAPTER 4 F4
H E AT H E AT

Thermal equilibrium
The situation in which two objects which are in thermal contact have the same rate of heat transfer and the same temperature
The NET heat flow between the two objects is zero
Lower fixed point (ice point)
The temperature at which pure ice melts under standard atmospheric pressure

Upper fixed point (steam point)

The temperature of steam from pure water that is boiling standard atmospheric pressure
Heat capacity
The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of an object by 1°C

Specific heat capacity

The amount of heat that must be supplied to an object of mass 1 kg to increase its temperature by 1°C
Specific latent heat of fusion
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from solid to liquid without any change in temperature

Specific latent heat of vaporization

The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from liquid to gas without any change in temperature
Boyle’s Law
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to its volume when the temperature is kept constant
Charles' Law
For a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas when the
pressure is kept constant

Gay-Lussac’s Law
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas when the
volume is kept constant

Absolute zero
The lowest temperature in theory in which the pressure and the kinetic energy of gas molecules are zero

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CHAPTER 4 F4 CHAPTER 5 F4
H E AT WAVES

Wave
A traveling disturbance from a vibrating or oscillating source which carries energy along with it in the direction of the propagation

Vibration / oscillation
A uniform to –and-fro motion of an object / particle from a vibrating source
Transverse wave
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves
(eg: water, light, all EM waves)

Longitudinal wave
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves
(eg: sound)

Wavefront
An imaginary line that joins all identical points on a wave

One complete oscillation

The to-and-fro motion of an object / particle from one particular point

Damping
Energy loss from an oscillating system to the surrounding in the form of heat energy

Natural frequency
The frequency in which an oscillating system vibrates when no external force is applied

Resonance
The phenomena in which an oscillating system is driven at its natural frequency by a periodic force. Maximum energy transfer
occurs to the system and it oscillates at a large amplitude

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CHAPTER 5 F4 CHAPTER 5 F4
WAVES WAVES

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CHAPTER 5 F4 CHAPTER 5 F4
WAVES WAVES

Reflection of wave Principle of Superposition

The phenomena when all or part of the wave
return after they encounter an obstacle known as The combined wave forms of two or more interfering waves waves is given by the sum of the displacement of the individual wave
reflector at each point of the medium

Refraction of wave
The phenomena in which there is a change of
direction of propagation due to a change of speed
when water waves travel one area to another of
different depths

Diffraction of wave
The phenomena that refers to the spreading out of
waves when they move through a gap or round an
obstacle

Interference of wave
The phenomena in which two sets of coherent
waves meet / combine

Coherent wave
Waves which maintain a constant phase
difference, amplitude and frequency

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CHAPTER 5 F4 Experiment to study the interference of water wave CHAPTER 5 F4
WAVES WAVES

The combination / superposition

of two coherent waves in which a
positive displacement of a wave
meets a negative displacement Electromagnetic waves
of another wave and the The electric and magnetic field vibrate perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation
combined amplitude becomes
zero

The combination / superposition

of two coherent waves in which
the vertical displacements of the
two waves are in the same
direction

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CHAPTER 6 F4 CHAPTER 6 F4
LIGHT LIGHT

Law of refraction Real depth

The incident ray, the refracted ray and normal all lie in the same plane. The distance of the real object from the surface of a medium (eg: water, glass)
The ratio of sin i / sin r is a constant
(Snell’s Law) Apparent depth
The distance of the virtual image from the surface of the medium (eg: water, glass)
Refraction of light
The bending of light ray at the boundary as it travels from one medium to

Refractive index, n determines the degree to which light

bends when traveling from vacuum to a medium

h
H

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 CHAPTER 6 F4 CHAPTER 6 F4
LIGHT LIGHT

Real image Virtual image

The image that can be formed / displayed on a screen The image that cannot be formed on a screen

Critical angle, c is the angle of incidence in the medium of high optical density when
the angle of refraction in the medium of lower optical density is equals to 90 degree

light travel from higher density to low density

i>c
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CHAPTER 6 F4 CHAPTER 6 F4
LIGHT LIGHT

Focal point , F of a lens Linear magnification

A common point on the principal axis where all the rays parallel to the axis converge to it after passing through a convex lens or appear The ratio of the image size to the object size OR the ratio of the image distance to object distance
to diverge from it after passing through a concave lens

Power of lens
The reciprocal of the focal length

Focal length, f
The distance between the focal point and the optical centre

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CHAPTER 6 F4 CHAPTER 6 F4
LIGHT LIGHT

Law of reflection
The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

Principle axis of a curved mirror

The line passing through the vertex, P and the centre of curvature, C

converging diverging

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